Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWash HandsAvoid Sharing ItemsCover Your MouthGet VaccinatedWear a Face MaskPractice Food SafetyTravel SafelyPractice Safe SexAvoid Animal DiseasesEat WellGet Good SleepTake Care in Hospitals
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Wash Hands
Avoid Sharing Items
Cover Your Mouth
Get Vaccinated
Wear a Face Mask
Practice Food Safety
Travel Safely
Practice Safe Sex
Avoid Animal Diseases
Eat Well
Get Good Sleep
Take Care in Hospitals
Washing your hands, covering your mouth, and avoiding sharing personal items are simple day-to-day habits you can adopt to prevent infectious diseases. However, preventing infections doesn’t stop there. Getting vaccinated, practicing food safety, and wearing a face mask also help.
Keeping your immune system strong and healthy allows your body to better fight off organisms that cause disease. Eating well and getting good sleep are two things you can do to help you boost your immune system.
Avoiding infectionsis an important aspect of preventing both the short-term inconvenience of being sick and the long-term complications. It also reduces the risk of spreading infections to others who might be especially vulnerable to severe illness.
With the worldwide attention of theCOVID-19risks and prevention, more people are taking steps to avoid the spread of infections—and the results benefit everyone.
christinacorso / Twenty20 / Getty Images
1. Wash Your Hands
Many infectious microbes can live on surfaces anywhere from a few minutes to several months at a time, depending on the environment andpathogen(disease-producing microorganism).This means that some viruses and bacteria may be able to persist on surfaces that you touch regularly, such as your computer keyboard, a light switch, or a doorknob.
Hand-to-face and hand-to-mouth transmission are among the most common ways that infectious diseases are spread.To help reduce this type of spread, routine handwashing is recommended to limit pathogen exposure on your mouth, eyes, or nose.
If you don’t have water and soap with you, analcohol-based hand sanitizeror wipe will do the job.
It is also important to avoid picking your nose or biting your nails, especially if your hands are not washed. Teach your kids to do the same.
How to Wash Your Hands Properly
2. Avoid Sharing Personal Items
Toothbrushes, towels, razors, handkerchiefs, and nail clippers can all be sources of infectious pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These objects are referred to as fomites, a term used to describe objects or materials that can carry infection, such as clothes, utensils, or furniture.
While many pathogens have a low risk of transmission via fomites, there are some that are potentially spread this way.
These include:
It is important to teach your kids not to put toys and objects in their mouths and to avoid doing so yourself (such as chewing on a pencil).
3. Cover Your Mouth
Good hygiene includes the age-old practice of covering your mouth whenever you cough or sneeze.
The risk is higher withupper respiratory tract infectionsin which the viral or bacterial particles mainly reside in the nose and throat. And even somelower respiratory tract infectionsliketuberculosiscan be spread when a person coughs.
To prevent the spread of respiratory infections, the CDC recommends that you cover your mouth with your arm, sleeve, or the crook of your elbow rather than using your bare hands.
4. Get Vaccinated
Your immune system is designed to have a “memory” of previous infections, enabling a rapid response (in the form of specificantibodies, B cells, or T cells) if the pathogen ever returns.
Vaccination does more or less the same thing, exposing the body to aweakenedorkilled formof the pathogen so that the same defensive cells are produced.
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5. Wear a Face Mask
Face masksbecame a part of people’s everyday lives with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Face masks help you avoid getting an infectious respiratory disease and prevent you from infecting others if you’re infected. As such, the practice of wearing a face mask should be adhered to in any situation when you have respiratory symptoms and are unable to isolate.
How to Choose a Face Mask
6. Practice Food Safety
Microbes thrive on virtually all food items, particularly foods left at room temperature. Prompt refrigeration within two hours of food preparation can usually slow or stop the growth of most microbes.
In addition, using separate cutting boards—one for raw meats and the other for produce—can prevent cross-contamination. Be sure to keep your countertops immaculately clean, wash your hands frequently, and wash all raw fruits and vegetables prior to eating.
7. Travel Safely
Infectious diseases can easily be picked up while traveling, particularly when traveling to resource-limited countries.
There are steps you can take to reduce your risk:
The CDC’s website also offers up-to-the-minute travel notices about outbreaks and other health concerns (both domestic and international), as well as advisories about outbreaks of food-borne infections.
If you are immunocompromised, speak with your healthcare provider before traveling since certain vaccines (like the yellow fever vaccine) may not be safe for you.
