Anti-inflammatory supplements are an alternative treatment forinflammation. Inflammation contributes to many different conditions, from arthritis to digestive diseases.
Supplements are not as well-studied as conventional medication. Certain supplements, however, are believed to help reduce inflammation. Some people may choose supplements instead of over-the-counter medicines like Advil (ibuprofen) because they prefer products with natural anti-inflammatory properties.
This article covers 18 of the best-knownanti-inflammatorysupplements. If you’re considering trying one, discuss it with your healthcare provider to make sure it’s a good fit for you.
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Boswellia
Boswelliais a tree that is found in parts of the Middle East, Africa, and India. Boswellia extract is also referred to as Indianfrankincense. It’s made from the gum resin of the tree bark.
Classified as anAyurvedic herb, Boswellia is thought to have anti-inflammatory properties. It may help relieve pain.
As a supplement, it is available as:
A common dose is 300 milligrams (mg) three times a day.
Health Benefits of Boswellia
Bromelain
Bromelainis a group of protein-dissolving enzymes found in the stem and fruit of thepineapple.
As a supplement, bromelain is available as:
A common dose is 500 to 1,000 mg taken daily.
What Is Bromelain, and Why Do People Take It?
Cat’s Claw
Cat’s clawcomes from the dried root bark of a woody vine. The plant is found in the Amazon rainforest in Peru and other parts of South America.
It is available in:
A common dose is 20 mg to 30 mg of root bark extract taken daily.
The Health Benefits of Cat’s Claw
Cayenne Pepper
Cayenne pepper is a variety of theCapsicum annuumpepper. It contains a compound calledcapsaicinthat gives the spice its heat and is used as the active ingredient in topical pain-relieving creams such as Icy Hot Arthritis Therapy.Capsaicin can also be derived from other hot peppers, but many capsaicin supplements have “cayenne” in their names.
In addition toblocking pain signals, capsaicin directly inhibits immune proteins calledcytokinesthat instigate inflammation in the body. By doing so, pain and swelling associated with arthritis andmyalgia(muscle pain) may be eased.
When used for its anti-inflammatory effects, capsaicin is available in the following forms:
Topical preparations are used no more than three or four times daily when needed to treat pain. Use transdermal patches exactly as directed.
Manufacturers generally recommend dosages of 500 mg daily when cayenne is taken as a supplement. The overuse of cayenne supplements can lead to heartburn and stomach pain.
Chondroitin
Chondroitin is believed to reduce pain and have anti-inflammatory properties.
The supplement may also improve joint function and slow the progression ofosteoarthritis.Chondroitin is available in:
A dose of 800 mg to 1,200 mg each day is common.
The Health Benefits of Chondroitin
Cinnamon
Cinnamonis thought to offer many health benefits, from loweringblood sugarandcholesterolto reducing inflammation. It contains a compound calledcinnamaldehydethat gives the spice its fragrance but also appears to have potent anti-inflammatory effects.
Cinnamon, harvested from the bark of the cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum verum), contains other compounds calledflavonoidsthat also have anti-inflammatory properties. These include flavonoids called catechins and procyanidins.
Cinnamon supplements are available as:
A daily dose of around 1,000 mg is generally regarded as safe.
Curcumin
Studies suggest that curcumin has both anti-inflammatory andantioxidanteffects. As an anti-inflammatory, curcumin may help relieve arthritis pain and reduce exercise-induced inflammation and muscle soreness.
It is available in the following formulations:
Manufacturers generally recommend between 500 and 1,000 mg daily.
Devil’s Claw
Devil’s clawis a perennial shrub that grows in southern Africa. It has branching roots and shoots, lush foliage, and red flowers. Its name comes from the tiny hooks that cover its fruit.
The secondary roots that grow out of the main roots are called tubers. The roots and tubers are used for pain relief and anti-inflammatory effects.They are also used as a digestive aid.
Devil’s claw is available in the following forms:
Daily tuber dosage should be limited to 4.5 mg daily or 1 to 2.4 g of extract.
