Dementiais a progressive brain condition that can cause issues with thinking, behavior, and memory. It is important to understand that dementia on its own is not a disease, but rather a syndrome that can be associated with a range of brain diseases.The appropriate treatment for dementia will depend on the underlying disease. Below is a list of common brain diseases that may include dementia as a symptom.
Dementiais a progressive brain condition that can cause issues with thinking, behavior, and memory. It is important to understand that dementia on its own is not a disease, but rather a syndrome that can be associated with a range of brain diseases.
The appropriate treatment for dementia will depend on the underlying disease. Below is a list of common brain diseases that may include dementia as a symptom.
1Alzheimer’s DiseaseALFRED PASIEKA / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Science Photo Library / Getty ImagesDementiais an umbrella term that covers many types of cognitive impairment. Symptoms of dementia generally includememory loss,poor judgment,communication difficulties, andpersonality changes.Often, early symptoms are especially helpful in distinguishing the different types of dementia from each other.The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease.Initial symptoms:Early symptoms includeshort-term memoryloss, poor judgment, and difficulty finding the right words.Progression:Alzheimer’s usually progresses from the early stages to themiddle stagesslowly. In the middle stages, cognition continues to decline and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia sometimes develop, making it particularly challenging for the person with dementia and his caregiver.Prognosis:Averagelife expectancyof those with Alzheimer’s disease ranges from 3 to 10 years after diagnosis, although some people live up to 20 years, depending on a variety of factors, such as the age of diagnosis.
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Alzheimer’s DiseaseALFRED PASIEKA / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Science Photo Library / Getty ImagesDementiais an umbrella term that covers many types of cognitive impairment. Symptoms of dementia generally includememory loss,poor judgment,communication difficulties, andpersonality changes.Often, early symptoms are especially helpful in distinguishing the different types of dementia from each other.The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease.Initial symptoms:Early symptoms includeshort-term memoryloss, poor judgment, and difficulty finding the right words.Progression:Alzheimer’s usually progresses from the early stages to themiddle stagesslowly. In the middle stages, cognition continues to decline and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia sometimes develop, making it particularly challenging for the person with dementia and his caregiver.Prognosis:Averagelife expectancyof those with Alzheimer’s disease ranges from 3 to 10 years after diagnosis, although some people live up to 20 years, depending on a variety of factors, such as the age of diagnosis.
Alzheimer’s Disease
ALFRED PASIEKA / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Science Photo Library / Getty Images
Dementiais an umbrella term that covers many types of cognitive impairment. Symptoms of dementia generally includememory loss,poor judgment,communication difficulties, andpersonality changes.
Often, early symptoms are especially helpful in distinguishing the different types of dementia from each other.
The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease.
Initial symptoms:Early symptoms includeshort-term memoryloss, poor judgment, and difficulty finding the right words.
Progression:Alzheimer’s usually progresses from the early stages to themiddle stagesslowly. In the middle stages, cognition continues to decline and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia sometimes develop, making it particularly challenging for the person with dementia and his caregiver.
Prognosis:Averagelife expectancyof those with Alzheimer’s disease ranges from 3 to 10 years after diagnosis, although some people live up to 20 years, depending on a variety of factors, such as the age of diagnosis.
2Vascular DementiaEarly symptoms:Initial symptoms often include word-finding difficulty, memory loss, challenges inexecutive functioningand slow processing speed. These symptoms may be related to atransient ischemic event, astrokeor unnoticed small vessel disease (which includes changes in the brain such as white matter lesions and narrowing of the arteries).Progression:Vascular dementia typically has a step-like progression, as opposed to a gradual decline more typical of Alzheimer’s. This means that functioning in vascular dementia may remain stable for quite some time after the initial symptoms until a noticeable decline occurs, and then remain at that next level for an extended period again until the next decline develops.Prognosis:Prognosis in vascular dementia varies greatly and is related to how much damage there is in the brain and other occurrences of strokes or TIAs.
