Table of ContentsView AllTable of Contents1. Stress Relief2. Improves Mood3. Promotes Better Sleep4. May Improve Self-Esteem5. May Sharpen MemoryOther Conditions It HelpsExercise Routine Tips
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Stress Relief
Improves Mood
Promotes Better Sleep
May Improve Self-Esteem
May Sharpen Memory
Other Conditions It Helps
Exercise Routine Tips
Exercise offers both physical and mental health benefits. When combined with other treatments, regular exercise can help with symptoms of several mental health conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression. There is no “right” form of exercise for mental health, so choose one you enjoy to reap the benefits.
Physical exercise can be an excellent form of stress relief. Among people with anxiety and stress-related disorders, research has found that exercise can significantly decrease symptoms of anxiety compared to people who do not exercise.
Exercise reduces stress hormones like adrenaline andcortisolwhile simultaneously triggering the production of endorphins.Endorphinsare neurotransmitters (chemical messengers), sometimes called the body’s “natural painkillers.” Exercise can also reduce the intensity of thephysical response to stressand lower blood pressure in response to stressors.
Similarly to how exercise reduces stress, it can also improve your mood.
Just one 36-minute session of aerobic exercise has been proven to improve mood among people with and without depression.Mood improvements result from a rush of endorphins, which can then trigger the production ofdopamine—another neurotransmitter that brings feelings of pleasure and contentment.
Mood boosts happen immediately after exercise and last up to one day after, which is why regular exercise is recommended for long-term mood benefits.
Getting in regular exercise can promote better sleep, which can directly benefit your mental health.
According to one systematic review (the highest quality of research, in which the results of multiple studies are analyzed), physical exercise can improve the quality of sleep and symptoms ofsleep disorders.
These effects could be due to biological factors like the release of endorphins, serotonin, and norepinephrine, which help reduce stress, improve mood, and promote relaxation, making it easier to fall asleep and stay asleep at night.
Interestingly, the intensity of your exercise may be related to how much improvement you see in your sleep. Moderate-intensity exercise is associated with better sleep, whereas high-intensity exercise may worsen sleep.
Exercise can also boost self-esteem. In one study of 352 young adults who regularly exercised compared to 350 who did not, the exercise group had significantly higher scores on self-esteem, self-efficacy, and body awareness.
Depending on your motivation for exercising, getting in shape may improve your self-image, confidence, and sense of control over your own life.
The discipline you learn through maintaining a regular exercise routine can also be transferred to other areas of your life and help you reach other goals.
5. May Help Sharpen Memory and Concentration
Emerging evidence suggests that exercise may improve short-term and long-term memory and generalprefrontal cortexfunctioning (this is the part of your brain that controls behavior, planning, decision-making, reasoning, personality, and more).Exercise has even been shown to increase brain volume in areas associated with thinking and memory.
According to one systematic review of 28 studies and more than 2,150 participants, physical exercise can significantly improveworking memoryin older adults.
The researchers recommended multi-component exercise (a combination of strength, balance, and endurance) for 45-60 minutes, three times per week, for more than six months to reach this effect.
Mental Health Conditions That May Benefit From Exercise
Depression
Exercise can improve symptoms ofdepressionand reduce the risk of developing depression in the first place due to its impacts on stress, mood, sleep, and more.
Exercise can reduce inflammation in the body, in turn reducing symptoms of depression, which has been connected to inflammation.Exercise also triggers the production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is often low in people with depression, and that can improve mood.
ADHD
Physical exercise can improve symptoms of ADHD in children, including improved attention, executive functioning, and motor skills.Among adults with ADHD, exercise has been found to improve impulsivity.
Similarly to depression, exercise likely helps with symptoms of ADHD through its effects on dopamine. People with ADHD tend to have lower levels of dopamine, andstimulant medicationsthat are often prescribed for ADHD symptoms boost the circulation of dopamine. Exercise is one way to increase dopamine naturally.
Anxiety
People withanxietycan also benefit from regular exercise. Both aerobic and mindfulness-based exercise (such as yoga and tai chi) have been found to reduce anxiety symptoms.
Exercise may decrease anxiety in several ways. Biologically, exercise can activate regions of the brain, including theamygdala, that control our fight-or-flight response. It can also increase serotonin,gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA), endocannabinoids, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), all of which are chemicals that have an anti-anxiety effect.
Psychologically, exercise can also distract you from what you’re worrying about and focus your mind on the present moment. It can also help build resilience, determination, and a sense of accomplishment and control.