8. Practice Safe Sex
Somecancersare related to viral infections, including sexually transmitted ones likehuman papillomavirus (HPV).
Withoral sex, your risk of getting HIV is lower than with anal or vaginal sex. However, you still have a risk of getting other STIs like chlamydia, HPV, and herpes. To practice safe oral sex, use a condom,dental dam, or other barrier method.
9. Avoid Animal-Borne Diseases
Infections that can spread from animals to people, calledzoonoticdiseases, are more common than some may realize. If you have pets, make sure they get regular checkups and that their vaccinations are up to date.
Clean litter boxes frequently and keep small children away from animal feces. If you are pregnant or immunocompromised, have someone else take care of the litter box or wear gloves and wash your hands with soap and water afterward. Cat feces are often the source oftoxoplasmosis.
Use animal-proof trash cans to avoid attracting wildlife, and teach small children that wild animals should never be approached or touched.
10. Eat Healthy Foods
What you eat can affect how susceptible your body is to germs like viruses and bacteria. Foods you want to avoid or enjoy in moderation include:
There are also foods that provide your immune system with the nutrients it needs to fight disease. Getting adequate amounts of theseimmune-boosting foodsin your diet is recommended:
11. Get a Full Night’s Sleep
Not getting enough sleep can weaken the immune system and increase your risk for infection. When your immune system is weak, it’s less able to fight off pathogens and you’re more likely to get sick.
The amount of sleep varies as you age. Children and adolescents need more sleep than adults. The CDC recommends adults get seven or more hours of sleep each night.
12. Take Care in Hospitals
Hospital-acquired infections, known as nosocomial infections, are a significant cause of illness and death in the United States and around the world.Because they house people with numerous diseases and infections, hospitals can become breeding grounds for infections, including hard-to-treatmethicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA).
Hospital Safety TipsTo reduce your risk of hospital-acquired infections:Check hospital rating sites (such as theLeapfrog Hospital Survey) to find those with the best cleanliness and safety standards.See if you can get a private room.Bring antiseptic wipes or handwash (or ask the hospital to provide them for you).Bring a germ-filtering mask if you are in a semiprivate room or ward.Never go barefoot in the hospital.
Hospital Safety Tips
To reduce your risk of hospital-acquired infections:Check hospital rating sites (such as theLeapfrog Hospital Survey) to find those with the best cleanliness and safety standards.See if you can get a private room.Bring antiseptic wipes or handwash (or ask the hospital to provide them for you).Bring a germ-filtering mask if you are in a semiprivate room or ward.Never go barefoot in the hospital.
To reduce your risk of hospital-acquired infections:
These preventive practices should extend to outpatient facilities as well, particularly if you may be immunosuppressed. This includeschemotherapyinfusion centers (where you get treatment for cancer) anddialysis centers(treatment center for help removing waste products and fluids from your blood to aid your kidneys).
Prevention in Child Care Centers and SchoolsInfectious diseases can spread quickly in child care centers and schools because of the close contact among children, care givers, and teachers. However, hand hygiene, cleaning, sanitizing, disinfection, and ventilation can all help prevent infections from spreading.
Prevention in Child Care Centers and Schools
Infectious diseases can spread quickly in child care centers and schools because of the close contact among children, care givers, and teachers. However, hand hygiene, cleaning, sanitizing, disinfection, and ventilation can all help prevent infections from spreading.
Summary
Preventing infectious diseases means adopting various habits and taking precautions to stop the spread of pathogens. Easy day-to-day activities include washing your hands, practicing food safety, covering your mouth when you cough or sneeze, and avoiding sharing personal items.
Get adequate sleep and follow a healthy diet to keep your immune system working properly. Get vaccinated for long-term protection against disease. Also, take care when you’re traveling, practice safe sex, and avoid animal-borne diseases and hospital-acquired infections.
