Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsArthritisBunionIngrown ToenailExtensor TendonitisCapsulitisToe SprainToe BursitisToe FractureGoutSesamoiditisTurf Toe
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Arthritis
Bunion
Ingrown Toenail
Extensor Tendonitis
Capsulitis
Toe Sprain
Toe Bursitis
Toe Fracture
Gout
Sesamoiditis
Turf Toe
Pain in your big toe joint can be due to a sudden injury like the sports-related “turf toe.“Chronic health conditions like arthritis, bursitis, bunions,gout, and lesser-known conditions likesesamoiditiscan also cause pain, joint stiffness, swelling, and a grinding sensation.
The firstmetatarsophalangealjoint is the joint that connects the big toe to your foot’s first metatarsal bone. It plays a key role in supporting body weight and how your foot works. Treatment will vary based on the cause, so see a healthcare provider for big toe pain that persists or worsens.
Osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint is described as:
Osteoarthritis may develop from problems with foot structure or movement, resulting in excess wear and tear of the cartilage. This causes pain from the bone-on-bone rubbing when you move.
Trauma, such as a big toe fracture or dislocation, can also result in osteoarthritis. Other less common types of arthritis that affect the big toe includerheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, andpsoriatic arthritis.
Symptoms ofarthritis in the big toeinclude:
Treatment Options
Your healthcare provider can recommend treatments that include:
Surgery may be needed to remove the bone spurs. Acheilectomyis a bone fusion of the joint.Other procedures that might be indicated include Cartiva® implants to replace cartilage, joint replacement or removal surgery, or arthrodesis (a type of bone fusion).
A bunion usually causes a hallux valgus deformity, a deviation of the big toe towards the pinky toe.
The bunion can become more prominent towards the midline of your body, making it more painful in closed-toe shoes. Over time, the big toe drifts more towards the pinky toe, pushing and dislocating all the other toes.
The usual result is a widenedforefootand a red, irritated, and sometimes swollen bump on the side of the big toe joint.
Bunions develop due to displacement of the big toe joint. Sometimes extra bone growth develops from the dislocation or arthritis develops in that joint.
There are things you can do to ease bunion symptoms.
Here are a few strategies to consider:
If your discomfort persists despite these simple measures, apodiatrist(a doctor specializing in foot conditions) can fit you with special shoe inserts calledorthoticsto support your big toe. They may also provide you with toe splints you wear at night to realign the big toe while you sleep.
If these measures do not work and you still have bunion pain or difficulty walking, consider a surgical procedure that can be done to reposition the bone and remove the bump.
Find the Right Shoe StoreIf your feet are aching, there’s a good chance your shoes could be to blame—especially if you spend a lot of time on your feet. Wearing properly fitted shoes can help prevent pain and injuries in your feet. You may benefit from going to a shoe store where they can examine the shape of your feet and how you walk—then fit your foot in a shoe that properly supports your foot. Running shoe shops are an excellent place to start (even if you’re not a runner).
Find the Right Shoe Store
If your feet are aching, there’s a good chance your shoes could be to blame—especially if you spend a lot of time on your feet. Wearing properly fitted shoes can help prevent pain and injuries in your feet. You may benefit from going to a shoe store where they can examine the shape of your feet and how you walk—then fit your foot in a shoe that properly supports your foot. Running shoe shops are an excellent place to start (even if you’re not a runner).
An ingrown toenail often affects the big toe, causing pain as well as:
An ingrown toenail is more likely if you have sweaty feet, aren’t careful about clipping nails, or wear tight socks and shoes. It can occur due to the natural shape of your toenail, though, as well as if you have a stubbed big toe or other injury. People diagnosed with diabetes are at higher risk, too.
Treatment
Surgery may be needed to treat an ingrown toenail that is infected. This may involve partial or full removal of the affected nail. Prevention is key to avoiding complications. These steps include:
Tendonitis(sometimes spelled tendinitis) is the inflammation of a band of connective tissue that connects muscles to bone, called atendon.