Bipolar
Because exercise can benefit those with depression, it makes sense that it may also help those withbipolar disorder, which involves depressive, manic, and/or hypomanic episodes, depending on what type the person has.
At the end of 12 weeks, 82% of participants had a significant reduction of depressive symptoms, and 45% had complete remission of depressive symptoms. There was no effect onmanic symptoms.
Regarding exercise and manic symptoms, the research is somewhat mixed; some studies, like the one above, report that exercise has no impact on manic symptoms. Others report a slight improvement in hypomania, whereas others report that exercise can worsen manic symptoms.Consult with a healthcare provider if you have bipolar and are starting a new exercise regimen.
OCD
Exercise can also be used to cope with symptoms associated withobsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD).
One study examined the effect of aerobic exercise on OCD symptoms of 55 adults with treatment-resistant OCD.When compared to a control group who received health education, the aerobic exercise group demonstrated significantly reduced OCD symptoms, including reduced compulsions, decreased anxiety, and improved mood.
PTSD
People withpost-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) can benefit from regular exercise, particularly to help manage stress levels.
According to one recent systematic review of 13 studies and 531 participants, exercise is effective at reducing symptoms of PTSD.The researchers found that a combined exercise program, in which participants did resistance, aerobic, strength, and yoga training, had the most significant impact on PTSD symptoms.
Tips for Developing an Exercise Routine for Your Mental Health
There is no scientific evidence that one type of exercise is more effective at improving mental health than another.You’re most likely to reap mental health benefits from forms of exercise you find personal meaning in and enjoy.
In other words, if you hate running or yoga, don’t force yourself to do them. Try to find a form of exercise that brings you joy or, at the very least, fulfillment.
Other ways to motivate yourself to exercise include:
Summary
Exercise is essential to maintaining physical health, but it can also profoundly impact mental health. Whether you’re generally healthy and just looking for a mood boost or if you’re seeking ways to manage a mental health condition, consider trying regular exercise. No one form of exercise is better than another as long as you move your body.
21 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Stubbs B, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, et al.An examination of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for people with anxiety and stress-related disorders: a meta-analysis.Psychiatry Research. 2017;249:102-108. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.020Harvard Health.Exercising to relax.Mikkelsen K, Stojanovska L, Polenakovic M, Bosevski M, Apostolopoulos V.Exercise and mental health.Maturitas. 2017;106:48-56. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.09.003Ligeza TS, Maciejczyk M, Wyczesany M, Junghofer M.The effects of a single aerobic exercise session on mood and neural emotional reactivity in depressed and healthy young adults: a late positive potential study.Psychophysiology. 2022;60(1):e14137. doi:10.1111/psyp.14137Basso JC, Suzuki WA.The effects of acute exercise on mood, cognition, neurophysiology, and neurochemical pathways: a review.Brain Plasticity. 2017;2(2):127. doi: /10.3233/BPL-160040Alnawwar MA, Alraddadi MI, Algethmi RA, Salem GA, Salem MA, Alharbi AA.The effect of physical activity on sleep quality and sleep disorder: a systematic review.Cureus. 2023;15(8):e43595. doi: 10.7759/cureus.43595Tikac G, Unal A, Altug F.Regular exercise improves the levels of self-efficacy, self-esteem and body awareness of young adults.J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2022;62(1):157-161. doi: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12143-7Raji CA, Meysami S, Hashemi S, et al.Exercise-related physical activity relates to brain volumes in 10,125 individuals.Journal of Alzheimer’s disease : JAD. 2024;97(2):829. doi: 10.3233/JAD-230740Zhidong C, Wang X, Yin J, Song D, Chen Z.Effects of physical exercise on working memory in older adults: a systematic and meta-analytic review.European Review of Aging and Physical Activity. 2021;18(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s11556-021-00272-yChoi KW, Chen CY, Stein MB, et al.Assessment of bidirectional relationships between physical activity and depression among adults: a 2-sample mendelian randomization study.JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(4):399. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4175Paolucci EM, Loukov D, Bowdish DME, Heisz JJ.Exercise reduces depression and inflammation but intensity matters.Biol Psychol. 2018;133:79-84. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.015Marques A, Marconcin P, Werneck AO, et al.Bidirectional association between physical activity and dopamine across adulthood—a systematic review.Brain Sciences. 2021;11(7):829. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11070829Sun W, Yu M, Zhou X.Effects of physical exercise on attention deficit and other major symptoms in children with ADHD: a meta-analysis.Psychiatry Research. 