Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsDietWeight ManagementExerciseNo SmokingLimiting Alcohol and CaffeineSupplementsQuality SleepLow StressCholesterol and Blood SugarMedicationCan Water Help?Hypertensive Crisis
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Diet
Weight Management
Exercise
No Smoking
Limiting Alcohol and Caffeine
Supplements
Quality Sleep
Low Stress
Cholesterol and Blood Sugar
Medication
Can Water Help?
Hypertensive Crisis
Tricks to lower your blood pressure instantly include taking deep breaths, practicing meditation, and reducing stress. In the long term, healthcare professionals recommend lifestyle changes to reduce high blood pressure.
In emergency situations, hypertensive drugs can be delivered intravenously to reduce blood pressure quickly.
Kinga Krzeminska / Getty Images
1. Change Your Diet
People with high blood pressure are often told to eat less salt. Reducing the sodium in your diet can be difficult because many foods that you don’t think of as salty actually contain a lot of sodium. You’ll have toadjust your dietand monitor food labels; a dietitian can help with this.
You can stick to certainfoods to lower blood pressure. According to one systematic review, theDietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) dietis the most effective dietary approach to reducing blood pressure.
Does Beet Juice Lower Blood Pressure?
Calcium-Rich Foods
Foods high in calcium include:
Potassium-Rich Foods
Potassiumis a key nutrient, with food sources that include:
Magnesium-Rich Foods
There’s some evidence that foods high inflavanols, including berries and apples, also can help to lower your blood pressure.Other studies support the role of dietary fiber in reducing blood pressure, with food sources including:
3. Eat Dark Chocolate
Regularly eating dark chocolate may help to lower blood pressure because of theflavanolcontent. This natural compound can relax blood vessels throughvasodilationand improve blood flow.
There is still limited research evidence of dark chocolate’s benefits in reducing blood pressure in humans, as the effect may not have clinical significance. However, a 2022 review of 31 studies founddark chocolate consumptionfor at least two weeks may be better than cocoa drinks in delivering the amount of flavanol (notablyepicatechins) that may reduce blood pressure.
4. Maintain a Healthy Weight
A high blood pressure diagnosis begins with asystolic(first number) reading of 130 or more, or adiastolic pressure(second number) of 80 or more.
5. Get Enough Exercise
There is strong evidence to support regularexerciseand physical activity as a way to lower blood pressure.
The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends adults get 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic physical activity weekly.Two days of muscle-strengthening exercises per week is also recommended.
Some ways to get this exercise include:
If you have high blood pressure andcheck your own blood pressureregularly, make sure you’re getting accurate readings at home. Incorrect cuff positioning, a full bladder, or physical activity immediately before a measurement can give an artificially high reading.
6. Quit Smoking
Smoking increases your risk of high blood pressure,heart attack, and stroke.Quitting smoking could make a big difference in your blood pressure. It can also help lowerhigh cholesterollevels.
However,e-cigaretteshave other health risks of their own. It’s best to make an end goal of quitting smoking altogether.
7. Reduce Alcohol and Caffeine Consumption
Alcohol can raise your blood pressure. Try to reduce your alcohol consumption, especially if you’re already at risk or have high blood pressure. The CDC recommends that men drink no more than two alcoholic drinks daily, and women no more than one.
While alcohol can raise your blood pressure long term, caffeine increases your blood pressure temporarily. Your blood pressure can be elevated for up to three hours after drinking coffee.
In order to get the most accurate blood pressure reading, avoid drinking coffee (or any caffeinated beverages) three hours before measurement.The good news is you don’t have to cut out coffee entirely.