Wearing high heels, tight shoes, or poorly fitted shoes can also increase the risk.
Extensor tendinitis is usually treated conservatively with rest, ice application, andnonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)like Advil. Gentle stretching can keep the tendons and joints from getting stiff.
If inflammation is severe, your healthcare provider may recommend immobilization of the foot with a special steel-soled boot with a rocker bottom.Steroid injectionsare not recommended as they can weaken tendons and cause them to burst.
In severe cases, a surgery called a tendon transfer may be used to harvest a piece of tendon from another part of the foot, which is used to bridge the gap where the damaged tendon is removed.
Capsulitisis a condition that most commonly affects the second toe, but it causes that toe to move toward the big toe. In later stages of untreated capsulitis, it may even cross over the big toe.
Capsulitis, also called predislocation syndrome, is an inflammation of theligamentsthat form a capsule at the base of the second toe and allow it to function. It can affect the third and fourth toes, too, causing pain, swelling, and discomfort that can make walking difficult.
It’s thought that excessive weightbearing on theball of the foot, beneath the joint, leads to the inflammation. Capsulitis may be more common in people with bunions, a second toe that’s longer than the first, or with atypical calf muscles and foot arches.
Treatment for capsulitis can include
Once the second toe starts to drift toward the big toe, surgery is needed to return it to a normal position. Without intervention, “crossover toe” will affect the big toe.
Aspraininvolves the overstretching and tearing of a connective band of tissue, called a ligament, that connects bone to bone.
In the big toe, the ligaments prone to a sprain are called collateral ligaments. These run along both sides of the big toe and prevent the big toe from moving too far from side to side.
A sprain is not the same thing as astrain, which involves an overstretched muscle rather than a ligament.
While a strain is a less common cause of big toe pain, it is possible to sustain an injury at the tail end of theextensor hallucis longus musclewhich runs from the shin bone and aids with dorsiflexion of the big toe.
The treatment of a toe sprain is almost invariably conservative, using a system called the RICE method, which involves:
Over-the-counter NSAIDs can also help. Severe strains may require immobilization of the foot for seven days or more.
Bursitis of the foot and toes is mostly seen with:
Bursitis can cause pain, redness, swelling, and stiffness that is sometimes indistinguishable from tendonitis.
Bursitis of the foot is typically treated with rest, ice application, and NSAIDs. Shoe inserts or custom orthotics can help correct imbalances in the foot and help ease pressure on the toe. Severe cases may treated with acortisone shot, but this is used with caution to avoid tendon damage.
If all other treatments fail, surgery may be pursued. This typically involves abursectomyin which the bursa is surgically removed, allowing a new one to grow in its place.
The big toe is made up of two bones called the distal and proximalphalanx(plural isphalanges). The distal phalanx is the middle bone situated next to the metatarsophalangeal joint. The proximal phalanx is the larger bone at the end of the toe.
A fracture of the distal or proximal phalanx can:
Toe fractures can happen to anyone, but factors like older age,osteoporosis(porous bones), and the heavy use ofcorticosteroid(steroid) drugs can increase the risk.
Depending on the severity of the break, a toe fracture may involve immobilization with a cast, walking boot, taping, or a stiff-bottomed shoe commonly used after foot surgery. Crutches can help you move while healing. Rest, ice application, and over-the-counter pain relievers likeTylenol (acetaminophen)can also help.
If the fracture is severe, it may first need to be reduced. This is when the broken bones are manually put into the correct position before casting or immobilization. Compound fractures may need surgery, using pins, plates, and screws to hold the bone fragments together.
Expect recovery to take anywhere from six to eight weeks, maybe more.
Gout can affect the big toe joint. Gout occurs when uric acid builds up in the blood, forming crystals that get deposited into a joint—commonly the big toe joint.The medical term describing gout in the big toe joint is “podagra.”