2022;311:114509. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114509Dinu LM, Singh SN, Baker NS, et al.The effects of different exercise approaches on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: a randomised controlled trial.Behavioral Sciences. 2023;13(2):129. doi: 10.3390/bs13020129Yin J, Tang L, Dishman RK.The effects of a single session of mindful exercise on anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2021;21:100403. doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2021.100403Lattari E, Budde H, Paes F, et al.Effects of aerobic exercise on anxiety symptoms and cortical activity in patients with panic disorder: a pilot study.Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health. 2018;14:11-25. doi:10.2174/1745017901814010011Harvard Health.Can exercise help treat anxiety?Lafer B, Duarte CC, Greve JMD, et al.Structured physical exercise for bipolar depression: an open-label, proof-of concept study.International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. 2023;11:14. doi:10.1186/s40345-023-00294-8Thomson D, Turner A, Lauder S, et al.A brief review of exercise, bipolar disorder, and mechanistic pathways.Frontiers in Psychology. 2015;6:147. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00147Abrantes AM, Farris SG, Brown RA, et al.Acute effects of aerobic exercise on negative affect and obsessions and compulsions in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder.J Affect Disord. 2019;245:991-997. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.074Jadhakhan F, Lambert N, Middlebrook N, Evans DW, Falla D.Is exercise/physical activity effective at reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in adults — a systematic review.Front Psychol. 2022;13:943479. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.943479
21 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Stubbs B, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, et al.An examination of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for people with anxiety and stress-related disorders: a meta-analysis.Psychiatry Research. 2017;249:102-108. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.020Harvard Health.Exercising to relax.Mikkelsen K, Stojanovska L, Polenakovic M, Bosevski M, Apostolopoulos V.Exercise and mental health.Maturitas. 2017;106:48-56. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.09.003Ligeza TS, Maciejczyk M, Wyczesany M, Junghofer M.The effects of a single aerobic exercise session on mood and neural emotional reactivity in depressed and healthy young adults: a late positive potential study.Psychophysiology. 2022;60(1):e14137. doi:10.1111/psyp.14137Basso JC, Suzuki WA.The effects of acute exercise on mood, cognition, neurophysiology, and neurochemical pathways: a review.Brain Plasticity. 2017;2(2):127. doi: /10.3233/BPL-160040Alnawwar MA, Alraddadi MI, Algethmi RA, Salem GA, Salem MA, Alharbi AA.The effect of physical activity on sleep quality and sleep disorder: a systematic review.Cureus. 2023;15(8):e43595. doi: 10.7759/cureus.43595Tikac G, Unal A, Altug F.Regular exercise improves the levels of self-efficacy, self-esteem and body awareness of young adults.J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2022;62(1):157-161. doi: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12143-7Raji CA, Meysami S, Hashemi S, et al.Exercise-related physical activity relates to brain volumes in 10,125 individuals.Journal of Alzheimer’s disease : JAD. 2024;97(2):829. doi: 10.3233/JAD-230740Zhidong C, Wang X, Yin J, Song D, Chen Z.Effects of physical exercise on working memory in older adults: a systematic and meta-analytic review.European Review of Aging and Physical Activity. 2021;18(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s11556-021-00272-yChoi KW, Chen CY, Stein MB, et al.Assessment of bidirectional relationships between physical activity and depression among adults: a 2-sample mendelian randomization study.JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(4):399. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4175Paolucci EM, Loukov D, Bowdish DME, Heisz JJ.Exercise reduces depression and inflammation but intensity matters.Biol Psychol. 2018;133:79-84. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.015Marques A, Marconcin P, Werneck AO, et al.Bidirectional association between physical activity and dopamine across adulthood—a systematic review.Brain Sciences. 2021;11(7):829. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11070829Sun W, Yu M, Zhou X.Effects of physical exercise on attention deficit and other major symptoms in children with ADHD: a meta-analysis.Psychiatry Research. 2022;311:114509. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114509Dinu LM, Singh SN, Baker NS, et al.The effects of different exercise approaches on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: a randomised controlled trial.Behavioral Sciences. 2023;13(2):129. doi: 10.3390/bs13020129Yin J, Tang L, Dishman RK.The effects of a single session of mindful exercise on anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2021;21:100403. doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2021.100403Lattari E, Budde H, Paes F, et al.Effects of aerobic exercise on anxiety symptoms and cortical activity in patients with panic disorder: a pilot study.Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health. 