Table of ContentsView AllTable of Contents5 Types of Narcissism4 Core Signs of NarcissismTraits vs. DisorderDiagnosisTreatmentCoping
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
5 Types of Narcissism
4 Core Signs of Narcissism
Traits vs. Disorder
Diagnosis
Treatment
Coping
Antonio Saba/Getty Images.
The overt narcissism described in the “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition” (DSM-5) is the only official diagnosis related to narcissism. However, many mental health therapists who have worked with people with NPD, as well as researchers who study personality disorders, have identified five possible NPD types.
They include overt narcissism, covert narcissism, antagonistic narcissism, communal narcissism, and malignant narcissism. It’s important to recognize that not all people with NPD will look or behave the same way.
1. Overt Narcissism
Overt narcissism is the “classic” and most obvious form of NPD. Someone with overt narcissism is excessively preoccupied with how others see them.
They’re often overly focused on status, wealth, flattery, and power due to their grandiosity and sense of entitlement. Overt narcissists may be high-achieving and deeply sensitive to criticism, no matter how slight.
2. Covert Narcissism
Covert narcissism, also known as closet narcissism or vulnerable narcissism, is not as obvious as overt narcissism.
Like other people with NPD, someone with covert narcissism has an inflated sense of self-importance and craves admiration from others. However, someone living with covert narcissism may display more subtle and passive negative behaviors.
For example, rather than bragging about themselves or demanding respect, they may engage in blaming, shaming, manipulation, or emotional neglect to get what they want and keep the focus on themselves. They also may see themselves as a suffering victim.
3. Antagonistic Narcissism
Someone with antagonistic narcissism may try to exploit others to get ahead. They may put others down or start arguments in an attempt to gain the upper hand or appear dominant.
4. Communal Narcissism
Like someone living with covert narcissism, someone with communal narcissism may not appear to be ego-driven at all.
At first, they can come across as selfless or even as a martyr. However, their internal motivation is to earn praise and admiration, not help others.
To that end, people with communal narcissism place themselves at the forefront of social causes or communities, usually as the leader or the face of a movement. People with communal narcissism see themselves as more empathetic, caring, or selfless than others and often display moral outrage.
5. Malignant Narcissism
Malignant narcissismis often seen as the most severe or potentially abusive form of NPD.
Someone with malignant narcissism has the same egocentric self-absorption and sense of superiority as people with other narcissistic behaviors, but they also have traits associated with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), such as aggression, paranoia, and a lack of empathy. They may even have a sadistic streak.
Narcissistic traits may be associated with a higher likelihood of violent crime. In one study, over 21% of inmates in a single prison met the diagnostic criteria for NPD.
Adaptive vs. Maladaptive NarcissismNPD traits would never be considered “adaptive” but some experts identify adaptive and maladaptive narcissism.Traits ofadaptive narcissism, like a sense of authority, can help a person succeed in a career or their finances. Narcissistic traits like being condescending and aggressive aremaladaptivebecause of their negative effects.
Adaptive vs. Maladaptive Narcissism
NPD traits would never be considered “adaptive” but some experts identify adaptive and maladaptive narcissism.Traits ofadaptive narcissism, like a sense of authority, can help a person succeed in a career or their finances. Narcissistic traits like being condescending and aggressive aremaladaptivebecause of their negative effects.
Four key elements are associated with narcissism. A person with NPD will often have all of these signs to a great extent, all the time. Those with tendencies, but not the disorder, may display one or two, but to a lesser degree and only at certain times.
1. Grandiose Feelings
A narcissistic person may exhibit grandiosity or asense of superiority.They may believe that they’re entitled to special treatment, favors, praise, or admiration from others.
2. Extreme Self-Focus
A narcissistic person may come off ascondescendingorarrogant. They may also be overlyfocused on impressing other people, often through outward displays of wealth, status, intelligence, or beauty.
3. Inflated Sense of Self-Importance
Narcissistic people maybragabout orexaggerate their accomplishmentsand see themselves as being uniquely gifted and deserving.
4. Strong Need for Praise and Recognition
People with narcissism usuallystruggle with theirself-esteemand sense of identity, though their external image may not convey that.
They often rely on others to maintain a positive view of themselves, which leads to an overarchinglonging for praise and recognition.