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Vascular DementiaEarly symptoms:Initial symptoms often include word-finding difficulty, memory loss, challenges inexecutive functioningand slow processing speed. These symptoms may be related to atransient ischemic event, astrokeor unnoticed small vessel disease (which includes changes in the brain such as white matter lesions and narrowing of the arteries).Progression:Vascular dementia typically has a step-like progression, as opposed to a gradual decline more typical of Alzheimer’s. This means that functioning in vascular dementia may remain stable for quite some time after the initial symptoms until a noticeable decline occurs, and then remain at that next level for an extended period again until the next decline develops.Prognosis:Prognosis in vascular dementia varies greatly and is related to how much damage there is in the brain and other occurrences of strokes or TIAs.
Vascular Dementia
Early symptoms:Initial symptoms often include word-finding difficulty, memory loss, challenges inexecutive functioningand slow processing speed. These symptoms may be related to atransient ischemic event, astrokeor unnoticed small vessel disease (which includes changes in the brain such as white matter lesions and narrowing of the arteries).
Progression:Vascular dementia typically has a step-like progression, as opposed to a gradual decline more typical of Alzheimer’s. This means that functioning in vascular dementia may remain stable for quite some time after the initial symptoms until a noticeable decline occurs, and then remain at that next level for an extended period again until the next decline develops.
Prognosis:Prognosis in vascular dementia varies greatly and is related to how much damage there is in the brain and other occurrences of strokes or TIAs.
3Parkinson’s Disease DementiaInitial symptoms:Parkinson’s disease dementia is one type ofLewy body dementia. (The other is called dementia with Lewy bodies.) Both involve body changes (such as slow movements, weakness, and rigidity) and brain changes (such as memory loss, a decrease in attention andpoor executive functioning.)In Parkinson’s disease dementia, the motor and mobility symptoms are present for at least one year before thecognitive changesdevelop.Progression:Parkinson’s disease dementia usually has a gradual progression over time.Hallucinationsoften become common and confusion is likely to increase. Falls may also become more frequent and overall physical functioning declines.Prognosis:Average life expectancy varies significantly depending on the health of the person and the age at which Parkinson’s developed.
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Parkinson’s Disease DementiaInitial symptoms:Parkinson’s disease dementia is one type ofLewy body dementia. (The other is called dementia with Lewy bodies.) Both involve body changes (such as slow movements, weakness, and rigidity) and brain changes (such as memory loss, a decrease in attention andpoor executive functioning.)In Parkinson’s disease dementia, the motor and mobility symptoms are present for at least one year before thecognitive changesdevelop.Progression:Parkinson’s disease dementia usually has a gradual progression over time.Hallucinationsoften become common and confusion is likely to increase. Falls may also become more frequent and overall physical functioning declines.Prognosis:Average life expectancy varies significantly depending on the health of the person and the age at which Parkinson’s developed.
Parkinson’s Disease Dementia
Initial symptoms:Parkinson’s disease dementia is one type ofLewy body dementia. (The other is called dementia with Lewy bodies.) Both involve body changes (such as slow movements, weakness, and rigidity) and brain changes (such as memory loss, a decrease in attention andpoor executive functioning.)
In Parkinson’s disease dementia, the motor and mobility symptoms are present for at least one year before thecognitive changesdevelop.
Progression:Parkinson’s disease dementia usually has a gradual progression over time.Hallucinationsoften become common and confusion is likely to increase. Falls may also become more frequent and overall physical functioning declines.
Prognosis:Average life expectancy varies significantly depending on the health of the person and the age at which Parkinson’s developed.