A Word From VerywellThe lifestyle modifications listed in this article—especially a healthy diet, weight loss, regular exercise, not smoking, and limiting alcohol—will not only help to manage your blood pressure but can also help to prevent type 2 diabetes, a host of cardiovascular disorders, and cancer.—RICHARD N. FOGOROS, MD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
A Word From Verywell
The lifestyle modifications listed in this article—especially a healthy diet, weight loss, regular exercise, not smoking, and limiting alcohol—will not only help to manage your blood pressure but can also help to prevent type 2 diabetes, a host of cardiovascular disorders, and cancer.—RICHARD N. FOGOROS, MD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
The lifestyle modifications listed in this article—especially a healthy diet, weight loss, regular exercise, not smoking, and limiting alcohol—will not only help to manage your blood pressure but can also help to prevent type 2 diabetes, a host of cardiovascular disorders, and cancer.
—RICHARD N. FOGOROS, MD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
8. Try Supplements
Certaindietary supplementsmay help to lower blood pressure. However, both the AHA and American College of Cardiology (ACC) stress the importance of lasting diet and nutrition changes rather than supplements in treating hypertension.
Studies have demonstrated small improvements in blood pressure that occur in people takingcalcium, potassium, andmagnesiumsupplements, but research results can be mixed. One review of studies on vitamin D, for example, found evidence that people with adequate vitamin D intake (deficiencies are common) had a lower risk of hypertension, but it, too, called for more study.
Other supplements and alternative medicine options that may lower blood pressure include:
Keep in mind that any supplements you take can have side effects or contribute to drug interactions, so discuss their use with a healthcare provider.
9. Improve Sleep
Getting poor-quality sleep can increase your risk of high blood pressure.The AHA recommends six to eight hours of sleep per night to avoid cardiovascular (heart) issues.
If you have trouble getting enough quality sleep, consider talking to your healthcare provider. They may recommend asleep studyto see if there are other underlying causes, likesleep apnea, or lifestyle changes to encourage better sleep habits.
10. Reduce Stress
A stressful situation can raise your blood pressure temporarily, and chronic stress can raise your blood pressure in the long term.Stress managementis one of the best ways to naturally lower blood pressure. However, “stressing less” is easier said than done.
The followingstress-reduction techniquesmay help you lower your blood pressure:
Taking a deep breaths and meditating are effective tricks to lower blood pressure instantly and slow your heart rate. You may also find other stress-reducing techniques like taking a warm shower or bath can help as well.
11. Manage Cholesterol and Blood Sugar Levels
Staying physically active, maintaining a healthy weight, modifying your diet, not smoking, and drinking alcohol in moderation can help you lower not only high cholesterol levels, but also high blood pressure.
12. Take Medication
The five types ofmedications used to lower blood pressureinclude:
It is essential to follow your healthcare provider’s instructions with any medication. Often, you have totake blood pressure medication at the same time each dayfor the best results.
Blood pressure ishighest in the morningbecause it follows your body’s circadian rhythm.Your blood pressure should be lower in the afternoon and evening.
Can Drinking Water Lower Blood Pressure?
Drinking enough waterprovides you with the optimal amount of fluids for your heart to pump without stressing it. Too little water can cause your blood pressure to lower or rise.
Drinking a glass of water likely isn’t going to immediately reduce your blood pressure. However, maintaining optimal hydration can help manage your blood pressure in the long term.
Additional Drinks That Lower Blood Pressure Quickly
Some beverages also can help to lower blood pressure because they contain lycopene, potassium, or other elements associated with a health benefit for hypertension. These drinks include:
Keep in mind that you should not use grapefruit juice with a number of other medications, including calcium channel blockers used to treat blood pressure andstatin drugsto lower cholesterol.
When to Seek Medical Help for a Hypertensive Crisis
A person is inhypertensive crisis(a dangerous, sudden spike in blood pressure in which the systolic pressure is 180 mmHg or higher, and/or the diastolic pressure is 120 mmHg or higher). This is an emergency situation that requires immediate medical attention.
Medical treatment may involve delivering hypertensive drugs intravenously (into the vein).
Summary
Practice deep breathing and meditation to help lower blood pressure instantly. However, keep in mind these tricks produce only a temporary reduction in blood pressure.
Changes in diet, weight loss, exercise, stress reduction, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol and caffeine, and improving sleep quality can all lower your blood pressure long term. Your healthcare provider may also recommend blood pressure medication.