The Health Benefits of Devil’s Claw
Fish Oil
Fish oilsupplements are made from the oils of cold-water fish, including:
Cytokines are proteins that signal the immune system to do its job. Prostaglandins are natural chemicals in the body that are secreted when there is an injury or inflammation. Omega-3s can help if you haverheumatoid arthritis.
Fish oil supplements are available as:
The maximum dose for DHA and EPA is up to 3 grams daily.
Fish Oil vs. Fish for Health
Flaxseed
The seed of the flax plant contains omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Some of the fat inflaxseed oilconverts to EPA and DHA. These are the same active ingredients in fish oil.
Flaxseed is available as:
Capsules are available in 1,000 to 1,300 mg doses, but there is no recommended dose.
A common intake of ground or milled flaxseed is about 2 to 3 tablespoons daily. This can be added to your food throughout the day.
Health Benefits of Flaxseed Oil
Ginger
Gingeris derived from the dried or fresh root of the ginger plant. It has been shown to have strong anti-inflammatory properties.
Ginger is available in:
People sometimes use up to 1 gram of ginger in three divided doses per day.
Is Ginger Anti-Inflammatory?
GLA
Gamma-linolenic acid(GLA) is a type of omega-6 fatty acid that is found in certain plant seed oils, such as:
The body can change GLA into anti-inflammatory chemicals.
GLA is available in:
The maximum dose is up to 3 grams daily.
The Health Benefits of GLA
Green Tea
Green tea, made from the leaves of theCamellia sinensisplant, is known to be a potent antioxidant but also has significant anti-inflammatory effects as well.
Green tea is rich in anti-inflammatory compounds calledpolyphenols. This includes an especially potent polyphenol calledepigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG) that can help reduce inflammation in blood vessels. This may, in turn, reduce the risk of heart disease.
When used as a dietary supplement, green tea is available in the following forms:
Supplements manufacturers recommend between 500 and 1,000 mg per day. You can also drink it as a tea three to five times daily, although it contains high amounts of caffeine that can cause jitteriness.
MSM
Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is an organic sulfur compound that is naturally found in:
However, as food is processed, the MSM is destroyed. MSM supplements are used to reduce pain and inflammation associated with arthritis.
MSM comes in:
A common oral dose is 2 to 6 grams daily with meals.
The Health Benefits of MSM
Quercetin
Quercetinis a chemical that is found in various foods, including:
Quercetin is recognized for having anti-inflammatory properties. It blocks pro-inflammatory chemicals, such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins.
Due to limited research, there is no recommended or usual dose. The maximum dose is up to 1 gram daily.
The Health Benefits of Quercetin
Thunder God Vine
Thunder god vinecomes from the skinned root of a vine-like plant found in Asia. The Chinese herbal remedy has been used to treat:
There have not been many studies on the benefits of thunder god vine done in the United States. As a result, there is no recommended daily dosage for the extract.
Supplements
Turmeric
Turmericis a perennial, lily-like shrub that mainly grows in India and Indonesia. It also grows in other tropical regions.
It is available as:
A common dose for capsules is 500 mg taken one to three times per day, but recommended dosages can vary widely.
Turmeric May Be a Solution For Osteoarthritis Knee Pain, Study Finds
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble vitamins commonly sold in supplement form. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) are the two forms most important to human health.
Vitamin D3is more effective than vitamin D2 at raising vitamin D levels circulating in the blood (in a form known as 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2, or 25[OH]D).There is evidence that higher levels of 25[OH]D may help relieve inflammation related to infections andinflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
It is available in the following forms:
Recommendations for oral vitamin D3 range from 2,000 to 5,000 international units (IU) daily.
Which Anti-Inflammatory Supplement Is Best?
The anti-inflammatory supplement that is “best” is ultimately the one that works best for you. With that said, there can be a case made for vitamin D given that it is essential for human life.As beneficial as the others may be, the same cannot be said.
Even so, you don’t necessarily need avitamin D supplementif you are getting enough from your diet and simplybeing out in the sun.