Symptoms of gouty arthritisinclude a swollen, red, hot, and intensely painful joint. Severe joint damage may occur if gout attacks go untreated and occur repeatedly for several years. In addition,gouttophimay form, which are visible deposits of uric acid on the toe.
Uric acid is a waste product in your blood that your body makes after it breaks down purines, which are substances found in some foods. If your kidneys cannot remove the uric acid properly, urate crystals can form and lead to gout.
Gouty arthritis can resemble an infected joint, so your doctor may order a blood test to check youruric acid levels. If they’re elevated, this can be a clue that a gout attack is occurring.
Doctors often need to take a sample of the fluid in the joint to test it for uric acid crystals and make a diagnosis.
Treatment for goutin the big toe joint entails treating both the toe and the high blood uric acid levels.
For the toe, an acute gout attack can be treated with oral medication, includingcolchicine, an anti-inflammatory, or steroids.Sometimes, a corticosteroid injection into the painful joint can help relieve symptoms.
To ease gout and prevent future attacks, your doctor will likely recommend losing weight if you are overweight and suggest agout diet. Changes include:
If you have multiple gouty attacks, your doctor may prescribe a medication that lowers uric acid levels in the bloodstream. Sometimes, surgery can correct gouty arthritis damage.
Thesesamoidbones of the foot are two tiny bones located under the first metatarsal bone. They are part of the big toe joint. They sit within a tendon that flexes the big toe down.
The sesamoid bones are prone to pain and inflammation (sesamoiditis) when there is acute or chronic trauma.Sesamoiditis is often linked to activities that involve balancing on toes or jumping, such as ballet dancing or basketball.
Fracturing the sesamoid bone can cause similar symptoms, often with significant pain under the ball of the foot and the big toe joint.
Sesamoiditis can be challenging to treat because the ball of the foot has to bear a lot of body weight when you walk.
Sesamoiditis due to inflammation may be treated with:
Your doctor or physical therapist may recommend wearing hard-soled or rocker-bottom shoes. A rocker-bottom shoe has a curved sole, relieving pressure from the bottom of the toes.
Turf toeis a common sports-related injury. It creates pain in the bottom of the big toe joint. The pain stems from asprainor tears to a ligament in the toe.
Turf toe is often seen in athletes who play sports on artificial turf, like football and soccer. The injury occurs when the toe endures intense force while flexing, such as when an athlete pushes off from the big toe when running.
The conditions of the hard turf,athletic shoes, and stress on the toe from running may all contribute to this injury. Depending on the severity of the injury, symptoms can include swelling, discoloration, and pain.
Treatment for turf toe entails resting the big toe joint and allowing it to heal. Custom orthotics with Morton’s extension can reduce motion.
You may need to ice, elevate, and possibly use crutches for an acute strain. For more severe injuries, you may need to be referred to a foot surgeon.
Summary
Treatment depends on the cause of your big toe joint pain. Sometimes, your big toe joint may heal with rest, ice, and sometimes crutches. For severe cases, you may need surgery.
