Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsIritisHeel PainIrregular NailsChest PainDifficulty BreathingBowel ProblemsFeverFatigueSwollen JawBladder ProblemsSummaryFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Iritis
Heel Pain
Irregular Nails
Chest Pain
Difficulty Breathing
Bowel Problems
Fever
Fatigue
Swollen Jaw
Bladder Problems
Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Ankylosing spondylitis(AS) is a type ofarthritisthat mainly affects the joints in your lower back. Common symptoms include joint pain and stiffness in thesacroiliac joints, where your pelvis connects to your lower spine.
AS is a systemic disease (throughout the entire body) that can affectbody organ systemsother than the joints in your back. The disease also varies in its effect from person to person. Some people have symptoms that uncommon to AS.
Knowing the less common signs of ankylosing spondylitis can help you achieve better outcomes since early treatment gives you the best chance of relieving symptoms and slowing the progress of the disease.
This article describes what to look concerning the 10 unusual symptoms that can occur with ankylosing spondylitis.
Liudmila Chernetska / Getty Images.
Iritis, also known as anterioruveitis, is when the front part of one eye becomes swollen and red. It is the most common symptom of ankylosing spondylitis occurring outside the joints.
Anterior uveitis occurs in 20% to 30% of people with ankylosing spondylitis. Posterior uveitis, which affects theretinaand/or theoptic nerve, rarely occurs.
Regular checkups with a healthcare provider can help you recognize the early signs of vision damage to avoid permanent vision problems and delays in diagnosing ankylosing spondylitis. Without treatment, uveitis can cause permanent vision damage and possibly lead to vision loss.
Uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis can cause the following symptoms:
In addition to the joints, ankylosing spondylitis can cause inflammation in theentheses, the area of the body where connective tissue such asligamentsandtendonsattach to the bones. Inflammation of the entheses is calledenthesitis, and the tender sites are often called hot spots.
The heel is a common location of enthesitis for people with ankylosing spondylitis. The plantar fascia at the base of the heel and sole of the foot and theAchilles tendonat the back of the heel can become inflamed, causing sharp pain and difficulty walking.
Ankylosing spondylitis and other forms ofspondyloarthritiscan present with skin manifestations, including nail bed inflammation. The impact is most common when proof of enthesitis is seen on an ultrasound.
Psoriatic nail disease most commonly occurs with psoriatic arthritis, though other rheumatic diseases like ankylosing spondylitis can also develop irregular nails. These symptoms include:
Overview of Nail Psoriasis
Ankylosing spondylitis can cause chest pain due to inflammation of the cartilage around the bones in your rib cage. This condition, calledcostochondritis, can occur when there is damage to the joints between theribsand spine or where the ribs meet the breastbone in the front of your chest.
When this type of chest pain strikes, it can range from mild to severe. When pain is mild, you may feel heightened tenderness in the affected area. However, when severe pains are felt in your chest and down your arms. This pain resembles the heavy chest pain associated with an acuteheart attack. It can worsen when you take a deep breath.
When to Seek Emergency Care for Chest PainChest pain can indicate a heart attack. If you have one or more of the following symptoms, call 911 or get immediate emergency medical care:Uncomfortabletightness, pressure, squeezing, burning, or pain in the center of your chest that lasts more than a few minutes or goes away and returnsUncomfortable sensations such as pain, pinching, numbness in one or both arms, your neck, back, shoulder blades, jaw, or stomachSudden aching, heaviness, or weakness in one or both armsDifficulty breathing orshortness of breathDizziness,light-headedness, or disorientationSudden nausea or vomitingUnusualfatigueUnexplainedheat/flushingor cold, clammy skinBluish color of your skin, nails, or lips
When to Seek Emergency Care for Chest Pain
Chest pain can indicate a heart attack. If you have one or more of the following symptoms, call 911 or get immediate emergency medical care:Uncomfortabletightness, pressure, squeezing, burning, or pain in the center of your chest that lasts more than a few minutes or goes away and returnsUncomfortable sensations such as pain, pinching, numbness in one or both arms, your neck, back, shoulder blades, jaw, or stomachSudden aching, heaviness, or weakness in one or both armsDifficulty breathing orshortness of breathDizziness,light-headedness, or disorientationSudden nausea or vomitingUnusualfatigueUnexplainedheat/flushingor cold, clammy skinBluish color of your skin, nails, or lips
Chest pain can indicate a heart attack. If you have one or more of the following symptoms, call 911 or get immediate emergency medical care:
Difficulty breathing occurs in ankylosing spondylitis as a result oflung diseaseor chest wall abnormalities when the disease affects the joints of your rib cage. Both conditions result in restrictive lung function that prevents the full expansion of your chest when you breathe.