Moreover, there is no evidence that vitamin D—or any other dietary supplement for that matter—can treat any medical condition.
That’s not to say that supplements like vitamin D or chondroitin are of no benefit to conditions like arthritis. But they should be used as part of a holistic treatment plan which may involve a change in diet, weight loss, exercise, over-the-counter pain relievers, and prescription drugs.
Certification does not mean that the supplement works or is safe for all people. It simply confirms that the ingredients listed on the product label are in the correct amounts and that no impurities have been found.
Summary
If you have a condition like arthritis,anti-inflammatory supplementsmay help you deal with pain and inflammation. Supplements will not prevent, treat, or cure any disease, but you may experience some benefits.
Does Serrapeptase Have Anti-Inflammatory Benefits?
22 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Yu G, Xiang W, Zhang T, Zeng L, Yang K, Li J.Effectiveness of Boswellia and Boswellia extract for osteoarthritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):225. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-02985-6Rathnavelu V, Alitheen NB, Sohila S, Kanagesan S, Ramesh R.Potential role of bromelain in clinical and therapeutic applications.Biomed Rep. 2016;5(3):283–288. doi:10.3892/br.2016.720Snow AD, Castillo GM, Nguyen BP, et al.The amazon rain forest plant uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw) and its specific proanthocyanidin constituents are potent inhibitors and reducers of both brain plaques and tangles.Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):561. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-38645-0Fattori V, Hohmann MS, Rossaneis AC, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Verri WA.Capsaicin: current understanding of its mechanisms and therapy of pain and other pre-clinical and clinical uses.Molecules. 2016;21(7):844. doi:10.3390/molecules21070844Hochberg M, Chevalier X, Henrotin Y, Hunter DJ, Uebelhart D.Symptom and structure modification in osteoarthritis with pharmaceutical-grade chondroitin sulfate: what’s the evidence?.Curr Med Res Opin. 2013;29(3):259‐267. doi:10.1185/03007995.2012.753430Rao PV, Gan SH.Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.2014;2014:642942. doi:10.1155/2014/642942Das G, Gonçalves S, Heredia JB, et al.Cardiovascular protective effect of cinnamon and its major bioactive constituents: an update.J Funct Foods. 2022;97:105045. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2022.105045Hewlings SJ, Kalman DS.Curcumin: a review of its effects on human health.Foods.2017;6(10):92. doi:10.3390/foods6100092Menghini L, Recinella L, Leone S, et al.Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) and chronic inflammatory diseases: A concise overview on preclinical and clinical data.Phytother Res. 2019;33(9):2152‐2162. doi:10.1002/ptr.6395Navarini L, Afeltra A, Gallo Afflitto G, Margiotta DPE.Polyunsaturated fatty acids: any role in rheumatoid arthritis?.Lipids Health Dis. 2017;16(1). doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0586-3Nowak W, Jeziorek M.The role of flaxseed in improving human health.Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11(3):395. doi:10.3390/healthcare11030395Mashhadi NS, Ghiasvand R, Askari G, Hariri M, Darvishi L, Mofid MR.Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: review of current evidence.Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(Suppl 1):S36–S42.Sergeant S, Rahbar E, Chilton FH.Gamma-linolenic acid, dihommo-gamma linolenic, eicosanoids and inflammatory processes.Eur J Pharmacol. 2016;785:77-86. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.020National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Green tea.Khan N, Mukhtar H.Tea polyphenols in promotion of human health.Nutrients. 2018;11(1):39. doi:10.3390/nu11010039Lange KW.Tea in cardiovascular health and disease: a critical appraisal of the evidence.Food Sci Hum Wellness. 2022;11(3):445-454. doi:10.1016/j.fshw.2021.12.034Butawan M, Benjamin RL, Bloomer RJ.Methylsulfonylmethane: applications and safety of a novel dietary supplement.Nutrients. 2017;9(3):290. doi:10.3390/nu9030290Aghababaei F, Hadidi M.Recent advances in potential health benefits of quercetin.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(7):1020. doi:10.3390/ph16071020National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Thunder god vine.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D: fact sheet for health professionals.Tripkovic L, Wilson LR, Hart K, et al.Daily supplementation with 15 μg vitamin D2 compared with vitamin D3 to increase wintertime 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in healthy South Asian and white European women: a 12-wk randomized, placebo-controlled food-fortification trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(2):481-490. doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.138693Nielsen OH, Rejnmark L, Moss AC.Role of vitamin D in the natural history of inflammatory bowel disease.J Crohns Colitis. 2018;12(6):742-752. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy025