They may also often feel deeply envious of someone else’s positive traits or accomplishments.
High-Functioning NarcissismSome researchers identify three narcissism subtypes: the grandiose-malignant, the vulnerable, and the high-functioning individual.Typically positive traits of being charming and likable, outgoing, and articulate can mask an underlying narcissism that focuses on self.
High-Functioning Narcissism
Some researchers identify three narcissism subtypes: the grandiose-malignant, the vulnerable, and the high-functioning individual.Typically positive traits of being charming and likable, outgoing, and articulate can mask an underlying narcissism that focuses on self.
Narcissistic Personality Traits vs. Disorder
Having narcissistic traits doesn’t necessarily mean you have NPD. The difference largely comes down to how present and impactful narcissism is in one’s daily life.
NPD is one of the cluster Bpersonality disordersin the DSM-5.These are associated with dramatic, emotional, irrational, and erratic behavior.
To bediagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder, a person’s narcissistic traits must:
The behaviors and attitudes are pervasive and inflexible, and often there is no motivation to change them. In fact, someone with NPD may not even recognize they are problematic.
In contrast,someone who has narcissistic traits but not the disordermay occasionally exhibit these behaviors and attitudes without significant functional impairment or distress. They are also likely to be more aware of their tendencies and open to changing them.
Person With Narcissistic TendenciesExhibits one or a few traits (e.g., believes other should admire them)Behaviors come and go, or are only present in some situations (e.g., only at work or school)Life and relationships not effected in a major, negative way; traits may even give an advantage (e.g., help them succeed at work)May be developmentally normative in childhood and teen yearsCan recognize traits as negative and be open to changing themHas/develops self-awareness and insightCan be empathetic but may not be at timesPerson With Narcissist Personality DisorderTraits are fundamental to their personalityBehaviors are constant across situationsTraits significantly impair their life, making it impossible for them to have healthy relationshipsDoes not see traits as negative and is less likely to be open and willing to work on changing themOften lacks self-awareness and insightHas little to no ability to empathize; may “weaponizes” empathy and can even be sadistic
Person With Narcissistic TendenciesExhibits one or a few traits (e.g., believes other should admire them)Behaviors come and go, or are only present in some situations (e.g., only at work or school)Life and relationships not effected in a major, negative way; traits may even give an advantage (e.g., help them succeed at work)May be developmentally normative in childhood and teen yearsCan recognize traits as negative and be open to changing themHas/develops self-awareness and insightCan be empathetic but may not be at times
Exhibits one or a few traits (e.g., believes other should admire them)
Behaviors come and go, or are only present in some situations (e.g., only at work or school)
Life and relationships not effected in a major, negative way; traits may even give an advantage (e.g., help them succeed at work)
May be developmentally normative in childhood and teen years
Can recognize traits as negative and be open to changing them
Has/develops self-awareness and insight
Can be empathetic but may not be at times
Person With Narcissist Personality DisorderTraits are fundamental to their personalityBehaviors are constant across situationsTraits significantly impair their life, making it impossible for them to have healthy relationshipsDoes not see traits as negative and is less likely to be open and willing to work on changing themOften lacks self-awareness and insightHas little to no ability to empathize; may “weaponizes” empathy and can even be sadistic
Traits are fundamental to their personality
Behaviors are constant across situations
Traits significantly impair their life, making it impossible for them to have healthy relationships
Does not see traits as negative and is less likely to be open and willing to work on changing them
Often lacks self-awareness and insight
Has little to no ability to empathize; may “weaponizes” empathy and can even be sadistic
Researcher estimates vary on how many people meet the criteria for NPD diagnosis, with an average of 1% to 2% reported across five studies. It is more common in males, although how it may be expressed or misdiagnosed in females is a common focus of study.
What causes someone to develop NPD is not entirely understood, but it’s thought to be related to a combination of factors likechildhood trauma, genetics, and/or a person’s living environment and upbringing.
It’s developmentally normal for kids and teens to have a “world revolves around me” centeredness. Yet earlysigns of narcissism in kidsmay lead to a diagnosis of NPD later in life (the disorder is not generally diagnosed in people younger than age 18).