4Dementia with Lewy BodiesInitial symptoms: Dementia with Lewy bodies is a type of Lewy body dementia. (The other kind is Parkinson’s disease dementia.) Dementia with Lewy bodies involves both body symptoms such as motor and muscle weakness and rigidity, as well as brain symptoms like making decisions, memory impairment, and attention span.In dementia with Lewy bodies, the brain symptoms develop before the body symptoms, at the same time or less than a year after the body symptoms present.Progression:Dementia with Lewy bodies can vary quite a bit, even from day to day. However, in general the disease starts slowly and worsens gradually.Prognosis: Average life expectancy depends on many factors but is estimated to be approximately 5 to 8 years after diagnosis.
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Dementia with Lewy BodiesInitial symptoms: Dementia with Lewy bodies is a type of Lewy body dementia. (The other kind is Parkinson’s disease dementia.) Dementia with Lewy bodies involves both body symptoms such as motor and muscle weakness and rigidity, as well as brain symptoms like making decisions, memory impairment, and attention span.In dementia with Lewy bodies, the brain symptoms develop before the body symptoms, at the same time or less than a year after the body symptoms present.Progression:Dementia with Lewy bodies can vary quite a bit, even from day to day. However, in general the disease starts slowly and worsens gradually.Prognosis: Average life expectancy depends on many factors but is estimated to be approximately 5 to 8 years after diagnosis.
Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Initial symptoms: Dementia with Lewy bodies is a type of Lewy body dementia. (The other kind is Parkinson’s disease dementia.) Dementia with Lewy bodies involves both body symptoms such as motor and muscle weakness and rigidity, as well as brain symptoms like making decisions, memory impairment, and attention span.
In dementia with Lewy bodies, the brain symptoms develop before the body symptoms, at the same time or less than a year after the body symptoms present.
Progression:Dementia with Lewy bodies can vary quite a bit, even from day to day. However, in general the disease starts slowly and worsens gradually.
Prognosis: Average life expectancy depends on many factors but is estimated to be approximately 5 to 8 years after diagnosis.
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Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Korsakoff syndrome is more of a chronic condition consisting of impaired memory,confabulation(making up stories) and hallucinations.
Prognosis:Average life expectancy in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome varies significantly. It ranges from essentially no effect in someone who abstains from alcohol to a dramatically shortened expectancy in others.
6Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Sometimes Called Mad Cow Disease)Initial symptoms:Unlike other types of dementia, the first symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease don’t typically include cognitive changes. Rather, they include depression, withdrawal, and mood changes.Progression:As the disease progresses, memory difficulties develop, along with changes in behavior, physical coordination including walking, and vision. In the later stages, hallucinations andpsychosismay develop, and overall functioning, including the ability to swallow and eat, deteriorate.Prognosis: Average life expectancy is significantly affected, as there is no currently no cure for the disease. Approximately 70% of people die within a year of onset.
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Sometimes Called Mad Cow Disease)Initial symptoms:Unlike other types of dementia, the first symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease don’t typically include cognitive changes. Rather, they include depression, withdrawal, and mood changes.Progression:As the disease progresses, memory difficulties develop, along with changes in behavior, physical coordination including walking, and vision. In the later stages, hallucinations andpsychosismay develop, and overall functioning, including the ability to swallow and eat, deteriorate.Prognosis: Average life expectancy is significantly affected, as there is no currently no cure for the disease. Approximately 70% of people die within a year of onset.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Sometimes Called Mad Cow Disease)
Initial symptoms:Unlike other types of dementia, the first symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease don’t typically include cognitive changes. Rather, they include depression, withdrawal, and mood changes.
Progression:As the disease progresses, memory difficulties develop, along with changes in behavior, physical coordination including walking, and vision. In the later stages, hallucinations andpsychosismay develop, and overall functioning, including the ability to swallow and eat, deteriorate.
Prognosis: Average life expectancy is significantly affected, as there is no currently no cure for the disease. Approximately 70% of people die within a year of onset.