31 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Virani S, Alonso A, Aparicio H, et al.Heart disease and stroke statistics—2021 update.Circulation. 2021;143(8):254-743. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000950Aronow WS.Treatment of hypertensive emergencies.Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(Suppl 1):S5. doi:10.21037/atm.2017.03.34Valenzuela PL, Carrera-Bastos P, Gálvez BG, et al.Lifestyle interventions for the prevention and treatment of hypertension.Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18(4):251-275. doi:10.1038/s41569-020-00437-9National Institute of Health (NIH).DASH eating plan.Dietary Guidelines for Americans.Food sources of calcium.U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans.Food sources of potassium.Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium.Ottaviani JI, Britten A, Lucarelli D, et al.Biomarker-estimated flavan-3-ol intake is associated with lower blood pressure in cross-sectional analysis in EPIC Norfolk.Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):17964. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74863-7Khalid W, Arshad MS, Jabeen A, Muhammad Anjum F, Qaisrani TB, Suleria HAR.Fiber-enriched botanicals: a therapeutic tool against certain metabolic ailments.Food Sci Nutr. 2022;10(10):3203-3218. doi:10.1002/fsn3.2920Amoah I, Lim JJ, Osei EO, et al.Effect of cocoa beverage and dark chocolate consumption on blood pressure in those with normal and elevated blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Foods. 2022;11(13):1962. doi:10.3390/foods11131962Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.High blood pressure risk factors.American Heart Association.What is high blood pressure?American Heart Association.American Heart Association recommendations for physical activity in adults and kids.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Prevent high blood pressure.Farsalinos K, Cibella F, Caponnetto P, et al.Effect of continuous smoking reduction and abstinence on blood pressure and heart rate in smokers switching to electronic cigarettes.Intern Emerg Med. 2016;11(1):85-94. doi:10.1007/s11739-015-1361-yChrysant SG.The impact of coffee consumption on blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus.Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2017;15(3):151-156. doi:10.1080/14779072.2017.1287563Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Measure your blood pressure.Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al.2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines.Hypertension. 2018;71:e13–e115. doi:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065Mehta V, Agawal S.Does vitamin deficiency lead to hypertension?Cureus.2017;9(2):e1038. doi:10.7759/cureus.1038An P, Wan S, Luo Y, et al.Micronutrient supplementation to reduce cardiovascular risk.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80(24):2269-2285. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048Morelli MB, Gambardella J, Castellanos V, Trimarco V, Santulli G.Vitamin C and cardiovascular disease: an update.Antioxidants (Basel).2020;9(12):1227. doi:10.3390/antiox9121227American Heart Association.Sleep, women, and heart disease.American Heart Association.Managing stress to control high blood pressure.Ponte Márquez PH, Feliu-Soler A, Solé-Villa MJ, et al.Benefits of mindfulness meditation in reducing blood pressure and stress in patients with arterial hypertension.J Hum Hypertens. 2019;33(3):237-247. doi:10.1038/s41371-018-0130-6Geiger C, Cramer H, Dobos G, et al.A systematic review and meta-analysis of mindfulness-based stress reduction for arterial hypertension.J Hum Hypertens. 2022:1-9. doi:10.1038/s41371-022-00764-zPark SH, Han KS.Blood pressure response to meditation and yoga: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Altern Complement Med. 2017;23(9):685-695. doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0234Gibbs BB, Hivert MF, Jerome GJ, et al.Physical activity as a critical component of first-line treatment for elevated blood pressure or cholesterol: who, what, and how?: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.Hypertension. 2021;78(2):e26-e37. doi:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000196American Heart Association.Know your numbers.Naha S, Gardner MJ, Khangura D, et al.Hypertension in diabetes. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Backman MR, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. 2021Cortés-Ríos J, Rodriguez-Fernandez M.Circadian rhythm of blood pressure of dipper and non-dipper patients with essential hypertension: a mathematical modeling approach.Front Physiol. 2021;11:536146. doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.536146American Heart Association.When to call 911 about high blood pressure.