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Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.AboutEmerging Infectious Diseases.Wißmann JE, Kirchhoff L, Brüggemann Y, Todt D, Steinmann J, Steinmann E.Persistence of pathogens on inanimate surfaces: a narrative review.Microorganisms. 2021;9(2):343. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020343Kwok YLA, Gralton J, McLaws M-L.Face touching: a frequent habit that has implications for hand hygiene.Am J Infect Control. 2015;43(2):112-4. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2014.10.015Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About handwashing.Kraay ANM, Hayashi MAL, Hernandez-Ceron N, et al.Fomite-mediated transmission as a sufficient pathway: a comparative analysis across three viral pathogens.BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):540. doi:10.1186/s12879-018-3425-xStephens B, Azimi P, Thoemmes M, Heidarinejad M, Allen J, Gilbert J.Microbial exchange via fomites and implications for human health.Curr Pollution Rep. 2019;5(4):214. doi:10.1007/s40726-019-00126-3Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Healthy habits: coughing and sneezing.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Explaining how vaccines work.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Masks and respiratory viruses prevention.MedlinePlus.Gastroenteritis.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About food safety.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Science and our food supply. In:Food Safety A to Z Reference Guide.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About four steps to food safety.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.People at increased risk for food poisoning.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Food and drink considerations when traveling.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Current outbreak list.Smith DS.Travel medicine and vaccines for HIV-infected travelers.Top Antivir Med.2012;20(3):111-5.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.How to prevent STIs.Xiong WM, Xu QP, Li X, Xiao RD, Cai L, He F.The association between human papillomavirus infection and lung cancer: a system review and meta-analysis.Oncotarget. 2017;8(56):96419-96432. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.21682Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About STI risk and oral sex.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.People at increased risk for toxoplasmosis.Myles IA.Fast food fever: reviewing the impacts of the Western diet on immunity.Nutr J. 2014;13:61. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-61Sarkar D, Jung MK, Wang HJ.Alcohol and the immune system.Alcohol Res.2015;37(2):153–5.Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health.Nutrition and immunity.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Sleep and the immune system.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About sleep.Haque M, Sartelli M, Mckimm J, Abu bakar M.Health care-associated infections - an overview.Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:2321-2333. doi:10.2147/IDR.S177247Pakyz AL, Wang H, Ozcan YA, Edmond MB, Vogus TJ.Leapfrog Hospital Safety Score, Magnet designation, and healthcare-associated infections in United States hospitals.J Patient Safety. 2021;17(6):445-450. doi:10.1097/PTS.0000000000000378Rosenberg K, Todd B.The effects of private rooms on hospital-associated infections.Am J Nursing. 2019;119(11):53. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000605376.45065.6bSong X, Vossebein L, Zille A.Efficacy of disinfectant-impregnated wipes used for surface disinfection in hospitals: a review.Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8(1):139. doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0595-2Desai AN, Mehrotra P.Medical masks.JAMA.2020;323(15):1517. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2331Deshpande A, Cadnum JL, Fertelli D, et al.Are hospital floors an underappreciated reservoir for transmission of health care-associated pathogens?Am J Infection Control. 2017;45(3):336-8. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2016.11.005Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Preventing infectious diseases.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.AboutEmerging Infectious Diseases.Wißmann JE, Kirchhoff L, Brüggemann Y, Todt D, Steinmann J, Steinmann E.Persistence of pathogens on inanimate surfaces: a narrative review.Microorganisms. 2021;9(2):343. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020343Kwok YLA, Gralton J, McLaws M-L.Face touching: a frequent habit that has implications for hand hygiene.Am J Infect Control. 2015;43(2):112-4. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2014.10.015Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About handwashing.Kraay ANM, Hayashi MAL, Hernandez-Ceron N, et al.Fomite-mediated transmission as a sufficient pathway: a comparative analysis across three viral pathogens.BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):540. doi:10.1186/s12879-018-3425-xStephens B, Azimi P, Thoemmes M, Heidarinejad M, Allen J, Gilbert J.Microbial exchange via fomites and implications for human health.Curr Pollution Rep. 2019;5(4):214. doi:10.1007/s40726-019-00126-3Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Healthy habits: coughing and sneezing.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Explaining how vaccines work.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Masks and respiratory viruses prevention.MedlinePlus.Gastroenteritis.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About food safety.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Science and our food supply. In:Food Safety A to Z Reference Guide.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About four steps to food safety.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.People at increased risk for food poisoning.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Food and drink considerations when traveling.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Current outbreak list.Smith DS.Travel medicine and vaccines for HIV-infected travelers.Top Antivir Med.2012;20(3):111-5.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.How to prevent STIs.Xiong WM, Xu QP, Li X, Xiao RD, Cai L, He F.The association between human papillomavirus infection and lung cancer: a system review and meta-analysis.Oncotarget. 2017;8(56):96419-96432. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.21682Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About STI risk and oral sex.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.People at increased risk for toxoplasmosis.Myles IA.Fast food fever: reviewing the impacts of the Western diet on immunity.Nutr J. 2014;13:61. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-61Sarkar D, Jung MK, Wang HJ.Alcohol and the immune system.Alcohol Res.2015;37(2):153–5.Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health.Nutrition and immunity.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Sleep and the immune system.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About sleep.Haque M, Sartelli M, Mckimm J, Abu bakar M.Health care-associated infections - an overview.Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:2321-2333. doi:10.2147/IDR.S177247Pakyz AL, Wang H, Ozcan YA, Edmond MB, Vogus TJ.Leapfrog Hospital Safety Score, Magnet designation, and healthcare-associated infections in United States hospitals.J Patient Safety. 2021;17(6):445-450. doi:10.1097/PTS.0000000000000378Rosenberg K, Todd B.The effects of private rooms on hospital-associated infections.Am J Nursing. 2019;119(11):53. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000605376.45065.6bSong X, Vossebein L, Zille A.Efficacy of disinfectant-impregnated wipes used for surface disinfection in hospitals: a review.Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8(1):139. doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0595-2Desai AN, Mehrotra P.Medical masks.JAMA.2020;323(15):1517. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2331Deshpande A, Cadnum JL, Fertelli D, et al.Are hospital floors an underappreciated reservoir for transmission of health care-associated pathogens?Am J Infection Control. 2017;45(3):336-8. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2016.11.005Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Preventing infectious diseases.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.AboutEmerging Infectious Diseases.