7Frontotemporal Dementia (Pick’s Disease)Initial Symptoms:Frontotemporal dementiais a type of dementia that more commonly affects younger people. Early symptoms usually include changes in personality and behavior, as opposed to cognitive difficulties. They may appear not to care about others and act inappropriately.Progression:As FTD progresses, communication (both the ability to express and understand), memory, and physical ability decline.Prognosis:Depending on what type of FTD the person has developed, life expectancy ranges from approximately three to ten years after diagnosis.
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Frontotemporal Dementia (Pick’s Disease)Initial Symptoms:Frontotemporal dementiais a type of dementia that more commonly affects younger people. Early symptoms usually include changes in personality and behavior, as opposed to cognitive difficulties. They may appear not to care about others and act inappropriately.Progression:As FTD progresses, communication (both the ability to express and understand), memory, and physical ability decline.Prognosis:Depending on what type of FTD the person has developed, life expectancy ranges from approximately three to ten years after diagnosis.
Frontotemporal Dementia (Pick’s Disease)
Initial Symptoms:Frontotemporal dementiais a type of dementia that more commonly affects younger people. Early symptoms usually include changes in personality and behavior, as opposed to cognitive difficulties. They may appear not to care about others and act inappropriately.
Progression:As FTD progresses, communication (both the ability to express and understand), memory, and physical ability decline.
Prognosis:Depending on what type of FTD the person has developed, life expectancy ranges from approximately three to ten years after diagnosis.
8Huntington’s Disease (Huntington’s Chorea)Initial symptoms:Huntington’s disease initially involves a combination of symptoms including involuntary physical movements, mood changes, memory loss, and poor decision-making skills.Progression:As it progresses, Huntington’s affects communication, walking, swallowing andcognition. Involuntary movements (chorea) become more pronounced and interfere significantly with daily functioning.Prognosis:Life expectancy in Huntington’s ranges from 10 to 30 years after diagnosis.
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Huntington’s Disease (Huntington’s Chorea)Initial symptoms:Huntington’s disease initially involves a combination of symptoms including involuntary physical movements, mood changes, memory loss, and poor decision-making skills.Progression:As it progresses, Huntington’s affects communication, walking, swallowing andcognition. Involuntary movements (chorea) become more pronounced and interfere significantly with daily functioning.Prognosis:Life expectancy in Huntington’s ranges from 10 to 30 years after diagnosis.
Huntington’s Disease (Huntington’s Chorea)
Initial symptoms:Huntington’s disease initially involves a combination of symptoms including involuntary physical movements, mood changes, memory loss, and poor decision-making skills.
Progression:As it progresses, Huntington’s affects communication, walking, swallowing andcognition. Involuntary movements (chorea) become more pronounced and interfere significantly with daily functioning.
Prognosis:Life expectancy in Huntington’s ranges from 10 to 30 years after diagnosis.
9HIV/AIDS DementiaInitial symptoms:People with HIV-related dementia initially often have difficulty with concentration, attention, and memory. They may also show some changes in their personality and behavior.Progression:As HIV-associated dementia progresses, physical abilities may also begin to decline. For example, someone may have more difficulty with walking or hand-eye coordination.Prognosis:Prognosis varies and may depend on the body’s response to treatments such ashighly active anti-retroviral therapy(HAART).
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HIV/AIDS DementiaInitial symptoms:People with HIV-related dementia initially often have difficulty with concentration, attention, and memory. They may also show some changes in their personality and behavior.Progression:As HIV-associated dementia progresses, physical abilities may also begin to decline. For example, someone may have more difficulty with walking or hand-eye coordination.Prognosis:Prognosis varies and may depend on the body’s response to treatments such ashighly active anti-retroviral therapy(HAART).
HIV/AIDS Dementia
Initial symptoms:People with HIV-related dementia initially often have difficulty with concentration, attention, and memory. They may also show some changes in their personality and behavior.
Progression:As HIV-associated dementia progresses, physical abilities may also begin to decline. For example, someone may have more difficulty with walking or hand-eye coordination.
Prognosis:Prognosis varies and may depend on the body’s response to treatments such ashighly active anti-retroviral therapy(HAART).