31 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Virani S, Alonso A, Aparicio H, et al.Heart disease and stroke statistics—2021 update.Circulation. 2021;143(8):254-743. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000950Aronow WS.Treatment of hypertensive emergencies.Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(Suppl 1):S5. doi:10.21037/atm.2017.03.34Valenzuela PL, Carrera-Bastos P, Gálvez BG, et al.Lifestyle interventions for the prevention and treatment of hypertension.Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18(4):251-275. doi:10.1038/s41569-020-00437-9National Institute of Health (NIH).DASH eating plan.Dietary Guidelines for Americans.Food sources of calcium.U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans.Food sources of potassium.Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium.Ottaviani JI, Britten A, Lucarelli D, et al.Biomarker-estimated flavan-3-ol intake is associated with lower blood pressure in cross-sectional analysis in EPIC Norfolk.Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):17964. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74863-7Khalid W, Arshad MS, Jabeen A, Muhammad Anjum F, Qaisrani TB, Suleria HAR.Fiber-enriched botanicals: a therapeutic tool against certain metabolic ailments.Food Sci Nutr. 2022;10(10):3203-3218. doi:10.1002/fsn3.2920Amoah I, Lim JJ, Osei EO, et al.Effect of cocoa beverage and dark chocolate consumption on blood pressure in those with normal and elevated blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Foods. 2022;11(13):1962. doi:10.3390/foods11131962Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.High blood pressure risk factors.American Heart Association.What is high blood pressure?American Heart Association.American Heart Association recommendations for physical activity in adults and kids.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Prevent high blood pressure.Farsalinos K, Cibella F, Caponnetto P, et al.Effect of continuous smoking reduction and abstinence on blood pressure and heart rate in smokers switching to electronic cigarettes.Intern Emerg Med. 2016;11(1):85-94. doi:10.1007/s11739-015-1361-yChrysant SG.The impact of coffee consumption on blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus.Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2017;15(3):151-156. doi:10.1080/14779072.2017.1287563Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Measure your blood pressure.Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al.2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines.Hypertension. 2018;71:e13–e115. doi:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065Mehta V, Agawal S.Does vitamin deficiency lead to hypertension?Cureus.2017;9(2):e1038. doi:10.7759/cureus.1038An P, Wan S, Luo Y, et al.Micronutrient supplementation to reduce cardiovascular risk.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80(24):2269-2285. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048Morelli MB, Gambardella J, Castellanos V, Trimarco V, Santulli G.Vitamin C and cardiovascular disease: an update.Antioxidants (Basel).2020;9(12):1227. doi:10.3390/antiox9121227American Heart Association.Sleep, women, and heart disease.American Heart Association.Managing stress to control high blood pressure.Ponte Márquez PH, Feliu-Soler A, Solé-Villa MJ, et al.Benefits of mindfulness meditation in reducing blood pressure and stress in patients with arterial hypertension.J Hum Hypertens. 2019;33(3):237-247. doi:10.1038/s41371-018-0130-6Geiger C, Cramer H, Dobos G, et al.A systematic review and meta-analysis of mindfulness-based stress reduction for arterial hypertension.J Hum Hypertens. 2022:1-9. doi:10.1038/s41371-022-00764-zPark SH, Han KS.Blood pressure response to meditation and yoga: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Altern Complement Med. 2017;23(9):685-695. doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0234Gibbs BB, Hivert MF, Jerome GJ, et al.Physical activity as a critical component of first-line treatment for elevated blood pressure or cholesterol: who, what, and how?: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.Hypertension. 2021;78(2):e26-e37. doi:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000196American Heart Association.Know your numbers.Naha S, Gardner MJ, Khangura D, et al.Hypertension in diabetes. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Backman MR, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. 2021Cortés-Ríos J, Rodriguez-Fernandez M.Circadian rhythm of blood pressure of dipper and non-dipper patients with essential hypertension: a mathematical modeling approach.Front Physiol. 2021;11:536146. doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.536146American Heart Association.When to call 911 about high blood pressure.