Table of ContentsView AllTable of Contents1. May Protect Eye Health2. May Help Manage Diabetes3. May Lower Heart Disease Risk4. May Improve Liver FunctionSources of Goji Berry & Nutrition FactsHow to Store Goji BerrySide EffectsPrecautionsToxicityInteractionsDosageSimilar SupplementsFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
May Protect Eye Health
May Help Manage Diabetes
May Lower Heart Disease Risk
May Improve Liver Function
Sources of Goji Berry & Nutrition Facts
How to Store Goji Berry
Side Effects
Precautions
Toxicity
Interactions
Dosage
Similar Supplements
Frequently Asked Questions
Goji berries are bright red with a sweet, tangy flavor and grow on a shrub native to Asia.The berry has been used for thousands of years intraditional Chinese medicineas a tonic for the eyes, kidneys, and liver.Today, it is often consumed for itsantioxidanteffects and to lessen the signs of aging.
There aren’t many human trials of goji berry, and many are small. But they suggest that goji may protect againstvision loss, heart disease,diabetes, and liver problems.
Verywell / Getty Images
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for third-party tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
A few clinical trials have studied the effects of goji berry onage-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness.Goji berry containsluteinandzeaxanthin, two carotenoids (red, yellow, or orange pigmennts) that protect the eye from damage.Goji is the richest dietary source of zeaxanthin. Studies show that taking it for 28 days can more than double the levels of zeaxanthin in the blood.
A trial of 114 older patients with early AMD showed that goji berry increased macular pigment and zeaxanthin compared to placebo (sugar pill containing no therapeutic ingredients).These increases may slow the progression of degeneration in the eye.
In another trial of healthy middle-aged adults, goji berry was more effective than taking a supplement containing smaller amounts of lutein and zeaxanthin.This trial was small—limited to just 27 people. However, results suggest that goji berry could help strengthen the eyes andprevent AMD, even in people without eye damage.
Goji berry has also been shown to protect theretinaand preserve vision inretinitis pigmentosa.This was also small, consisting of 42 people who took goji for 12 months.
A trial of 54 people with myopia (nearsightedness) showed that zeaxanthin from goji berry increased macular pigment, which is associated with better vision.
Larger clinical trials are needed to verify these effects.
In a clinical trial, 67 people withtype 2 diabetestook goji berries for three months.
It resulted in the following:
The most significant effects were seen in people not taking otherdiabetes medications.
Goji berries, mainly when eaten as a whole food, may lower the risk of heart disease. It has been shown to decrease levels oftriglyceridesandincrease HDL cholesterol, both of which protect the heart.
A small clinical trial of 40 adults over age 50 compared the effects of a healthy diet with and without whole dried goji berries.People who ate 15 g of goji berry daily in along with a healthy diet had higher levels of HDL cholesterol and a decreased long-term risk of heart disease.
Taking goji berry for 12 weeks may improve liver function, according to a trial of 90 adults with elevatedliver enzymes.
Goji berry decreased the following liver enzymes:
This was associated with healthy liver function.
Additional Uses
Goji berry has also been investigated in preclinical studies (in test tubes or using animal models) for the following conditions:
Until human clinical trials are done, it’s too soon to know if goji can benefit humans with any of these conditions.
Supplement Facts
Goji berry is available as a whole food, in commercially available food and drinks, and in supplement form. Whenever possible, eat goji as a whole food to optimize its therapeutic effects.Goji berry supplements are available in capsule, extract, and powder forms. These forms may be less effective than incorporating fresh goji berries into your diet.
Food Sources of Goji Berry
Goji berry is a nutrition-rich food comprising 46% carbohydrates, 13% protein, 1.5% fat, and 16.5% dietary fiber.Dried goji berries can be eaten raw or cooked and used in teas and soups.Goji berries are also ingredients in commercial products such as cookies, chocolates, and wine.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides the following nutritional profile for five tablespoons, or 28 grams, of dried goji berries.