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Fatal Familial Insomnia
Progression:As this condition progresses, the ability to walk and move the body deteriorates. Memory loss and poor attention and concentration develop, and in its late stages, a person often is unable to speak.
Prognosis:After FFI develops, life expectancy is approximately 12 to 18 months, though some only live for a few months and others a few years.
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Mixed Dementia
Initial symptoms:Symptoms of mixed dementia often appear similar to those of early Alzheimer’s disease and include difficulty learning new information, memory loss (typically short-term memory impairment),confusion as to the day or timeand word-finding difficulties.
Mixed dementia is often misdiagnosed as a single type of dementia and then discovered either through imaging such as MRIs or in an autopsy after death.
Progression:As mixed dementia progresses, brain functioning declines further, causing difficulty in physical abilities such as activities of daily living as well, as all areas of cognition.
Prognosis: Life expectancy after diagnosis of mixed dementia is not clearly established because diagnosis is sporadic. However, researchers estimate that prognosis may be shorter for mixed dementia than for a single cause of dementia such as Alzheimer’s since additional factors are affecting brain functioning.
12Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy/Brain InjuryInitial symptoms:Symptoms of brain injury include loss of consciousness, memory loss, personality and behavior changes, and slow, slurred speech.Progression:While symptoms from a single concussion are often temporary and resolve with appropriate treatment,chronic traumatic encephalopathytypically develops over time from repeated head injuries and is generally not reversible. Later symptoms include poor decision-making ability, aggression, impaired motor function and inability to communicate effectively.Prognosis:Life expectancy varies according to the severity of injuries.
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Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy/Brain InjuryInitial symptoms:Symptoms of brain injury include loss of consciousness, memory loss, personality and behavior changes, and slow, slurred speech.Progression:While symptoms from a single concussion are often temporary and resolve with appropriate treatment,chronic traumatic encephalopathytypically develops over time from repeated head injuries and is generally not reversible. Later symptoms include poor decision-making ability, aggression, impaired motor function and inability to communicate effectively.Prognosis:Life expectancy varies according to the severity of injuries.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy/Brain Injury
Initial symptoms:Symptoms of brain injury include loss of consciousness, memory loss, personality and behavior changes, and slow, slurred speech.
Progression:While symptoms from a single concussion are often temporary and resolve with appropriate treatment,chronic traumatic encephalopathytypically develops over time from repeated head injuries and is generally not reversible. Later symptoms include poor decision-making ability, aggression, impaired motor function and inability to communicate effectively.
Prognosis:Life expectancy varies according to the severity of injuries.
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Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Progression:Progression varied depending on treatment. NPH is a condition that causes symptoms of dementia but cansometimes be reversedwith prompt treatment.
What’s the Difference Between Dementia and Alzheimer’s?