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Virani S, Alonso A, Aparicio H, et al.Heart disease and stroke statistics—2021 update.Circulation. 2021;143(8):254-743. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000950Aronow WS.Treatment of hypertensive emergencies.Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(Suppl 1):S5. doi:10.21037/atm.2017.03.34Valenzuela PL, Carrera-Bastos P, Gálvez BG, et al.Lifestyle interventions for the prevention and treatment of hypertension.Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18(4):251-275. doi:10.1038/s41569-020-00437-9National Institute of Health (NIH).DASH eating plan.Dietary Guidelines for Americans.Food sources of calcium.U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans.Food sources of potassium.Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium.Ottaviani JI, Britten A, Lucarelli D, et al.Biomarker-estimated flavan-3-ol intake is associated with lower blood pressure in cross-sectional analysis in EPIC Norfolk.Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):17964. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74863-7Khalid W, Arshad MS, Jabeen A, Muhammad Anjum F, Qaisrani TB, Suleria HAR.Fiber-enriched botanicals: a therapeutic tool against certain metabolic ailments.Food Sci Nutr. 2022;10(10):3203-3218. doi:10.1002/fsn3.2920Amoah I, Lim JJ, Osei EO, et al.Effect of cocoa beverage and dark chocolate consumption on blood pressure in those with normal and elevated blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Foods. 2022;11(13):1962. doi:10.3390/foods11131962Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.High blood pressure risk factors.American Heart Association.What is high blood pressure?American Heart Association.American Heart Association recommendations for physical activity in adults and kids.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Prevent high blood pressure.Farsalinos K, Cibella F, Caponnetto P, et al.Effect of continuous smoking reduction and abstinence on blood pressure and heart rate in smokers switching to electronic cigarettes.Intern Emerg Med. 2016;11(1):85-94. doi:10.1007/s11739-015-1361-yChrysant SG.The impact of coffee consumption on blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus.Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2017;15(3):151-156. doi:10.1080/14779072.2017.1287563Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Measure your blood pressure.Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al.2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines.Hypertension. 2018;71:e13–e115. doi:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065Mehta V, Agawal S.Does vitamin deficiency lead to hypertension?Cureus.2017;9(2):e1038. doi:10.7759/cureus.1038An P, Wan S, Luo Y, et al.Micronutrient supplementation to reduce cardiovascular risk.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80(24):2269-2285. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048Morelli MB, Gambardella J, Castellanos V, Trimarco V, Santulli G.Vitamin C and cardiovascular disease: an update.Antioxidants (Basel).2020;9(12):1227. doi:10.3390/antiox9121227American Heart Association.Sleep, women, and heart disease.American Heart Association.Managing stress to control high blood pressure.Ponte Márquez PH, Feliu-Soler A, Solé-Villa MJ, et al.Benefits of mindfulness meditation in reducing blood pressure and stress in patients with arterial hypertension.J Hum Hypertens. 2019;33(3):237-247. doi:10.1038/s41371-018-0130-6Geiger C, Cramer H, Dobos G, et al.A systematic review and meta-analysis of mindfulness-based stress reduction for arterial hypertension.J Hum Hypertens. 2022:1-9. doi:10.1038/s41371-022-00764-zPark SH, Han KS.Blood pressure response to meditation and yoga: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Altern Complement Med. 2017;23(9):685-695. doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0234Gibbs BB, Hivert MF, Jerome GJ, et al.Physical activity as a critical component of first-line treatment for elevated blood pressure or cholesterol: who, what, and how?: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.Hypertension. 2021;78(2):e26-e37. doi:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000196American Heart Association.Know your numbers.Naha S, Gardner MJ, Khangura D, et al.Hypertension in diabetes. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Backman MR, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. 2021Cortés-Ríos J, Rodriguez-Fernandez M.Circadian rhythm of blood pressure of dipper and non-dipper patients with essential hypertension: a mathematical modeling approach.Front Physiol. 2021;11:536146. doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.536146American Heart Association.When to call 911 about high blood pressure.