24 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Azab AR, Elnaggar RK, Aly SM, Basalem N, Alamri AM, Saleh AK,et al.From injury to rehabilitation: How kinesiology taping helps patients with first metatarsophalangeal joint sprain (turf toe) in pain reduction, gait parameters and functional ability improvement. A randomized clinical trial.Heliyon. 2024 Apr 16;10(8):e29746. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29746Roddy E, Menz HB.Foot osteoarthritis: latest evidence and developments.Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2018 Jan;10(4):91-103. doi:10.1177/1759720X17753337American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Hallux Rigidus (Stiff Big Toe).Penn Medicine.Foot and Ankle Arthritis Treatment Options.Fletcher AN, Patel V, Cerrato R.Minimally Invasive Cheilectomy for Hallux Rigidus.Foot Ankle Clin. 2024 Sep;29(3):471-484. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2024.01.003Alkhalifah KM, Almotiri MM, Alharbi AE, et al.A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of hallux valgus in the general population.Cureus. 2023:15(7):e42739. doi:10.7759/cureus.42739Lewis LK, Chen J, Johnson CS, Adams SB Jr.Hallux Valgus Bunion Splint: Surgical Dressing Technique.Foot Ankle Spec. 2024 Feb;17(1_suppl):53S-56S. doi:10.1177/19386400231169376Aebischer AS, Duff S.Bunions: A review of management.Aust J Gen Pract. 2020;49(11):720-723. doi:10.31128/AJGP-07-20-5541National Health Service.Ingrown Toenail.Scott A, Backman LJ, Speed C.Tendinopathy: update on pathophysiology.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45(11):833-841. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5884Coady-Fariborzian L, Mueller B.Application of hand therapy extensor tendon protocol to toe extensor tendon rehabilitation.Fed Pract.2020 Jan;37(1):33–37.Hospital for Special Surgery.Tendonitis/tendinitis.American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.Capsulitis of the Second Toe.MedlinePlus.Sprains and strains.Ab-Rahman S, Sulaiman AR, Muzaffar T.Irreducible dorsal dislocation of the interphalangeal joint of the big toe: a case report.Trauma Case Rep.2016 Apr;3:32–35. doi:10.1016/j.tcr.2016.05.004American Podiatric Medical Association.What is bursitis?Mitchell JJ, Chahla J, Vap AR, et al.Endoscopic trochanteric bursectomy and iliotibial band release for persistent trochanteric bursitis.Arthrosc Tech.2016;5(5):e1185-e1189. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2016.07.005Robertson GAJ, Sinha A, Hodkinson T, Koc T.Return to sport following toe phalanx fractures: a systematic review.World J Ortho.2023 Jun 18;14(6):471–484. doi:10.5312/wjo.v14.i6.471Moura SP, Meulendijks MZ. Veeramani A, et al.Epidemiology and fracture patterns of traumatic phalangeal fractures.Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open.2022 Aug;10(8):e4455. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000004455Bernal JA, García-Campos J, Marco-LLedó J, Andrés M.Gouty Involvement of Foot and Ankle: Beyond Flares.Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed). 2021 Feb;17(2):106-112. English, Spanish. doi:10.1016/j.reuma.2019.12.003FitzGerald JD, Dalbeth N, Mikuls T, Brignardello-Petersen R, Guyatt G, Abeles AM,et al.2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout.Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken).2020 Jun;72(6):744-760. doi:10.1002/acr.24180Kaur P, Carroll MR, Stewart S.The assessment and management of sesamoiditis: a focus group study of podiatrists in Aotearoa New Zealand.J Foot Ankle Res. 2023 May 16;16(1):29. doi:10.1186/s13047-023-00628-wLimaye N, Sethi M, Ayyaswamy B.Outcomes of Surgical Management of Turf Toe: 12-Year Results.Cureus. 2024 Apr 8;16(4):e57808. doi: 10.7759/cureus.57808Seow D, Tengku Yusof TNB, Yasui Y, Shimozono Y, Kennedy JG.Treatment options for turf toe: a systematic review.J Foot Ankle Surg. 2020;59(1):112-116. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2018.12.041