22 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Yu G, Xiang W, Zhang T, Zeng L, Yang K, Li J.Effectiveness of Boswellia and Boswellia extract for osteoarthritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):225. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-02985-6Rathnavelu V, Alitheen NB, Sohila S, Kanagesan S, Ramesh R.Potential role of bromelain in clinical and therapeutic applications.Biomed Rep. 2016;5(3):283–288. doi:10.3892/br.2016.720Snow AD, Castillo GM, Nguyen BP, et al.The amazon rain forest plant uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw) and its specific proanthocyanidin constituents are potent inhibitors and reducers of both brain plaques and tangles.Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):561. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-38645-0Fattori V, Hohmann MS, Rossaneis AC, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Verri WA.Capsaicin: current understanding of its mechanisms and therapy of pain and other pre-clinical and clinical uses.Molecules. 2016;21(7):844. doi:10.3390/molecules21070844Hochberg M, Chevalier X, Henrotin Y, Hunter DJ, Uebelhart D.Symptom and structure modification in osteoarthritis with pharmaceutical-grade chondroitin sulfate: what’s the evidence?.Curr Med Res Opin. 2013;29(3):259‐267. doi:10.1185/03007995.2012.753430Rao PV, Gan SH.Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.2014;2014:642942. doi:10.1155/2014/642942Das G, Gonçalves S, Heredia JB, et al.Cardiovascular protective effect of cinnamon and its major bioactive constituents: an update.J Funct Foods. 2022;97:105045. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2022.105045Hewlings SJ, Kalman DS.Curcumin: a review of its effects on human health.Foods.2017;6(10):92. doi:10.3390/foods6100092Menghini L, Recinella L, Leone S, et al.Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) and chronic inflammatory diseases: A concise overview on preclinical and clinical data.Phytother Res. 2019;33(9):2152‐2162. doi:10.1002/ptr.6395Navarini L, Afeltra A, Gallo Afflitto G, Margiotta DPE.Polyunsaturated fatty acids: any role in rheumatoid arthritis?.Lipids Health Dis. 2017;16(1). doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0586-3Nowak W, Jeziorek M.The role of flaxseed in improving human health.Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11(3):395. doi:10.3390/healthcare11030395Mashhadi NS, Ghiasvand R, Askari G, Hariri M, Darvishi L, Mofid MR.Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: review of current evidence.Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(Suppl 1):S36–S42.Sergeant S, Rahbar E, Chilton FH.Gamma-linolenic acid, dihommo-gamma linolenic, eicosanoids and inflammatory processes.Eur J Pharmacol. 2016;785:77-86. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.020National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Green tea.Khan N, Mukhtar H.Tea polyphenols in promotion of human health.Nutrients. 2018;11(1):39. doi:10.3390/nu11010039Lange KW.Tea in cardiovascular health and disease: a critical appraisal of the evidence.Food Sci Hum Wellness. 2022;11(3):445-454. doi:10.1016/j.fshw.2021.12.034Butawan M, Benjamin RL, Bloomer RJ.Methylsulfonylmethane: applications and safety of a novel dietary supplement.Nutrients. 2017;9(3):290. doi:10.3390/nu9030290Aghababaei F, Hadidi M.Recent advances in potential health benefits of quercetin.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(7):1020. doi:10.3390/ph16071020National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Thunder god vine.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D: fact sheet for health professionals.Tripkovic L, Wilson LR, Hart K, et al.Daily supplementation with 15 μg vitamin D2 compared with vitamin D3 to increase wintertime 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in healthy South Asian and white European women: a 12-wk randomized, placebo-controlled food-fortification trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(2):481-490. doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.138693Nielsen OH, Rejnmark L, Moss AC.Role of vitamin D in the natural history of inflammatory bowel disease.J Crohns Colitis. 2018;12(6):742-752. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy025