As your body curves forward and the effect of ankylosing spondylitis stiffens your chest wall, it can be difficult and painful to expand your chest. The disease can also cause an increased risk of lung infection andpulmonary fibrosis, which is scarring of the lungs. When combined with chest tightness, the effect can cause shortness of breath.
Because of the possibility of ankylosing spondylitis affecting lung function, smoking is contraindicated (advised against) for people who have this disease. Smoking can cause physical changes in anyone’s lungs and breathing capacity. When smoking is mixed with the pulmonary effects of ankylosing spondylitis, it can worsen symptoms of difficult breathing, as well as other measures of disease activity.
Labored Breathing
Bowel problems and other conditions that affect gut health are often linked with ankylosing spondylitis. Research indicates thatCrohn’s disease,ulcerative colitis, or another form ofinflammatory bowel disease (IBD)occurs in 6% to 14% of people with ankylosing spondylitis.
Even without inflammatory bowel disease, up to 30% of people with ankylosing spondylitis have symptoms that align withirritable bowel syndrome (IBS). These symptoms can range from mild to severe and includebloating,constipation,abdominal pain, and/ordiarrhea.
Bowel problems can occur as a result of inflammation of the bowels and gastrointestinal tract before or after more common symptoms related to joint pain appear.
Even without overt bowel symptoms, research indicates that up to 60% of people with ankylosing spondylitis have some level of silent microscopic gut inflammation.While the link between these conditions is not well-defined, researchers believe that some people have a genetic predisposition to the inflammation that triggers both diseases.
Co-Occuring Bowel Issues in Ankylosing Spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis develops due to an overactive immune system that attacks your body’s own joints. The effect can cause systemic symptoms like pain, swelling, and a low-gradefever. When fever occurs with ankylosing spondylitis, it can linger or come and go withdisease flares.
Researchers concluded that a simple X-ray (radiograph) of sacroiliac joints and testing for the HLA-B27 gene can be useful, cost-effective, and avoid delays in diagnosing people with any clinical features of spondyloarthritis.
Pain, morning joint stiffness, andfatiguerank among the most common symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis. Fatigue is considered relatively common in ankylosing spondylitis with an incidence of 50% to 70% of people who have the disease.
Fatigue is an important factor in the determination of unsatisfactory treatment outcomes, poor quality of life, and even disability. In a study of 120 people with ankylosing spondylitis, researchers reported fatigue in 85% and severe fatigue in 32%.
Factors such as inflammation, decreased sleep quality, medication side effects, anddepressioncommon in ankylosing spondylitis can contribute to feelings of fatigue. Dealing with problems related to movement can also leave people feeling weary, which can impact energy levels.
What’s the Difference Between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia?
About 15% of people with ankylosing spondylitis experience a swollen jaw. This can cause significant debilitation, causing difficulty in fully opening the mouth to eat.
Research indicates an increased incidence of painful and swollen jaws among people with ankylosing spondylitis due totemporomandibular disorder (TMD). The prevalence of TMD is about 5% to 12% in the general population, but it is higher in people with ankylosing spondylitis.
In studies, most people with ankylosing spondylitis who developed TMD had degenerative forms of the disease. In addition to causing chronic pain, TMD negatively affects functional capacities and psychological status.
The Potential Causes of Jaw Pain and How It’s Treated
People with advanced ankylosing spondylitis can experience bladder problems from a rare neurological complication of the disease. This condition results from the scarring of the bundle of nerve roots, called thecauda equina, at the base of the spine. The condition is calledcauda equina syndrome.
When cauda equina syndrome occurs, the nerve roots can’t control bladder and bowel functions. The condition can have a significant effect on your quality of life. Symptoms include problems withurinary retention(being unable to empty the bladder completely) and/orincontinence, loss of bowel control, sexual dysfunction, leg pain, and leg weakness.
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic disease that causes joint pain and stiffness in the lower back. Symptoms can range from mild to severe in other parts of your body as well.
Less common symptoms can impact one or more body organ systems when inflammation spreads from the spine. While mostly known as a type of arthritis, or joint disease, this illness can also affect areas that include your eyes, lungs, jaw, and bowels.