Do Narcissists Gaslight?Anyone can usegaslighting—making someone doubt their reality—to manipulate others, so it’s not a sure sign of narcissism. However, gaslighting is often associated with a narcissist personality. For example, a person with NPD may say something hurtful to a partner and then say, “I never said that,” or “You’re overreacting,” when confronted about it.
Do Narcissists Gaslight?
Anyone can usegaslighting—making someone doubt their reality—to manipulate others, so it’s not a sure sign of narcissism. However, gaslighting is often associated with a narcissist personality. For example, a person with NPD may say something hurtful to a partner and then say, “I never said that,” or “You’re overreacting,” when confronted about it.
People with NPD do not generally seek mental health evaluation and treatment for their personality disorder. Some people do not recognize their negative traits and behaviors, while others might feel that they would be criticized or judged in therapy.
Sometimes, a person’s loved ones notice their behaviors before they do.
Narcissism exists on a spectrum and there are different levels of narcissistic behavior. Some people show narcissistic behaviors but are not diagnosed with NPD.
The diagnosis will often be established through clinical interviews asking questions about a person’s life, identity, past, and relationships. Formal diagnostic tools and testing may be used as well as obtaining information from significant others in one’s life.
To be diagnosed with NPD, a person’s behaviors cannot be attributed to their developmental stage (e.g., adolescence) or other challenges they are facing with their mental or physical health (e.g., substance abuse).
What if It’s Not NPD?Personality disorders are complex mental health conditions. A person who shows traits of NPD may have another cluster B personality disorder, such as borderline personality disorder (BPD).Or, they might have a co-occurring mood disorder, such asbipolar disorder.A licensed mental health professional needs to diagnose the condition.
What if It’s Not NPD?
Personality disorders are complex mental health conditions. A person who shows traits of NPD may have another cluster B personality disorder, such as borderline personality disorder (BPD).Or, they might have a co-occurring mood disorder, such asbipolar disorder.A licensed mental health professional needs to diagnose the condition.
Personality disorders are complex mental health conditions. A person who shows traits of NPD may have another cluster B personality disorder, such as borderline personality disorder (BPD).
Or, they might have a co-occurring mood disorder, such asbipolar disorder.A licensed mental health professional needs to diagnose the condition.
Treatment for NPD can be more difficult, though those with some narcissistic traits may be open to change.
If a person with NPD is open to it, taking part in psychotherapy can be beneficial. Talk therapy can help them improve their relationships, build self-esteem, learn to set more realistic goals and expectations, and work through past traumas.
Psychotherapy can help people with NPD in several areas, such as:
How to Cope With Narcissism
It may be challenging to cope with someone who is diagnosed with narcissism. You may wonder how to “fix” the problem, but a mental health diagnosis requires clinical care. Keep in mind that:
Don’t hesitate to seek support from family and friends. Other viewpoints and feedback can help to balance against the distorted perceptions and gaslighting you may experience with narcissism.
If you or a loved one are a victim of domestic violence, contact theNational Domestic Violence Hotlineat 1-800-799-7233for confidential assistance.
Summary
Narcissistic personality disorder(NPD) mental health condition that causes someone to exhibit traits like grandiosity, self-absorption, and an excessive need for praise and admiration. People can have narcissistic traits without having NPD.
Researchers have identified several subtypes of NPD, such as overt narcissism, covert narcissism, antagonistic narcissism, communal narcissism, and malignant narcissism. People with NPD and their loved ones can benefit from psychotherapy, includingfamily counseling,support groups, and couples counseling.