Dried Goji Berry NutritionCalories:97.7Protein:4 gFat: 0.1 gCarbohydrates: 21.6 gFiber:3.6 gCalcium: 53.2 milligrams (mg)Iron: 1.9 mgSodium: 83.4 mgVitamin C: 13.6 mgVitamin A:7500 international units (IU)Cholesterol: 0 mgThreonine:0.1 gLeucine: 0.128 gLysine:0.065 gPhenylalanine: 0.076 gTyrosine: 0.062 gAspartic acid:0.479 g
Dried Goji Berry Nutrition
Calories:97.7Protein:4 gFat: 0.1 gCarbohydrates: 21.6 gFiber:3.6 gCalcium: 53.2 milligrams (mg)Iron: 1.9 mgSodium: 83.4 mgVitamin C: 13.6 mgVitamin A:7500 international units (IU)Cholesterol: 0 mgThreonine:0.1 gLeucine: 0.128 gLysine:0.065 gPhenylalanine: 0.076 gTyrosine: 0.062 gAspartic acid:0.479 g
Micronutrients such as the following are also found in goji berries:
What Are the Side Effects of Goji Berry?
Goji berry is unlikely to cause side effects in healthy adults.However, consuming a food like goji berry may have potential side effects. These side effects may be common and mild or less common and severe.
Goji has been associated with:
Should you experience these symptoms, seek medical help right away.
Do keep the following precautions in mind when using goji berry:
What Happens If I Take Too Much Goji Berry?
Goji berry has not shown evidence of toxicity in clinical trials.Most trials have only been conducted for up to three months.Long-term safety data is unknown.
Goji berries may interact with the following medications:
It is essential to carefully read a supplement’s ingredients list and nutrition facts panel to know which ingredients and how much of each ingredient is included. Please review the supplement label with your healthcare provider to discuss potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications.
Dosage: How Much Goji Berry Should I Take?
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your individual needs.
Goji berries are typically consumed at 15 to 30 g per day. Lower doses of 6 to 18 g daily may be used as part of combination herbal products.The dose studied in a clinical trial for AMD was 28 g five days a week for 90 days.
Other supplements that may slow or prevent the progression of AMD include:
Summary
Goji berry is a popular functional food. Small studies have shown that it may help preserve vision, guard against heart disease, and decrease blood sugar. Larger, human clinical trials are still needed to verify these results, though.
Although it’s available in dietary supplement form, goji berry is more beneficial when consumed as a whole food. It can be incorporated into the diet as fresh or dried fruit or as an ingredient in commercially available foods and drinks.
Side effects are rare, but goji berry may interact with the blood-thinning medication warfarin and medicines for diabetes.
Frequently Asked QuestionsGoji berry may slow or prevent the progression of age-related macular degeneration, a common cause of vision loss.It may also protect the retina and increase macular pigment associated with healthy vision.Goji berries may interact with warfarin to cause an increased risk of bleeding.It may also cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) if it’s taken with other medicines for diabetes.Goji berries can be eaten raw or as a dried fruit. It can be consumed as a tea or as an ingredient in soups.They’re also available in commercial foods and drinks like chocolate and wine.Foods like leafy green vegetables, eggs, and nuts are high in these carotenoids.
Goji berry may slow or prevent the progression of age-related macular degeneration, a common cause of vision loss.It may also protect the retina and increase macular pigment associated with healthy vision.
Goji berries may interact with warfarin to cause an increased risk of bleeding.It may also cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) if it’s taken with other medicines for diabetes.
Goji berries can be eaten raw or as a dried fruit. It can be consumed as a tea or as an ingredient in soups.They’re also available in commercial foods and drinks like chocolate and wine.
Foods like leafy green vegetables, eggs, and nuts are high in these carotenoids.