Wißmann JE, Kirchhoff L, Brüggemann Y, Todt D, Steinmann J, Steinmann E.Persistence of pathogens on inanimate surfaces: a narrative review.Microorganisms. 2021;9(2):343. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020343
Kwok YLA, Gralton J, McLaws M-L.Face touching: a frequent habit that has implications for hand hygiene.Am J Infect Control. 2015;43(2):112-4. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2014.10.015
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About handwashing.
Kraay ANM, Hayashi MAL, Hernandez-Ceron N, et al.Fomite-mediated transmission as a sufficient pathway: a comparative analysis across three viral pathogens.BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):540. doi:10.1186/s12879-018-3425-x
Stephens B, Azimi P, Thoemmes M, Heidarinejad M, Allen J, Gilbert J.Microbial exchange via fomites and implications for human health.Curr Pollution Rep. 2019;5(4):214. doi:10.1007/s40726-019-00126-3
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Healthy habits: coughing and sneezing.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Explaining how vaccines work.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Masks and respiratory viruses prevention.
MedlinePlus.Gastroenteritis.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About food safety.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Science and our food supply. In:Food Safety A to Z Reference Guide.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About four steps to food safety.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.People at increased risk for food poisoning.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Food and drink considerations when traveling.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Current outbreak list.
Smith DS.Travel medicine and vaccines for HIV-infected travelers.Top Antivir Med.2012;20(3):111-5.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.How to prevent STIs.
Xiong WM, Xu QP, Li X, Xiao RD, Cai L, He F.The association between human papillomavirus infection and lung cancer: a system review and meta-analysis.Oncotarget. 2017;8(56):96419-96432. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.21682
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About STI risk and oral sex.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.People at increased risk for toxoplasmosis.
Myles IA.Fast food fever: reviewing the impacts of the Western diet on immunity.Nutr J. 2014;13:61. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-61
Sarkar D, Jung MK, Wang HJ.Alcohol and the immune system.Alcohol Res.2015;37(2):153–5.
Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health.Nutrition and immunity.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Sleep and the immune system.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About sleep.
Haque M, Sartelli M, Mckimm J, Abu bakar M.Health care-associated infections - an overview.Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:2321-2333. doi:10.2147/IDR.S177247
Pakyz AL, Wang H, Ozcan YA, Edmond MB, Vogus TJ.Leapfrog Hospital Safety Score, Magnet designation, and healthcare-associated infections in United States hospitals.J Patient Safety. 2021;17(6):445-450. doi:10.1097/PTS.0000000000000378
Rosenberg K, Todd B.The effects of private rooms on hospital-associated infections.Am J Nursing. 2019;119(11):53. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000605376.45065.6b
Song X, Vossebein L, Zille A.Efficacy of disinfectant-impregnated wipes used for surface disinfection in hospitals: a review.Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8(1):139. doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0595-2
Desai AN, Mehrotra P.Medical masks.JAMA.2020;323(15):1517. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2331
Deshpande A, Cadnum JL, Fertelli D, et al.Are hospital floors an underappreciated reservoir for transmission of health care-associated pathogens?Am J Infection Control. 2017;45(3):336-8. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2016.11.005
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Preventing infectious diseases.
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