24 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Azab AR, Elnaggar RK, Aly SM, Basalem N, Alamri AM, Saleh AK,et al.From injury to rehabilitation: How kinesiology taping helps patients with first metatarsophalangeal joint sprain (turf toe) in pain reduction, gait parameters and functional ability improvement. A randomized clinical trial.Heliyon. 2024 Apr 16;10(8):e29746. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29746Roddy E, Menz HB.Foot osteoarthritis: latest evidence and developments.Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2018 Jan;10(4):91-103. doi:10.1177/1759720X17753337American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Hallux Rigidus (Stiff Big Toe).Penn Medicine.Foot and Ankle Arthritis Treatment Options.Fletcher AN, Patel V, Cerrato R.Minimally Invasive Cheilectomy for Hallux Rigidus.Foot Ankle Clin. 2024 Sep;29(3):471-484. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2024.01.003Alkhalifah KM, Almotiri MM, Alharbi AE, et al.A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of hallux valgus in the general population.Cureus. 2023:15(7):e42739. doi:10.7759/cureus.42739Lewis LK, Chen J, Johnson CS, Adams SB Jr.Hallux Valgus Bunion Splint: Surgical Dressing Technique.Foot Ankle Spec. 2024 Feb;17(1_suppl):53S-56S. doi:10.1177/19386400231169376Aebischer AS, Duff S.Bunions: A review of management.Aust J Gen Pract. 2020;49(11):720-723. doi:10.31128/AJGP-07-20-5541National Health Service.Ingrown Toenail.Scott A, Backman LJ, Speed C.Tendinopathy: update on pathophysiology.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45(11):833-841. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5884Coady-Fariborzian L, Mueller B.Application of hand therapy extensor tendon protocol to toe extensor tendon rehabilitation.Fed Pract.2020 Jan;37(1):33–37.Hospital for Special Surgery.Tendonitis/tendinitis.American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.Capsulitis of the Second Toe.MedlinePlus.Sprains and strains.Ab-Rahman S, Sulaiman AR, Muzaffar T.Irreducible dorsal dislocation of the interphalangeal joint of the big toe: a case report.Trauma Case Rep.2016 Apr;3:32–35. doi:10.1016/j.tcr.2016.05.004American Podiatric Medical Association.What is bursitis?Mitchell JJ, Chahla J, Vap AR, et al.Endoscopic trochanteric bursectomy and iliotibial band release for persistent trochanteric bursitis.Arthrosc Tech.2016;5(5):e1185-e1189. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2016.07.005Robertson GAJ, Sinha A, Hodkinson T, Koc T.Return to sport following toe phalanx fractures: a systematic review.World J Ortho.2023 Jun 18;14(6):471–484. doi:10.5312/wjo.v14.i6.471Moura SP, Meulendijks MZ. Veeramani A, et al.Epidemiology and fracture patterns of traumatic phalangeal fractures.Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open.2022 Aug;10(8):e4455. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000004455Bernal JA, García-Campos J, Marco-LLedó J, Andrés M.Gouty Involvement of Foot and Ankle: Beyond Flares.Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed). 2021 Feb;17(2):106-112. English, Spanish. doi:10.1016/j.reuma.2019.12.003FitzGerald JD, Dalbeth N, Mikuls T, Brignardello-Petersen R, Guyatt G, Abeles AM,et al.2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout.Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken).2020 Jun;72(6):744-760. doi:10.1002/acr.24180Kaur P, Carroll MR, Stewart S.The assessment and management of sesamoiditis: a focus group study of podiatrists in Aotearoa New Zealand.J Foot Ankle Res. 2023 May 16;16(1):29. doi:10.1186/s13047-023-00628-wLimaye N, Sethi M, Ayyaswamy B.Outcomes of Surgical Management of Turf Toe: 12-Year Results.Cureus. 2024 Apr 8;16(4):e57808. doi: 10.7759/cureus.57808Seow D, Tengku Yusof TNB, Yasui Y, Shimozono Y, Kennedy JG.Treatment options for turf toe: a systematic review.J Foot Ankle Surg. 2020;59(1):112-116. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2018.12.041