18 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.What is dementia?Cleveland Clinic.Dementia.NIH National Institute on Aging.What is Alzheimer’s disease?Korczyn AD, Vakhapova V, Grinberg LT.Vascular dementia.Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2012;322(1-2):2-10. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.03.027Venkat P, Chopp M, Chen J.Models and mechanisms of vascular dementia.Experimental Neurology. 2015;272:97-108. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.05.006Poewe W, Gauthier S, Aarsland D, et al.Diagnosis and management of Parkinson’s disease dementia.International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2008;62(10):1581-7. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01869.xLarsson V, Torisson G, Londos E.Relative survival in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia.PLoS ONE. 2018;13(8):e0202044. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202044NIH National Institute on Aging.What is Lewy body dementia?Thomson AD, Guerrini I, Marshall EJ.The evolution and treatment of Korsakoff’s syndrome: out of sight, out of mind?Neuropsychology Review. 2012;22(2):81-92. doi:10.1007/s11065-012-9196-zNIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease fact sheet.Warren JD, Rohrer JD, Rossor MN.Clinical review: Frontotemporal dementia.BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2013;347:f4827. doi:10.1136/bmj.f4827NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Huntington’s disease information page.Saldanha D, Beniwal S, Bhattacharya L, Srivastava K.HIV-associated dementia: A diagnostic dilemma.Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 2011;20(2):120-3. doi:10.4103/0972-6748.102505NIH National Institute for Advancing Translational Sciences.Fatal familial insomnia.Alzheimer’s Association.Mixed dementia.Custodio N, Montesinos R, Lira D, Herrera-Pérez E, Bardales Y, Valeriano-Lorenzo L.Mixed dementia: A review of the evidence.Dementia & Neuropsychologia. 2017;11(4):364-370. doi:10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-040005Stein TD, Alvarez VE, McKee AC.Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a spectrum of neuropathological changes following repetitive brain trauma in athletes and military personnel.Alzheimers Res Ther. 2014;6(1):4-. doi:10.1186/alzrt234Cleveland Clinic.Normal pressure hydrocephalus.Additional ReadingWu LY, Zhan SQ, Huang ZY, et al.Expert consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria for fatal familial insomnia.Chinese Medical Journal. 2018;131(13):1613-1617. doi:10.4103/0366-6999.235115
18 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.What is dementia?Cleveland Clinic.Dementia.NIH National Institute on Aging.What is Alzheimer’s disease?Korczyn AD, Vakhapova V, Grinberg LT.Vascular dementia.Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2012;322(1-2):2-10. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.03.027Venkat P, Chopp M, Chen J.Models and mechanisms of vascular dementia.Experimental Neurology. 2015;272:97-108. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.05.006Poewe W, Gauthier S, Aarsland D, et al.Diagnosis and management of Parkinson’s disease dementia.International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2008;62(10):1581-7. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01869.xLarsson V, Torisson G, Londos E.Relative survival in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia.PLoS ONE. 2018;13(8):e0202044. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202044NIH National Institute on Aging.What is Lewy body dementia?Thomson AD, Guerrini I, Marshall EJ.The evolution and treatment of Korsakoff’s syndrome: out of sight, out of mind?Neuropsychology Review. 2012;22(2):81-92. doi:10.1007/s11065-012-9196-zNIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease fact sheet.Warren JD, Rohrer JD, Rossor MN.Clinical review: Frontotemporal dementia.BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2013;347:f4827. doi:10.1136/bmj.f4827NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Huntington’s disease information page.Saldanha D, Beniwal S, Bhattacharya L, Srivastava K.HIV-associated dementia: A diagnostic dilemma.Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 2011;20(2):120-3. doi:10.4103/0972-6748.102505NIH National Institute for Advancing Translational Sciences.Fatal familial insomnia.Alzheimer’s Association.Mixed dementia.Custodio N, Montesinos R, Lira D, Herrera-Pérez E, Bardales Y, Valeriano-Lorenzo L.Mixed dementia: A review of the evidence.Dementia & Neuropsychologia. 2017;11(4):364-370. doi:10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-040005Stein TD, Alvarez VE, McKee AC.Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a spectrum of neuropathological changes following repetitive brain trauma in athletes and military personnel.Alzheimers Res Ther. 2014;6(1):4-. doi:10.1186/alzrt234Cleveland Clinic.Normal pressure hydrocephalus.Additional ReadingWu LY, Zhan SQ, Huang ZY, et al.Expert consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria for fatal familial insomnia.Chinese Medical Journal. 2018;131(13):1613-1617. doi:10.4103/0366-6999.235115