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Yu G, Xiang W, Zhang T, Zeng L, Yang K, Li J.Effectiveness of Boswellia and Boswellia extract for osteoarthritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):225. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-02985-6Rathnavelu V, Alitheen NB, Sohila S, Kanagesan S, Ramesh R.Potential role of bromelain in clinical and therapeutic applications.Biomed Rep. 2016;5(3):283–288. doi:10.3892/br.2016.720Snow AD, Castillo GM, Nguyen BP, et al.The amazon rain forest plant uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw) and its specific proanthocyanidin constituents are potent inhibitors and reducers of both brain plaques and tangles.Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):561. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-38645-0Fattori V, Hohmann MS, Rossaneis AC, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Verri WA.Capsaicin: current understanding of its mechanisms and therapy of pain and other pre-clinical and clinical uses.Molecules. 2016;21(7):844. doi:10.3390/molecules21070844Hochberg M, Chevalier X, Henrotin Y, Hunter DJ, Uebelhart D.Symptom and structure modification in osteoarthritis with pharmaceutical-grade chondroitin sulfate: what’s the evidence?.Curr Med Res Opin. 2013;29(3):259‐267. doi:10.1185/03007995.2012.753430Rao PV, Gan SH.Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.2014;2014:642942. doi:10.1155/2014/642942Das G, Gonçalves S, Heredia JB, et al.Cardiovascular protective effect of cinnamon and its major bioactive constituents: an update.J Funct Foods. 2022;97:105045. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2022.105045Hewlings SJ, Kalman DS.Curcumin: a review of its effects on human health.Foods.2017;6(10):92. doi:10.3390/foods6100092Menghini L, Recinella L, Leone S, et al.Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) and chronic inflammatory diseases: A concise overview on preclinical and clinical data.Phytother Res. 2019;33(9):2152‐2162. doi:10.1002/ptr.6395Navarini L, Afeltra A, Gallo Afflitto G, Margiotta DPE.Polyunsaturated fatty acids: any role in rheumatoid arthritis?.Lipids Health Dis. 2017;16(1). doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0586-3Nowak W, Jeziorek M.The role of flaxseed in improving human health.Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11(3):395. doi:10.3390/healthcare11030395Mashhadi NS, Ghiasvand R, Askari G, Hariri M, Darvishi L, Mofid MR.Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: review of current evidence.Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(Suppl 1):S36–S42.Sergeant S, Rahbar E, Chilton FH.Gamma-linolenic acid, dihommo-gamma linolenic, eicosanoids and inflammatory processes.Eur J Pharmacol. 2016;785:77-86. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.020National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Green tea.Khan N, Mukhtar H.Tea polyphenols in promotion of human health.Nutrients. 2018;11(1):39. doi:10.3390/nu11010039Lange KW.Tea in cardiovascular health and disease: a critical appraisal of the evidence.Food Sci Hum Wellness. 2022;11(3):445-454. doi:10.1016/j.fshw.2021.12.034Butawan M, Benjamin RL, Bloomer RJ.Methylsulfonylmethane: applications and safety of a novel dietary supplement.Nutrients. 2017;9(3):290. doi:10.3390/nu9030290Aghababaei F, Hadidi M.Recent advances in potential health benefits of quercetin.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(7):1020. doi:10.3390/ph16071020National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Thunder god vine.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D: fact sheet for health professionals.Tripkovic L, Wilson LR, Hart K, et al.Daily supplementation with 15 μg vitamin D2 compared with vitamin D3 to increase wintertime 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in healthy South Asian and white European women: a 12-wk randomized, placebo-controlled food-fortification trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(2):481-490. doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.138693Nielsen OH, Rejnmark L, Moss AC.Role of vitamin D in the natural history of inflammatory bowel disease.J Crohns Colitis. 2018;12(6):742-752. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy025