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Azab AR, Elnaggar RK, Aly SM, Basalem N, Alamri AM, Saleh AK,et al.From injury to rehabilitation: How kinesiology taping helps patients with first metatarsophalangeal joint sprain (turf toe) in pain reduction, gait parameters and functional ability improvement. A randomized clinical trial.Heliyon. 2024 Apr 16;10(8):e29746. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29746Roddy E, Menz HB.Foot osteoarthritis: latest evidence and developments.Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2018 Jan;10(4):91-103. doi:10.1177/1759720X17753337American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Hallux Rigidus (Stiff Big Toe).Penn Medicine.Foot and Ankle Arthritis Treatment Options.Fletcher AN, Patel V, Cerrato R.Minimally Invasive Cheilectomy for Hallux Rigidus.Foot Ankle Clin. 2024 Sep;29(3):471-484. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2024.01.003Alkhalifah KM, Almotiri MM, Alharbi AE, et al.A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of hallux valgus in the general population.Cureus. 2023:15(7):e42739. doi:10.7759/cureus.42739Lewis LK, Chen J, Johnson CS, Adams SB Jr.Hallux Valgus Bunion Splint: Surgical Dressing Technique.Foot Ankle Spec. 2024 Feb;17(1_suppl):53S-56S. doi:10.1177/19386400231169376Aebischer AS, Duff S.Bunions: A review of management.Aust J Gen Pract. 2020;49(11):720-723. doi:10.31128/AJGP-07-20-5541National Health Service.Ingrown Toenail.Scott A, Backman LJ, Speed C.Tendinopathy: update on pathophysiology.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45(11):833-841. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5884Coady-Fariborzian L, Mueller B.Application of hand therapy extensor tendon protocol to toe extensor tendon rehabilitation.Fed Pract.2020 Jan;37(1):33–37.Hospital for Special Surgery.Tendonitis/tendinitis.American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.Capsulitis of the Second Toe.MedlinePlus.Sprains and strains.Ab-Rahman S, Sulaiman AR, Muzaffar T.Irreducible dorsal dislocation of the interphalangeal joint of the big toe: a case report.Trauma Case Rep.2016 Apr;3:32–35. doi:10.1016/j.tcr.2016.05.004American Podiatric Medical Association.What is bursitis?Mitchell JJ, Chahla J, Vap AR, et al.Endoscopic trochanteric bursectomy and iliotibial band release for persistent trochanteric bursitis.Arthrosc Tech.2016;5(5):e1185-e1189. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2016.07.005Robertson GAJ, Sinha A, Hodkinson T, Koc T.Return to sport following toe phalanx fractures: a systematic review.World J Ortho.2023 Jun 18;14(6):471–484. doi:10.5312/wjo.v14.i6.471Moura SP, Meulendijks MZ. Veeramani A, et al.Epidemiology and fracture patterns of traumatic phalangeal fractures.Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open.2022 Aug;10(8):e4455. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000004455Bernal JA, García-Campos J, Marco-LLedó J, Andrés M.Gouty Involvement of Foot and Ankle: Beyond Flares.Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed). 2021 Feb;17(2):106-112. English, Spanish. doi:10.1016/j.reuma.2019.12.003FitzGerald JD, Dalbeth N, Mikuls T, Brignardello-Petersen R, Guyatt G, Abeles AM,et al.2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout.Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken).2020 Jun;72(6):744-760. doi:10.1002/acr.24180Kaur P, Carroll MR, Stewart S.The assessment and management of sesamoiditis: a focus group study of podiatrists in Aotearoa New Zealand.J Foot Ankle Res. 2023 May 16;16(1):29. doi:10.1186/s13047-023-00628-wLimaye N, Sethi M, Ayyaswamy B.Outcomes of Surgical Management of Turf Toe: 12-Year Results.Cureus. 2024 Apr 8;16(4):e57808. doi: 10.7759/cureus.57808Seow D, Tengku Yusof TNB, Yasui Y, Shimozono Y, Kennedy JG.Treatment options for turf toe: a systematic review.J Foot Ankle Surg. 2020;59(1):112-116. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2018.12.041
Azab AR, Elnaggar RK, Aly SM, Basalem N, Alamri AM, Saleh AK,et al.From injury to rehabilitation: How kinesiology taping helps patients with first metatarsophalangeal joint sprain (turf toe) in pain reduction, gait parameters and functional ability improvement. A randomized clinical trial.Heliyon. 2024 Apr 16;10(8):e29746. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29746
Roddy E, Menz HB.Foot osteoarthritis: latest evidence and developments.Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2018 Jan;10(4):91-103. doi:10.1177/1759720X17753337
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Hallux Rigidus (Stiff Big Toe).