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.What is dementia?Cleveland Clinic.Dementia.NIH National Institute on Aging.What is Alzheimer’s disease?Korczyn AD, Vakhapova V, Grinberg LT.Vascular dementia.Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2012;322(1-2):2-10. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.03.027Venkat P, Chopp M, Chen J.Models and mechanisms of vascular dementia.Experimental Neurology. 2015;272:97-108. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.05.006Poewe W, Gauthier S, Aarsland D, et al.Diagnosis and management of Parkinson’s disease dementia.International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2008;62(10):1581-7. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01869.xLarsson V, Torisson G, Londos E.Relative survival in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia.PLoS ONE. 2018;13(8):e0202044. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202044NIH National Institute on Aging.What is Lewy body dementia?Thomson AD, Guerrini I, Marshall EJ.The evolution and treatment of Korsakoff’s syndrome: out of sight, out of mind?Neuropsychology Review. 2012;22(2):81-92. doi:10.1007/s11065-012-9196-zNIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease fact sheet.Warren JD, Rohrer JD, Rossor MN.Clinical review: Frontotemporal dementia.BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2013;347:f4827. doi:10.1136/bmj.f4827NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Huntington’s disease information page.Saldanha D, Beniwal S, Bhattacharya L, Srivastava K.HIV-associated dementia: A diagnostic dilemma.Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 2011;20(2):120-3. doi:10.4103/0972-6748.102505NIH National Institute for Advancing Translational Sciences.Fatal familial insomnia.Alzheimer’s Association.Mixed dementia.Custodio N, Montesinos R, Lira D, Herrera-Pérez E, Bardales Y, Valeriano-Lorenzo L.Mixed dementia: A review of the evidence.Dementia & Neuropsychologia. 2017;11(4):364-370. doi:10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-040005Stein TD, Alvarez VE, McKee AC.Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a spectrum of neuropathological changes following repetitive brain trauma in athletes and military personnel.Alzheimers Res Ther. 2014;6(1):4-. doi:10.1186/alzrt234Cleveland Clinic.Normal pressure hydrocephalus.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.What is dementia?
Cleveland Clinic.Dementia.
NIH National Institute on Aging.What is Alzheimer’s disease?
Korczyn AD, Vakhapova V, Grinberg LT.Vascular dementia.Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2012;322(1-2):2-10. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.03.027
Venkat P, Chopp M, Chen J.Models and mechanisms of vascular dementia.Experimental Neurology. 2015;272:97-108. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.05.006
Poewe W, Gauthier S, Aarsland D, et al.Diagnosis and management of Parkinson’s disease dementia.International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2008;62(10):1581-7. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01869.x
Larsson V, Torisson G, Londos E.Relative survival in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia.PLoS ONE. 2018;13(8):e0202044. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202044
NIH National Institute on Aging.What is Lewy body dementia?
Thomson AD, Guerrini I, Marshall EJ.The evolution and treatment of Korsakoff’s syndrome: out of sight, out of mind?Neuropsychology Review. 2012;22(2):81-92. doi:10.1007/s11065-012-9196-z
NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease fact sheet.
Warren JD, Rohrer JD, Rossor MN.Clinical review: Frontotemporal dementia.BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2013;347:f4827. doi:10.1136/bmj.f4827
NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Huntington’s disease information page.
Saldanha D, Beniwal S, Bhattacharya L, Srivastava K.HIV-associated dementia: A diagnostic dilemma.Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 2011;20(2):120-3. doi:10.4103/0972-6748.102505
NIH National Institute for Advancing Translational Sciences.Fatal familial insomnia.
Alzheimer’s Association.Mixed dementia.
Custodio N, Montesinos R, Lira D, Herrera-Pérez E, Bardales Y, Valeriano-Lorenzo L.Mixed dementia: A review of the evidence.Dementia & Neuropsychologia. 2017;11(4):364-370. doi:10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-040005
Stein TD, Alvarez VE, McKee AC.Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a spectrum of neuropathological changes following repetitive brain trauma in athletes and military personnel.Alzheimers Res Ther. 2014;6(1):4-. doi:10.1186/alzrt234
Cleveland Clinic.Normal pressure hydrocephalus.
Wu LY, Zhan SQ, Huang ZY, et al.Expert consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria for fatal familial insomnia.Chinese Medical Journal. 2018;131(13):1613-1617. doi:10.4103/0366-6999.235115
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