19 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Runcan R, Rad D, Runcan P, Măduța C.A Network Analysis Approach toward Adaptive Overt Narcissism Network.Behav Sci (Basel). 2023 Jun 5;13(6):468. doi:10.3390/bs13060468Schalkwijk F, Luyten P, Ingenhoven T, Dekker J.Narcissistic personality disorder: Are psychodynamic theories and the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders finally going to meet?Front Psychol. 2021;12:676733. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676733.Gabbard GO.Narcissism and suicide risk.Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2022 Jan 22;21(1):3. doi:10.1186/s12991-022-00380-8Hater L, Schulte J, Geukes K, Buhlmann U, Back MD.Disentangling the contributions of agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism to drive for thinness and drive for muscularity.PLoS One. 2021;16(6):e0253187. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253187Cowan N, Adams EJ, Bhangal S, et al.Foundations of Arrogance: A Broad Survey and Framework for Research.Rev Gen Psychol.2019;23(4):425-443. doi:10.1177/1089268019877138Kristinsdottir KH, Gylfason HF, Sigurvinsdottir R.Narcissism and social media: the role of communal narcissism.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(19):10106. doi:10.3390/ijerph181910106Shafti SS.Malignant narcissism: concealed side of psychopathy.BJSTR. 2019;22(1):16310-16315. doi:10.26717/BJSTR.2019.22.003686Flórez G, Ferrer V, García LS, Crespo MR, Pérez M, Saiz PA.Personality disorders, addictions and psychopathy as predictors of criminal behaviour in a prison sample. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2019;21(2):62-79.Cai H, Luo YLL.Distinguishing between adaptive and maladaptive narcissism. In: Hermann AD, Brunell AB, Foster JD, eds.Handbook of Trait Narcissism: Key Advances, Research Methods, and Controversies. Springer International Publishing; 2018:97-104. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_10American Psychiatric Association.DSM-IV and DSM-V criteria for personality disorders.Koepernik T, Jauk E, Kanske P.Lay theories of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.Curr Psychol. 2022;41(12):8862-8875. doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01296-wFinch EF, Hooley JM.Functional fantasies: the regulatory role of grandiose fantasizing in pathological narcissism.Front Psychiatry. 2023 Oct 18;14:1274545. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1274545Schalkwijk F, Luyten P, Ingenhoven T, Dekker J.Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Are Psychodynamic Theories and the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders Finally Going to Meet?Front Psychol. 2021 Jul 15;12:676733. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676733MSD Manual Professional Version.Narcissistic Personality Disorder.Green A, MacLean R, Charles K.Clinician perception of pathological narcissism in females: a vignette-based study.Front Psychol. 2023 Apr 20;14:1090746. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1090746Montoro CI, de la Coba P, Moreno-Padilla M, Galvez-Sánchez CM.Narcissistic Personality and Its Relationship with Post-Traumatic Symptoms and Emotional Factors: Results of a Mediational Analysis Aimed at Personalizing Mental Health Treatment.Behav Sci (Basel). 2022 Mar 25;12(4):91. doi:10.3390/bs12040091Caligor E, Levy KN, Yeomans FE.Narcissistic personality disorder: diagnostic and clinical challenges.AJP. 2015;172(5):415-422. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723Help Guide.Narcissistic personality disorder.National Domestic Violence Hotline.Narcissism and abuse.
19 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Runcan R, Rad D, Runcan P, Măduța C.A Network Analysis Approach toward Adaptive Overt Narcissism Network.Behav Sci (Basel). 2023 Jun 5;13(6):468. doi:10.3390/bs13060468Schalkwijk F, Luyten P, Ingenhoven T, Dekker J.Narcissistic personality disorder: Are psychodynamic theories and the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders finally going to meet?Front Psychol. 2021;12:676733. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676733.Gabbard GO.Narcissism and suicide risk.Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2022 Jan 22;21(1):3. doi:10.1186/s12991-022-00380-8Hater L, Schulte J, Geukes K, Buhlmann U, Back MD.Disentangling the contributions of agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism to drive for thinness and drive for muscularity.PLoS One. 2021;16(6):e0253187. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253187Cowan N, Adams EJ, Bhangal S, et al.Foundations of Arrogance: A Broad Survey and Framework for Research.Rev Gen Psychol.2019;23(4):425-443. doi:10.1177/1089268019877138Kristinsdottir KH, Gylfason HF, Sigurvinsdottir R.Narcissism and social media: the role of communal narcissism.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(19):10106. doi:10.3390/ijerph181910106Shafti SS.Malignant narcissism: concealed side of psychopathy.BJSTR. 2019;22(1):16310-16315. doi:10.26717/BJSTR.2019.22.003686Flórez G, Ferrer V, García LS, Crespo MR, Pérez M, Saiz PA.Personality disorders, addictions and psychopathy as predictors of criminal behaviour in a prison sample. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2019;21(2):62-79.Cai H, Luo YLL.Distinguishing between adaptive and maladaptive narcissism. In: Hermann AD, Brunell AB, Foster JD, eds.Handbook of Trait Narcissism: Key Advances, Research Methods, and Controversies. Springer International Publishing; 2018:97-104. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_10American Psychiatric Association.DSM-IV and DSM-V criteria for personality disorders.Koepernik T, Jauk E, Kanske P.Lay theories of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.Curr Psychol. 2022;41(12):8862-8875. doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01296-wFinch EF, Hooley JM.Functional fantasies: the regulatory role of grandiose fantasizing in pathological narcissism.Front Psychiatry. 2023 Oct 18;14:1274545. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1274545Schalkwijk F, Luyten P, Ingenhoven T, Dekker J.Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Are Psychodynamic Theories and the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders Finally Going to Meet?Front Psychol. 2021 Jul 15;12:676733. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676733MSD Manual Professional Version.Narcissistic Personality Disorder.Green A, MacLean R, Charles K.Clinician perception of pathological narcissism in females: a vignette-based study.Front Psychol. 2023 Apr 20;14:1090746. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1090746Montoro CI, de la Coba P, Moreno-Padilla M, Galvez-Sánchez CM.Narcissistic Personality and Its Relationship with Post-Traumatic Symptoms and Emotional Factors: Results of a Mediational Analysis Aimed at Personalizing Mental Health Treatment.Behav Sci (Basel). 2022 Mar 25;12(4):91. doi:10.3390/bs12040091Caligor E, Levy KN, Yeomans FE.Narcissistic personality disorder: diagnostic and clinical challenges.AJP. 2015;172(5):415-422. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723Help Guide.Narcissistic personality disorder.National Domestic Violence Hotline.Narcissism and abuse.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Runcan R, Rad D, Runcan P, Măduța C.A Network Analysis Approach toward Adaptive Overt Narcissism Network.Behav Sci (Basel). 2023 Jun 5;13(6):468. doi:10.3390/bs13060468Schalkwijk F, Luyten P, Ingenhoven T, Dekker J.Narcissistic personality disorder: Are psychodynamic theories and the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders finally going to meet?Front Psychol. 2021;12:676733. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676733.Gabbard GO.Narcissism and suicide risk.Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2022 Jan 22;21(1):3. doi:10.1186/s12991-022-00380-8Hater L, Schulte J, Geukes K, Buhlmann U, Back MD.Disentangling the contributions of agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism to drive for thinness and drive for muscularity.PLoS One. 2021;16(6):e0253187. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253187Cowan N, Adams EJ, Bhangal S, et al.Foundations of Arrogance: A Broad Survey and Framework for Research.Rev Gen Psychol.2019;23(4):425-443. doi:10.1177/1089268019877138Kristinsdottir KH, Gylfason HF, Sigurvinsdottir R.Narcissism and social media: the role of communal narcissism.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(19):10106. doi:10.3390/ijerph181910106Shafti SS.Malignant narcissism: concealed side of psychopathy.BJSTR. 2019;22(1):16310-16315. doi:10.26717/BJSTR.2019.22.003686Flórez G, Ferrer V, García LS, Crespo MR, Pérez M, Saiz PA.Personality disorders, addictions and psychopathy as predictors of criminal behaviour in a prison sample. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2019;21(2):62-79.Cai H, Luo YLL.Distinguishing between adaptive and maladaptive narcissism. In: Hermann AD, Brunell AB, Foster JD, eds.Handbook of Trait Narcissism: Key Advances, Research Methods, and Controversies. Springer International Publishing; 2018:97-104. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_10American Psychiatric Association.DSM-IV and DSM-V criteria for personality disorders.Koepernik T, Jauk E, Kanske P.Lay theories of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.Curr Psychol. 2022;41(12):8862-8875. doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01296-wFinch EF, Hooley JM.Functional fantasies: the regulatory role of grandiose fantasizing in pathological narcissism.Front Psychiatry. 2023 Oct 18;14:1274545. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1274545Schalkwijk F, Luyten P, Ingenhoven T, Dekker J.Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Are Psychodynamic Theories and the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders Finally Going to Meet?Front Psychol. 2021 Jul 15;12:676733. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676733MSD Manual Professional Version.Narcissistic Personality Disorder.Green A, MacLean R, Charles K.Clinician perception of pathological narcissism in females: a vignette-based study.Front Psychol. 2023 Apr 20;14:1090746. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1090746Montoro CI, de la Coba P, Moreno-Padilla M, Galvez-Sánchez CM.Narcissistic Personality and Its Relationship with Post-Traumatic Symptoms and Emotional Factors: Results of a Mediational Analysis Aimed at Personalizing Mental Health Treatment.Behav Sci (Basel). 2022 Mar 25;12(4):91. doi:10.3390/bs12040091Caligor E, Levy KN, Yeomans FE.Narcissistic personality disorder: diagnostic and clinical challenges.AJP. 2015;172(5):415-422. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723Help Guide.Narcissistic personality disorder.National Domestic Violence Hotline.Narcissism and abuse.