Penn Medicine.Foot and Ankle Arthritis Treatment Options.
Fletcher AN, Patel V, Cerrato R.Minimally Invasive Cheilectomy for Hallux Rigidus.Foot Ankle Clin. 2024 Sep;29(3):471-484. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2024.01.003
Alkhalifah KM, Almotiri MM, Alharbi AE, et al.A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of hallux valgus in the general population.Cureus. 2023:15(7):e42739. doi:10.7759/cureus.42739
Lewis LK, Chen J, Johnson CS, Adams SB Jr.Hallux Valgus Bunion Splint: Surgical Dressing Technique.Foot Ankle Spec. 2024 Feb;17(1_suppl):53S-56S. doi:10.1177/19386400231169376
Aebischer AS, Duff S.Bunions: A review of management.Aust J Gen Pract. 2020;49(11):720-723. doi:10.31128/AJGP-07-20-5541
National Health Service.Ingrown Toenail.
Scott A, Backman LJ, Speed C.Tendinopathy: update on pathophysiology.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45(11):833-841. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5884
Coady-Fariborzian L, Mueller B.Application of hand therapy extensor tendon protocol to toe extensor tendon rehabilitation.Fed Pract.2020 Jan;37(1):33–37.
Hospital for Special Surgery.Tendonitis/tendinitis.
American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.Capsulitis of the Second Toe.
MedlinePlus.Sprains and strains.
Ab-Rahman S, Sulaiman AR, Muzaffar T.Irreducible dorsal dislocation of the interphalangeal joint of the big toe: a case report.Trauma Case Rep.2016 Apr;3:32–35. doi:10.1016/j.tcr.2016.05.004
American Podiatric Medical Association.What is bursitis?
Mitchell JJ, Chahla J, Vap AR, et al.Endoscopic trochanteric bursectomy and iliotibial band release for persistent trochanteric bursitis.Arthrosc Tech.2016;5(5):e1185-e1189. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2016.07.005
Robertson GAJ, Sinha A, Hodkinson T, Koc T.Return to sport following toe phalanx fractures: a systematic review.World J Ortho.2023 Jun 18;14(6):471–484. doi:10.5312/wjo.v14.i6.471
Moura SP, Meulendijks MZ. Veeramani A, et al.Epidemiology and fracture patterns of traumatic phalangeal fractures.Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open.2022 Aug;10(8):e4455. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000004455
Bernal JA, García-Campos J, Marco-LLedó J, Andrés M.Gouty Involvement of Foot and Ankle: Beyond Flares.Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed). 2021 Feb;17(2):106-112. English, Spanish. doi:10.1016/j.reuma.2019.12.003
FitzGerald JD, Dalbeth N, Mikuls T, Brignardello-Petersen R, Guyatt G, Abeles AM,et al.2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout.Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken).2020 Jun;72(6):744-760. doi:10.1002/acr.24180
Kaur P, Carroll MR, Stewart S.The assessment and management of sesamoiditis: a focus group study of podiatrists in Aotearoa New Zealand.J Foot Ankle Res. 2023 May 16;16(1):29. doi:10.1186/s13047-023-00628-w
Limaye N, Sethi M, Ayyaswamy B.Outcomes of Surgical Management of Turf Toe: 12-Year Results.Cureus. 2024 Apr 8;16(4):e57808. doi: 10.7759/cureus.57808
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