25 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Ma ZF, Zhang H, Teh SS, et al.Goji berries as a potential natural antioxidant medicine: An insight into their molecular mechanisms of action.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:2437397. doi:10.1155/2019/2437397Tian X, Liang T, Liu Y, Ding G, Zhang F, Ma Z.Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Biological Functions ofLycium BarbarumPolysaccharides: A Review.Biomolecules. 2019;9(9):389. doi:10.3390/biom9090389Li X, Holt RR, Keen CL, Morse LS, Yiu G, Hackman RM.Goji berry intake increases macular pigment optical density in healthy adults: A randomized pilot trial.Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4409. doi:10.3390/nu13124409Neelam K, Dey S, Sim R, Lee J, Au Eong KG.Fructus lycii: A natural dietary supplement for amelioration of retinal diseases.Nutrients. 2021;13(1):246. doi:10.3390/nu13010246Li S, Liu N, Lin L, Sun ED, Li JD, Li PK.Macular pigment and serum zeaxanthin levels with Goji berry supplement in early age-related macular degeneration.Int J Ophthalmol. 2018;11(6):970-975. doi:10.18240/ijo.2018.06.12Chan HH, Lam HI, Choi KY, et al.Delay of cone degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa using a 12-month treatment with Lycium barbarum supplement.J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;236:336-344. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.023Zhang Y, Hao J, Cao K, Qi Y, Wang N, Han S.Macular pigment optical density responses to different levels of zeaxanthin in patients with high myopia [published correction appears in Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022 Mar 16;:].Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022;260(7):2329-2337. doi:10.1007/s00417-021-05532-2Cai H, Liu F, Zuo P, et al.Practical application of antidiabetic efficacy of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide in patients with type 2 diabetes.Med Chem. 2015;11(4):383-390. doi:10.2174/1573406410666141110153858Toh DWK, Low JHM, Kim JE.Cardiovascular disease risk reduction with wolfberry consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Eur J Nutr. 2022;61(3):1177-1186. doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02750-6Toh DWK, Xia X, Sutanto CN, et al.Enhancing the cardiovascular protective effects of a healthy dietary pattern with wolfberry (Lycium barbarum): A randomized controlled trial [published correction appears in Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 Jul 1;114(1):397].Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(1):80-89. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab062Oh MR, Jung SJ, Chae SW, Park BH, Lee SO.Lycium chinense Miller fruit extract lowers liver enzyme levels in subjects with mild hepatic dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Eur J Nutr. 2023;62(3):1415-1425. doi:10.1007/s00394-022-03075-8Sim RH, Sirasanagandla SR, Das S, Teoh SL.Treatment of glaucoma with natural products and their mechanism of action: An update.Nutrients. 2022;14(3):534. doi:10.3390/nu14030534Amro MS, Teoh SL, Norzana AG, Srijit D.The potential role of herbal products in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.Clin Ter. 2018;169(1):e23-e33. doi:10.7417/T.2018.2050Wang J, Qi F, Wang Z, et al.A review of traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of glioblastoma.Biosci Trends. 2020;13(6):476-487. doi:10.5582/bst.2019.01323Yang S, Chen X, Sun J, Qu C, Chen X.Polysaccharides from traditional Asian food source and their antitumor activity.J Food Biochem. 2022;46(3):e13927. doi:10.1111/jfbc.13927Hong F, Wang L, Wu SL, et al.A review of three commonly used herbs which enhance memory and new evidences which show their combination could improve memory in young animals.Mini Rev Med Chem. 2017;17(16):1537-1547. doi:10.2174/1389557516666160919164352Liu C, Liao JZ, Li PY.Traditional Chinese herbal extracts inducing autophagy as a novel approach in therapy of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(11):1964-1973. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i11.1964Kwok SS, Bu Y, Lo AC, et al.A systematic review of potential therapeutic use of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in disease.Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:4615745. doi:10.1155/2019/4615745Ni J, Au M, Kong H, Wang X, Wen C.Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in ageing and its potential use for prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic review.BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):212. doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03385-0National Library of Medicine. MedlinePlus.Goji.U.S. Department of Agriculture. FoodData Central.Goji berries, dried.Fatchurrahman D, Amodio ML, Colelli G.Quality of goji berry fruit (Lycium barbarumL.) stored at different temperatures.Foods. 2022;11(22):3700. doi:10.3390/foods11223700Cheng J, Zhou ZW, Sheng HP, et al.An evidence-based update on the pharmacological activities and possible molecular targets of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2014;9:33-78. Published 2014 Dec 17. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S72892Pameijer EM, Heus P, Damen JAA, et al.What did we learn in 35 years of research on nutrition and supplements for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review.Acta Ophthalmol. 2022;100(8):e1541-e1552. doi:10.1111/aos.15191Eisenhauer B, Natoli S, Liew G, Flood VM.Lutein and Zeaxanthin—Food Sources, Bioavailability and Dietary Variety in Age‐Related Macular Degeneration Protection.Nutrients. 2017; 9(2):120. doi.org/10.3390/nu9020120