Yu G, Xiang W, Zhang T, Zeng L, Yang K, Li J.Effectiveness of Boswellia and Boswellia extract for osteoarthritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):225. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-02985-6
Rathnavelu V, Alitheen NB, Sohila S, Kanagesan S, Ramesh R.Potential role of bromelain in clinical and therapeutic applications.Biomed Rep. 2016;5(3):283–288. doi:10.3892/br.2016.720
Snow AD, Castillo GM, Nguyen BP, et al.The amazon rain forest plant uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw) and its specific proanthocyanidin constituents are potent inhibitors and reducers of both brain plaques and tangles.Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):561. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-38645-0
Fattori V, Hohmann MS, Rossaneis AC, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Verri WA.Capsaicin: current understanding of its mechanisms and therapy of pain and other pre-clinical and clinical uses.Molecules. 2016;21(7):844. doi:10.3390/molecules21070844
Hochberg M, Chevalier X, Henrotin Y, Hunter DJ, Uebelhart D.Symptom and structure modification in osteoarthritis with pharmaceutical-grade chondroitin sulfate: what’s the evidence?.Curr Med Res Opin. 2013;29(3):259‐267. doi:10.1185/03007995.2012.753430
Rao PV, Gan SH.Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.2014;2014:642942. doi:10.1155/2014/642942
Das G, Gonçalves S, Heredia JB, et al.Cardiovascular protective effect of cinnamon and its major bioactive constituents: an update.J Funct Foods. 2022;97:105045. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2022.105045
Hewlings SJ, Kalman DS.Curcumin: a review of its effects on human health.Foods.2017;6(10):92. doi:10.3390/foods6100092
Menghini L, Recinella L, Leone S, et al.Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) and chronic inflammatory diseases: A concise overview on preclinical and clinical data.Phytother Res. 2019;33(9):2152‐2162. doi:10.1002/ptr.6395
Navarini L, Afeltra A, Gallo Afflitto G, Margiotta DPE.Polyunsaturated fatty acids: any role in rheumatoid arthritis?.Lipids Health Dis. 2017;16(1). doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0586-3
Nowak W, Jeziorek M.The role of flaxseed in improving human health.Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11(3):395. doi:10.3390/healthcare11030395
Mashhadi NS, Ghiasvand R, Askari G, Hariri M, Darvishi L, Mofid MR.Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: review of current evidence.Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(Suppl 1):S36–S42.
Sergeant S, Rahbar E, Chilton FH.Gamma-linolenic acid, dihommo-gamma linolenic, eicosanoids and inflammatory processes.Eur J Pharmacol. 2016;785:77-86. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.020
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Green tea.
Khan N, Mukhtar H.Tea polyphenols in promotion of human health.Nutrients. 2018;11(1):39. doi:10.3390/nu11010039
Lange KW.Tea in cardiovascular health and disease: a critical appraisal of the evidence.Food Sci Hum Wellness. 2022;11(3):445-454. doi:10.1016/j.fshw.2021.12.034
Butawan M, Benjamin RL, Bloomer RJ.Methylsulfonylmethane: applications and safety of a novel dietary supplement.Nutrients. 2017;9(3):290. doi:10.3390/nu9030290
Aghababaei F, Hadidi M.Recent advances in potential health benefits of quercetin.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(7):1020. doi:10.3390/ph16071020
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Thunder god vine.
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D: fact sheet for health professionals.
Tripkovic L, Wilson LR, Hart K, et al.Daily supplementation with 15 μg vitamin D2 compared with vitamin D3 to increase wintertime 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in healthy South Asian and white European women: a 12-wk randomized, placebo-controlled food-fortification trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(2):481-490. doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.138693
Nielsen OH, Rejnmark L, Moss AC.Role of vitamin D in the natural history of inflammatory bowel disease.J Crohns Colitis. 2018;12(6):742-752. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy025
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