Knowing how this disease can affect your body will help you notice its onset and avoid a delay in treatment. Getting care as early as possible to achieve the best outcomes and prevent severe damage.
The most common early signs of ankylosing spondylitis include dull and diffuse pain and stiffness in the lower back and buttocks. The pain usually develops gradually over a few weeks or months. This type of pain is usually worse in the mornings and during the night. It may improve with light exercise.Learn MoreSymptoms of Ankylosing Spondylitis
The most common early signs of ankylosing spondylitis include dull and diffuse pain and stiffness in the lower back and buttocks. The pain usually develops gradually over a few weeks or months. This type of pain is usually worse in the mornings and during the night. It may improve with light exercise.
Learn MoreSymptoms of Ankylosing Spondylitis
Easing your AS symptoms depends on your overall condition and their impact on your daily life. Improvement of AS symptoms often requires a combination of medication, regular exercise and/or physical therapy, healthy lifestyle choices, and proper posture.Medication can includenonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or a stronger prescription NSAID, and muscle relaxants to treat pain, as well as biologic medicines liketumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, such as Humira (adalimumab), to help with inflammation and slow disease progression.Learn MoreHow Ankylosing Spondylitis Is Treated
Easing your AS symptoms depends on your overall condition and their impact on your daily life. Improvement of AS symptoms often requires a combination of medication, regular exercise and/or physical therapy, healthy lifestyle choices, and proper posture.Medication can includenonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or a stronger prescription NSAID, and muscle relaxants to treat pain, as well as biologic medicines liketumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, such as Humira (adalimumab), to help with inflammation and slow disease progression.
Easing your AS symptoms depends on your overall condition and their impact on your daily life. Improvement of AS symptoms often requires a combination of medication, regular exercise and/or physical therapy, healthy lifestyle choices, and proper posture.
Medication can includenonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or a stronger prescription NSAID, and muscle relaxants to treat pain, as well as biologic medicines liketumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, such as Humira (adalimumab), to help with inflammation and slow disease progression.
Learn MoreHow Ankylosing Spondylitis Is Treated
The lower back pain and stiffness that occur in the early stages of ankylosing spondylitis are similar to symptoms of several other health conditions. Since there is no specific test for ankylosing spondylitis, early diagnosis can be challenging.
Learn More7 Conditions Similar to Ankylosing Spondylitis
17 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Sun L, Wu R, Xue Q, Wang F, Lu P.Risk factors of uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis: an observational study.Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(28):e4233. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004233Gupta N, Agarwal A.Management of uveitis in spondyloarthropathy: current trends.Perm J. 2018;22:17-041. doi:10.7812/TPP/17-041Spondylitis Association of America.Possible complications: how is a person affected?Meier K, Schloegl A, Poddubnyy D, Ghoreschi K.Skin manifestations in spondyloarthritis.Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2020;12:1759720X20975915. doi:10.1177/1759720X20975915Harvard Medical School.Chest pain: a heart attack or something else?Berdal G, Halvorsen S, van der Heijde D, Mowe M, Dagfinrud H.Restrictive pulmonary function is more prevalent in patients with ankylosing spondylitis than in matched population controls and is associated with impaired spinal mobility: a comparative study.Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(1):R19. doi:10.1186/ar3699 (Allowing this as article submitted in 2022).Stanford Medicine.Ankylosing spondylitis: symptoms.Gabar W, Hassen AS, Abouleyoun II, et al.Impact of smoking on disease outcome in ankylosing spondylitis patients.The Egyptian Rheumatologist. 2015;37(4):185-189. doi:10.1016/j.ejr.2014.11.008Fragoulis GE, Liava C, Daoussis D, et al.Inflammatory bowel diseases and spondyloarthropathies: from pathogenesis to treatment.World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25:2162-2176. doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i18.2162Solmaz D, Avci O, Yildirim O, et al.FRI0206 Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases.2015;74:499. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.2464Byun SJ, Bae WH, Jung SM, et al.Fever as an initial manifestation of spondyloarthritis: a retrospective study.PLOS ONE, 2017:12(9),e0184323. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184323Li T, Zhou L, Zhao H, et al.Fatigue in ankylosing spondylitis is associated with psychological factors and brain gray matter.Front Med (Lausanne). 2019;6:271. doi:10.3389/fmed.2019.00271Bedaiwi M, Sari I, Thavaneswaran A, Ayearst R, Haroon N, Inman RD.Fatigue in ankylosing spondylitis and nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis: analysis from a longitudinal observation cohort.J Rheumatol. 2015;42(12):2354-2360. doi:10.3899/jrheum.150463Souza RC, de Sousa ET, Sousa D, et al.Prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorders in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a cross-sectional study.Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2021;13:469-478. doi:10.2147/CCIDE.S320537Tang C, Moser FG, Reveille J, et al.Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis: challenges in diagnosis, management, and pathogenesis.The Journal of Rheumatology.2019:46(12)1582-1588; doi:10.3899/jrheum.181259Spondylitis Association of America.Most common symptoms.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Ankylosing spondylitis.