25 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Ma ZF, Zhang H, Teh SS, et al.Goji berries as a potential natural antioxidant medicine: An insight into their molecular mechanisms of action.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:2437397. doi:10.1155/2019/2437397Tian X, Liang T, Liu Y, Ding G, Zhang F, Ma Z.Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Biological Functions ofLycium BarbarumPolysaccharides: A Review.Biomolecules. 2019;9(9):389. doi:10.3390/biom9090389Li X, Holt RR, Keen CL, Morse LS, Yiu G, Hackman RM.Goji berry intake increases macular pigment optical density in healthy adults: A randomized pilot trial.Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4409. doi:10.3390/nu13124409Neelam K, Dey S, Sim R, Lee J, Au Eong KG.Fructus lycii: A natural dietary supplement for amelioration of retinal diseases.Nutrients. 2021;13(1):246. doi:10.3390/nu13010246Li S, Liu N, Lin L, Sun ED, Li JD, Li PK.Macular pigment and serum zeaxanthin levels with Goji berry supplement in early age-related macular degeneration.Int J Ophthalmol. 2018;11(6):970-975. doi:10.18240/ijo.2018.06.12Chan HH, Lam HI, Choi KY, et al.Delay of cone degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa using a 12-month treatment with Lycium barbarum supplement.J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;236:336-344. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.023Zhang Y, Hao J, Cao K, Qi Y, Wang N, Han S.Macular pigment optical density responses to different levels of zeaxanthin in patients with high myopia [published correction appears in Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022 Mar 16;:].Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022;260(7):2329-2337. doi:10.1007/s00417-021-05532-2Cai H, Liu F, Zuo P, et al.Practical application of antidiabetic efficacy of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide in patients with type 2 diabetes.Med Chem. 2015;11(4):383-390. doi:10.2174/1573406410666141110153858Toh DWK, Low JHM, Kim JE.Cardiovascular disease risk reduction with wolfberry consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Eur J Nutr. 2022;61(3):1177-1186. doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02750-6Toh DWK, Xia X, Sutanto CN, et al.Enhancing the cardiovascular protective effects of a healthy dietary pattern with wolfberry (Lycium barbarum): A randomized controlled trial [published correction appears in Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 Jul 1;114(1):397].Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(1):80-89. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab062Oh MR, Jung SJ, Chae SW, Park BH, Lee SO.Lycium chinense Miller fruit extract lowers liver enzyme levels in subjects with mild hepatic dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Eur J Nutr. 2023;62(3):1415-1425. doi:10.1007/s00394-022-03075-8Sim RH, Sirasanagandla SR, Das S, Teoh SL.Treatment of glaucoma with natural products and their mechanism of action: An update.Nutrients. 2022;14(3):534. doi:10.3390/nu14030534Amro MS, Teoh SL, Norzana AG, Srijit D.The potential role of herbal products in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.Clin Ter. 2018;169(1):e23-e33. doi:10.7417/T.2018.2050Wang J, Qi F, Wang Z, et al.A review of traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of glioblastoma.Biosci Trends. 2020;13(6):476-487. doi:10.5582/bst.2019.01323Yang S, Chen X, Sun J, Qu C, Chen X.Polysaccharides from traditional Asian food source and their antitumor activity.J Food Biochem. 2022;46(3):e13927. doi:10.1111/jfbc.13927Hong F, Wang L, Wu SL, et al.A review of three commonly used herbs which enhance memory and new evidences which show their combination could improve memory in young animals.Mini Rev Med Chem. 2017;17(16):1537-1547. doi:10.2174/1389557516666160919164352Liu C, Liao JZ, Li PY.Traditional Chinese herbal extracts inducing autophagy as a novel approach in therapy of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(11):1964-1973. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i11.1964Kwok SS, Bu Y, Lo AC, et al.A systematic review of potential therapeutic use of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in disease.Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:4615745. doi:10.1155/2019/4615745Ni J, Au M, Kong H, Wang X, Wen C.Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in ageing and its potential use for prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic review.BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):212. doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03385-0National Library of Medicine. MedlinePlus.Goji.U.S. Department of Agriculture. FoodData Central.Goji berries, dried.Fatchurrahman D, Amodio ML, Colelli G.Quality of goji berry fruit (Lycium barbarumL.) stored at different temperatures.Foods. 2022;11(22):3700. doi:10.3390/foods11223700Cheng J, Zhou ZW, Sheng HP, et al.An evidence-based update on the pharmacological activities and possible molecular targets of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2014;9:33-78. Published 2014 Dec 17. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S72892Pameijer EM, Heus P, Damen JAA, et al.What did we learn in 35 years of research on nutrition and supplements for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review.Acta Ophthalmol. 2022;100(8):e1541-e1552. doi:10.1111/aos.15191Eisenhauer B, Natoli S, Liew G, Flood VM.Lutein and Zeaxanthin—Food Sources, Bioavailability and Dietary Variety in Age‐Related Macular Degeneration Protection.Nutrients. 2017; 9(2):120. doi.org/10.3390/nu9020120
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Ma ZF, Zhang H, Teh SS, et al.Goji berries as a potential natural antioxidant medicine: An insight into their molecular mechanisms of action.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:2437397. doi:10.1155/2019/2437397Tian X, Liang T, Liu Y, Ding G, Zhang F, Ma Z.Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Biological Functions ofLycium BarbarumPolysaccharides: A Review.Biomolecules. 2019;9(9):389. doi:10.3390/biom9090389Li X, Holt RR, Keen CL, Morse LS, Yiu G, Hackman RM.Goji berry intake increases macular pigment optical density in healthy adults: A randomized pilot trial.Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4409. doi:10.3390/nu13124409Neelam K, Dey S, Sim R, Lee J, Au Eong KG.Fructus lycii: A natural dietary supplement for amelioration of retinal diseases.Nutrients. 2021;13(1):246. doi:10.3390/nu13010246Li S, Liu N, Lin L, Sun ED, Li JD, Li PK.Macular pigment and serum zeaxanthin levels with Goji berry supplement in early age-related macular degeneration.Int J Ophthalmol. 2018;11(6):970-975. doi:10.18240/ijo.2018.06.12Chan HH, Lam HI, Choi KY, et al.Delay of cone degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa using a 12-month treatment with Lycium barbarum supplement.J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;236:336-344. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.023Zhang Y, Hao J, Cao K, Qi Y, Wang N, Han S.Macular pigment optical density responses to different levels of zeaxanthin in patients with high myopia [published correction appears in Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022 Mar 16;:].Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022;260(7):2329-2337. doi:10.1007/s00417-021-05532-2Cai H, Liu F, Zuo P, et al.Practical application of antidiabetic efficacy of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide in patients with type 2 diabetes.Med Chem. 2015;11(4):383-390. doi:10.2174/1573406410666141110153858Toh DWK, Low JHM, Kim JE.Cardiovascular disease risk reduction with wolfberry consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Eur J Nutr. 2022;61(3):1177-1186. doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02750-6Toh DWK, Xia X, Sutanto CN, et al.Enhancing the cardiovascular protective effects of a healthy dietary pattern with wolfberry (Lycium barbarum): A randomized controlled trial [published correction appears in Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 Jul 1;114(1):397].Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(1):80-89. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab062Oh MR, Jung SJ, Chae SW, Park BH, Lee SO.Lycium chinense Miller fruit extract lowers liver enzyme levels in subjects with mild hepatic dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Eur J Nutr. 2023;62(3):1415-1425. doi:10.1007/s00394-022-03075-8Sim RH, Sirasanagandla SR, Das S, Teoh SL.Treatment of glaucoma with natural products and their mechanism of action: An update.Nutrients. 2022;14(3):534. doi:10.3390/nu14030534Amro MS, Teoh SL, Norzana AG, Srijit D.The potential role of herbal products in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.Clin Ter. 2018;169(1):e23-e33. doi:10.7417/T.2018.2050Wang J, Qi F, Wang Z, et al.A review of traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of glioblastoma.Biosci Trends. 2020;13(6):476-487. doi:10.5582/bst.2019.01323Yang S, Chen X, Sun J, Qu C, Chen X.Polysaccharides from traditional Asian food source and their antitumor activity.J Food Biochem. 2022;46(3):e13927. doi:10.1111/jfbc.13927Hong F, Wang L, Wu SL, et al.A review of three commonly used herbs which enhance memory and new evidences which show their combination could improve memory in young animals.Mini Rev Med Chem. 2017;17(16):1537-1547. doi:10.2174/1389557516666160919164352Liu C, Liao JZ, Li PY.Traditional Chinese herbal extracts inducing autophagy as a novel approach in therapy of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(11):1964-1973. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i11.1964Kwok SS, Bu Y, Lo AC, et al.A systematic review of potential therapeutic use of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in disease.Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:4615745. doi:10.1155/2019/4615745Ni J, Au M, Kong H, Wang X, Wen C.Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in ageing and its potential use for prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic review.BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):212. doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03385-0National Library of Medicine. MedlinePlus.Goji.U.S. Department of Agriculture. FoodData Central.Goji berries, dried.Fatchurrahman D, Amodio ML, Colelli G.Quality of goji berry fruit (Lycium barbarumL.) stored at different temperatures.Foods. 2022;11(22):3700. doi:10.3390/foods11223700Cheng J, Zhou ZW, Sheng HP, et al.An evidence-based update on the pharmacological activities and possible molecular targets of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2014;9:33-78. Published 2014 Dec 17. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S72892Pameijer EM, Heus P, Damen JAA, et al.What did we learn in 35 years of research on nutrition and supplements for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review.Acta Ophthalmol. 2022;100(8):e1541-e1552. doi:10.1111/aos.15191Eisenhauer B, Natoli S, Liew G, Flood VM.Lutein and Zeaxanthin—Food Sources, Bioavailability and Dietary Variety in Age‐Related Macular Degeneration Protection.Nutrients. 2017; 9(2):120. doi.org/10.3390/nu9020120
Ma ZF, Zhang H, Teh SS, et al.Goji berries as a potential natural antioxidant medicine: An insight into their molecular mechanisms of action.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:2437397. doi:10.1155/2019/2437397
Tian X, Liang T, Liu Y, Ding G, Zhang F, Ma Z.Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Biological Functions ofLycium BarbarumPolysaccharides: A Review.Biomolecules. 2019;9(9):389. doi:10.3390/biom9090389
Li X, Holt RR, Keen CL, Morse LS, Yiu G, Hackman RM.Goji berry intake increases macular pigment optical density in healthy adults: A randomized pilot trial.Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4409. doi:10.3390/nu13124409
Neelam K, Dey S, Sim R, Lee J, Au Eong KG.Fructus lycii: A natural dietary supplement for amelioration of retinal diseases.Nutrients. 2021;13(1):246. doi:10.3390/nu13010246
Li S, Liu N, Lin L, Sun ED, Li JD, Li PK.Macular pigment and serum zeaxanthin levels with Goji berry supplement in early age-related macular degeneration.Int J Ophthalmol. 2018;11(6):970-975. doi:10.18240/ijo.2018.06.12
Chan HH, Lam HI, Choi KY, et al.Delay of cone degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa using a 12-month treatment with Lycium barbarum supplement.J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;236:336-344. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.023
Zhang Y, Hao J, Cao K, Qi Y, Wang N, Han S.Macular pigment optical density responses to different levels of zeaxanthin in patients with high myopia [published correction appears in Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022 Mar 16;:].Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022;260(7):2329-2337. doi:10.1007/s00417-021-05532-2
Cai H, Liu F, Zuo P, et al.Practical application of antidiabetic efficacy of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide in patients with type 2 diabetes.Med Chem. 2015;11(4):383-390. doi:10.2174/1573406410666141110153858
Toh DWK, Low JHM, Kim JE.Cardiovascular disease risk reduction with wolfberry consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Eur J Nutr. 2022;61(3):1177-1186. doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02750-6
Toh DWK, Xia X, Sutanto CN, et al.Enhancing the cardiovascular protective effects of a healthy dietary pattern with wolfberry (Lycium barbarum): A randomized controlled trial [published correction appears in Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 Jul 1;114(1):397].Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(1):80-89. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab062
Oh MR, Jung SJ, Chae SW, Park BH, Lee SO.Lycium chinense Miller fruit extract lowers liver enzyme levels in subjects with mild hepatic dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Eur J Nutr. 2023;62(3):1415-1425. doi:10.1007/s00394-022-03075-8
Sim RH, Sirasanagandla SR, Das S, Teoh SL.Treatment of glaucoma with natural products and their mechanism of action: An update.Nutrients. 2022;14(3):534. doi:10.3390/nu14030534
Amro MS, Teoh SL, Norzana AG, Srijit D.The potential role of herbal products in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.Clin Ter. 2018;169(1):e23-e33. doi:10.7417/T.2018.2050
Wang J, Qi F, Wang Z, et al.A review of traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of glioblastoma.Biosci Trends. 2020;13(6):476-487. doi:10.5582/bst.2019.01323
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