Runcan R, Rad D, Runcan P, Măduța C.A Network Analysis Approach toward Adaptive Overt Narcissism Network.Behav Sci (Basel). 2023 Jun 5;13(6):468. doi:10.3390/bs13060468
Schalkwijk F, Luyten P, Ingenhoven T, Dekker J.Narcissistic personality disorder: Are psychodynamic theories and the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders finally going to meet?Front Psychol. 2021;12:676733. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676733.
Gabbard GO.Narcissism and suicide risk.Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2022 Jan 22;21(1):3. doi:10.1186/s12991-022-00380-8
Hater L, Schulte J, Geukes K, Buhlmann U, Back MD.Disentangling the contributions of agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism to drive for thinness and drive for muscularity.PLoS One. 2021;16(6):e0253187. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253187
Cowan N, Adams EJ, Bhangal S, et al.Foundations of Arrogance: A Broad Survey and Framework for Research.Rev Gen Psychol.2019;23(4):425-443. doi:10.1177/1089268019877138
Kristinsdottir KH, Gylfason HF, Sigurvinsdottir R.Narcissism and social media: the role of communal narcissism.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(19):10106. doi:10.3390/ijerph181910106
Shafti SS.Malignant narcissism: concealed side of psychopathy.BJSTR. 2019;22(1):16310-16315. doi:10.26717/BJSTR.2019.22.003686
Flórez G, Ferrer V, García LS, Crespo MR, Pérez M, Saiz PA.Personality disorders, addictions and psychopathy as predictors of criminal behaviour in a prison sample. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2019;21(2):62-79.
Cai H, Luo YLL.Distinguishing between adaptive and maladaptive narcissism. In: Hermann AD, Brunell AB, Foster JD, eds.Handbook of Trait Narcissism: Key Advances, Research Methods, and Controversies. Springer International Publishing; 2018:97-104. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_10
American Psychiatric Association.DSM-IV and DSM-V criteria for personality disorders.
Koepernik T, Jauk E, Kanske P.Lay theories of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.Curr Psychol. 2022;41(12):8862-8875. doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01296-w
Finch EF, Hooley JM.Functional fantasies: the regulatory role of grandiose fantasizing in pathological narcissism.Front Psychiatry. 2023 Oct 18;14:1274545. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1274545
Schalkwijk F, Luyten P, Ingenhoven T, Dekker J.Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Are Psychodynamic Theories and the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders Finally Going to Meet?Front Psychol. 2021 Jul 15;12:676733. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676733
MSD Manual Professional Version.Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
Green A, MacLean R, Charles K.Clinician perception of pathological narcissism in females: a vignette-based study.Front Psychol. 2023 Apr 20;14:1090746. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1090746
Montoro CI, de la Coba P, Moreno-Padilla M, Galvez-Sánchez CM.Narcissistic Personality and Its Relationship with Post-Traumatic Symptoms and Emotional Factors: Results of a Mediational Analysis Aimed at Personalizing Mental Health Treatment.Behav Sci (Basel). 2022 Mar 25;12(4):91. doi:10.3390/bs12040091
Caligor E, Levy KN, Yeomans FE.Narcissistic personality disorder: diagnostic and clinical challenges.AJP. 2015;172(5):415-422. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723
Help Guide.Narcissistic personality disorder.
National Domestic Violence Hotline.Narcissism and abuse.
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