Virani S, Alonso A, Aparicio H, et al.Heart disease and stroke statistics—2021 update.Circulation. 2021;143(8):254-743. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000950
Aronow WS.Treatment of hypertensive emergencies.Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(Suppl 1):S5. doi:10.21037/atm.2017.03.34
Valenzuela PL, Carrera-Bastos P, Gálvez BG, et al.Lifestyle interventions for the prevention and treatment of hypertension.Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18(4):251-275. doi:10.1038/s41569-020-00437-9
National Institute of Health (NIH).DASH eating plan.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans.Food sources of calcium.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans.Food sources of potassium.
Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium.
Ottaviani JI, Britten A, Lucarelli D, et al.Biomarker-estimated flavan-3-ol intake is associated with lower blood pressure in cross-sectional analysis in EPIC Norfolk.Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):17964. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74863-7
Khalid W, Arshad MS, Jabeen A, Muhammad Anjum F, Qaisrani TB, Suleria HAR.Fiber-enriched botanicals: a therapeutic tool against certain metabolic ailments.Food Sci Nutr. 2022;10(10):3203-3218. doi:10.1002/fsn3.2920
Amoah I, Lim JJ, Osei EO, et al.Effect of cocoa beverage and dark chocolate consumption on blood pressure in those with normal and elevated blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Foods. 2022;11(13):1962. doi:10.3390/foods11131962
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.High blood pressure risk factors.
American Heart Association.What is high blood pressure?
American Heart Association.American Heart Association recommendations for physical activity in adults and kids.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Prevent high blood pressure.
Farsalinos K, Cibella F, Caponnetto P, et al.Effect of continuous smoking reduction and abstinence on blood pressure and heart rate in smokers switching to electronic cigarettes.Intern Emerg Med. 2016;11(1):85-94. doi:10.1007/s11739-015-1361-y
Chrysant SG.The impact of coffee consumption on blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus.Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2017;15(3):151-156. doi:10.1080/14779072.2017.1287563
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Measure your blood pressure.
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al.2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines.Hypertension. 2018;71:e13–e115. doi:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065
Mehta V, Agawal S.Does vitamin deficiency lead to hypertension?Cureus.2017;9(2):e1038. doi:10.7759/cureus.1038
An P, Wan S, Luo Y, et al.Micronutrient supplementation to reduce cardiovascular risk.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80(24):2269-2285. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048
Morelli MB, Gambardella J, Castellanos V, Trimarco V, Santulli G.Vitamin C and cardiovascular disease: an update.Antioxidants (Basel).2020;9(12):1227. doi:10.3390/antiox9121227
American Heart Association.Sleep, women, and heart disease.
American Heart Association.Managing stress to control high blood pressure.
Ponte Márquez PH, Feliu-Soler A, Solé-Villa MJ, et al.Benefits of mindfulness meditation in reducing blood pressure and stress in patients with arterial hypertension.J Hum Hypertens. 2019;33(3):237-247. doi:10.1038/s41371-018-0130-6
Geiger C, Cramer H, Dobos G, et al.A systematic review and meta-analysis of mindfulness-based stress reduction for arterial hypertension.J Hum Hypertens. 2022:1-9. doi:10.1038/s41371-022-00764-z
Park SH, Han KS.Blood pressure response to meditation and yoga: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Altern Complement Med. 2017;23(9):685-695. doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0234
Gibbs BB, Hivert MF, Jerome GJ, et al.Physical activity as a critical component of first-line treatment for elevated blood pressure or cholesterol: who, what, and how?: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.Hypertension. 2021;78(2):e26-e37. doi:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000196
American Heart Association.Know your numbers.
Naha S, Gardner MJ, Khangura D, et al.Hypertension in diabetes. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Backman MR, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. 2021
Cortés-Ríos J, Rodriguez-Fernandez M.Circadian rhythm of blood pressure of dipper and non-dipper patients with essential hypertension: a mathematical modeling approach.Front Physiol. 2021;11:536146. doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.536146
American Heart Association.When to call 911 about high blood pressure.
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