17 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Sun L, Wu R, Xue Q, Wang F, Lu P.Risk factors of uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis: an observational study.Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(28):e4233. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004233Gupta N, Agarwal A.Management of uveitis in spondyloarthropathy: current trends.Perm J. 2018;22:17-041. doi:10.7812/TPP/17-041Spondylitis Association of America.Possible complications: how is a person affected?Meier K, Schloegl A, Poddubnyy D, Ghoreschi K.Skin manifestations in spondyloarthritis.Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2020;12:1759720X20975915. doi:10.1177/1759720X20975915Harvard Medical School.Chest pain: a heart attack or something else?Berdal G, Halvorsen S, van der Heijde D, Mowe M, Dagfinrud H.Restrictive pulmonary function is more prevalent in patients with ankylosing spondylitis than in matched population controls and is associated with impaired spinal mobility: a comparative study.Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(1):R19. doi:10.1186/ar3699 (Allowing this as article submitted in 2022).Stanford Medicine.Ankylosing spondylitis: symptoms.Gabar W, Hassen AS, Abouleyoun II, et al.Impact of smoking on disease outcome in ankylosing spondylitis patients.The Egyptian Rheumatologist. 2015;37(4):185-189. doi:10.1016/j.ejr.2014.11.008Fragoulis GE, Liava C, Daoussis D, et al.Inflammatory bowel diseases and spondyloarthropathies: from pathogenesis to treatment.World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25:2162-2176. doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i18.2162Solmaz D, Avci O, Yildirim O, et al.FRI0206 Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases.2015;74:499. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.2464Byun SJ, Bae WH, Jung SM, et al.Fever as an initial manifestation of spondyloarthritis: a retrospective study.PLOS ONE, 2017:12(9),e0184323. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184323Li T, Zhou L, Zhao H, et al.Fatigue in ankylosing spondylitis is associated with psychological factors and brain gray matter.Front Med (Lausanne). 2019;6:271. doi:10.3389/fmed.2019.00271Bedaiwi M, Sari I, Thavaneswaran A, Ayearst R, Haroon N, Inman RD.Fatigue in ankylosing spondylitis and nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis: analysis from a longitudinal observation cohort.J Rheumatol. 2015;42(12):2354-2360. doi:10.3899/jrheum.150463Souza RC, de Sousa ET, Sousa D, et al.Prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorders in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a cross-sectional study.Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2021;13:469-478. doi:10.2147/CCIDE.S320537Tang C, Moser FG, Reveille J, et al.Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis: challenges in diagnosis, management, and pathogenesis.The Journal of Rheumatology.2019:46(12)1582-1588; doi:10.3899/jrheum.181259Spondylitis Association of America.Most common symptoms.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Ankylosing spondylitis.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Sun L, Wu R, Xue Q, Wang F, Lu P.Risk factors of uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis: an observational study.Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(28):e4233. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004233Gupta N, Agarwal A.Management of uveitis in spondyloarthropathy: current trends.Perm J. 2018;22:17-041. doi:10.7812/TPP/17-041Spondylitis Association of America.Possible complications: how is a person affected?Meier K, Schloegl A, Poddubnyy D, Ghoreschi K.Skin manifestations in spondyloarthritis.Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2020;12:1759720X20975915. doi:10.1177/1759720X20975915Harvard Medical School.Chest pain: a heart attack or something else?Berdal G, Halvorsen S, van der Heijde D, Mowe M, Dagfinrud H.Restrictive pulmonary function is more prevalent in patients with ankylosing spondylitis than in matched population controls and is associated with impaired spinal mobility: a comparative study.Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(1):R19. doi:10.1186/ar3699 (Allowing this as article submitted in 2022).Stanford Medicine.Ankylosing spondylitis: symptoms.Gabar W, Hassen AS, Abouleyoun II, et al.Impact of smoking on disease outcome in ankylosing spondylitis patients.The Egyptian Rheumatologist. 2015;37(4):185-189. doi:10.1016/j.ejr.2014.11.008Fragoulis GE, Liava C, Daoussis D, et al.Inflammatory bowel diseases and spondyloarthropathies: from pathogenesis to treatment.World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25:2162-2176. doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i18.2162Solmaz D, Avci O, Yildirim O, et al.FRI0206 Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases.2015;74:499. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.2464Byun SJ, Bae WH, Jung SM, et al.Fever as an initial manifestation of spondyloarthritis: a retrospective study.PLOS ONE, 2017:12(9),e0184323. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184323Li T, Zhou L, Zhao H, et al.Fatigue in ankylosing spondylitis is associated with psychological factors and brain gray matter.Front Med (Lausanne). 2019;6:271. doi:10.3389/fmed.2019.00271Bedaiwi M, Sari I, Thavaneswaran A, Ayearst R, Haroon N, Inman RD.Fatigue in ankylosing spondylitis and nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis: analysis from a longitudinal observation cohort.J Rheumatol. 2015;42(12):2354-2360. doi:10.3899/jrheum.150463Souza RC, de Sousa ET, Sousa D, et al.Prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorders in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a cross-sectional study.Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2021;13:469-478. doi:10.2147/CCIDE.S320537Tang C, Moser FG, Reveille J, et al.Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis: challenges in diagnosis, management, and pathogenesis.The Journal of Rheumatology.2019:46(12)1582-1588; doi:10.3899/jrheum.181259Spondylitis Association of America.Most common symptoms.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Ankylosing spondylitis.
Sun L, Wu R, Xue Q, Wang F, Lu P.Risk factors of uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis: an observational study.Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(28):e4233. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004233
Gupta N, Agarwal A.Management of uveitis in spondyloarthropathy: current trends.Perm J. 2018;22:17-041. doi:10.7812/TPP/17-041
Spondylitis Association of America.Possible complications: how is a person affected?
Meier K, Schloegl A, Poddubnyy D, Ghoreschi K.Skin manifestations in spondyloarthritis.Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2020;12:1759720X20975915. doi:10.1177/1759720X20975915
Harvard Medical School.Chest pain: a heart attack or something else?
Berdal G, Halvorsen S, van der Heijde D, Mowe M, Dagfinrud H.Restrictive pulmonary function is more prevalent in patients with ankylosing spondylitis than in matched population controls and is associated with impaired spinal mobility: a comparative study.Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(1):R19. doi:10.1186/ar3699 (Allowing this as article submitted in 2022).
Stanford Medicine.Ankylosing spondylitis: symptoms.
Gabar W, Hassen AS, Abouleyoun II, et al.Impact of smoking on disease outcome in ankylosing spondylitis patients.The Egyptian Rheumatologist. 2015;37(4):185-189. doi:10.1016/j.ejr.2014.11.008
Fragoulis GE, Liava C, Daoussis D, et al.Inflammatory bowel diseases and spondyloarthropathies: from pathogenesis to treatment.World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25:2162-2176. doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i18.2162
Solmaz D, Avci O, Yildirim O, et al.FRI0206 Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases.2015;74:499. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.2464
Byun SJ, Bae WH, Jung SM, et al.Fever as an initial manifestation of spondyloarthritis: a retrospective study.PLOS ONE, 2017:12(9),e0184323. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184323
Li T, Zhou L, Zhao H, et al.Fatigue in ankylosing spondylitis is associated with psychological factors and brain gray matter.Front Med (Lausanne). 2019;6:271. doi:10.3389/fmed.2019.00271
Bedaiwi M, Sari I, Thavaneswaran A, Ayearst R, Haroon N, Inman RD.Fatigue in ankylosing spondylitis and nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis: analysis from a longitudinal observation cohort.J Rheumatol. 2015;42(12):2354-2360. doi:10.3899/jrheum.150463
Souza RC, de Sousa ET, Sousa D, et al.Prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorders in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a cross-sectional study.Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2021;13:469-478. doi:10.2147/CCIDE.S320537
Tang C, Moser FG, Reveille J, et al.Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis: challenges in diagnosis, management, and pathogenesis.The Journal of Rheumatology.2019:46(12)1582-1588; doi:10.3899/jrheum.181259
Spondylitis Association of America.Most common symptoms.
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Ankylosing spondylitis.
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