2018;14:11-25. doi:10.2174/1745017901814010011Harvard Health.Can exercise help treat anxiety?Lafer B, Duarte CC, Greve JMD, et al.Structured physical exercise for bipolar depression: an open-label, proof-of concept study.International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. 2023;11:14. doi:10.1186/s40345-023-00294-8Thomson D, Turner A, Lauder S, et al.A brief review of exercise, bipolar disorder, and mechanistic pathways.Frontiers in Psychology. 2015;6:147. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00147Abrantes AM, Farris SG, Brown RA, et al.Acute effects of aerobic exercise on negative affect and obsessions and compulsions in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder.J Affect Disord. 2019;245:991-997. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.074Jadhakhan F, Lambert N, Middlebrook N, Evans DW, Falla D.Is exercise/physical activity effective at reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in adults — a systematic review.Front Psychol. 2022;13:943479. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.943479
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Stubbs B, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, et al.An examination of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for people with anxiety and stress-related disorders: a meta-analysis.Psychiatry Research. 2017;249:102-108. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.020Harvard Health.Exercising to relax.Mikkelsen K, Stojanovska L, Polenakovic M, Bosevski M, Apostolopoulos V.Exercise and mental health.Maturitas. 2017;106:48-56. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.09.003Ligeza TS, Maciejczyk M, Wyczesany M, Junghofer M.The effects of a single aerobic exercise session on mood and neural emotional reactivity in depressed and healthy young adults: a late positive potential study.Psychophysiology. 2022;60(1):e14137. doi:10.1111/psyp.14137Basso JC, Suzuki WA.The effects of acute exercise on mood, cognition, neurophysiology, and neurochemical pathways: a review.Brain Plasticity. 2017;2(2):127. doi: /10.3233/BPL-160040Alnawwar MA, Alraddadi MI, Algethmi RA, Salem GA, Salem MA, Alharbi AA.The effect of physical activity on sleep quality and sleep disorder: a systematic review.Cureus. 2023;15(8):e43595. doi: 10.7759/cureus.43595Tikac G, Unal A, Altug F.Regular exercise improves the levels of self-efficacy, self-esteem and body awareness of young adults.J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2022;62(1):157-161. doi: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12143-7Raji CA, Meysami S, Hashemi S, et al.Exercise-related physical activity relates to brain volumes in 10,125 individuals.Journal of Alzheimer’s disease : JAD. 2024;97(2):829. doi: 10.3233/JAD-230740Zhidong C, Wang X, Yin J, Song D, Chen Z.Effects of physical exercise on working memory in older adults: a systematic and meta-analytic review.European Review of Aging and Physical Activity. 2021;18(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s11556-021-00272-yChoi KW, Chen CY, Stein MB, et al.Assessment of bidirectional relationships between physical activity and depression among adults: a 2-sample mendelian randomization study.JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(4):399. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4175Paolucci EM, Loukov D, Bowdish DME, Heisz JJ.Exercise reduces depression and inflammation but intensity matters.Biol Psychol. 2018;133:79-84. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.015Marques A, Marconcin P, Werneck AO, et al.Bidirectional association between physical activity and dopamine across adulthood—a systematic review.Brain Sciences. 2021;11(7):829. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11070829Sun W, Yu M, Zhou X.Effects of physical exercise on attention deficit and other major symptoms in children with ADHD: a meta-analysis.Psychiatry Research. 2022;311:114509. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114509Dinu LM, Singh SN, Baker NS, et al.The effects of different exercise approaches on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: a randomised controlled trial.Behavioral Sciences. 2023;13(2):129. doi: 10.3390/bs13020129Yin J, Tang L, Dishman RK.The effects of a single session of mindful exercise on anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2021;21:100403. doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2021.100403Lattari E, Budde H, Paes F, et al.Effects of aerobic exercise on anxiety symptoms and cortical activity in patients with panic disorder: a pilot study.Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health. 2018;14:11-25. doi:10.2174/1745017901814010011Harvard Health.Can exercise help treat anxiety?Lafer B, Duarte CC, Greve JMD, et al.Structured physical exercise for bipolar depression: an open-label, proof-of concept study.International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. 2023;11:14. doi:10.1186/s40345-023-00294-8Thomson D, Turner A, Lauder S, et al.A brief review of exercise, bipolar disorder, and mechanistic pathways.Frontiers in Psychology. 2015;6:147. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00147Abrantes AM, Farris SG, Brown RA, et al.Acute effects of aerobic exercise on negative affect and obsessions and compulsions in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder.J Affect Disord. 2019;245:991-997. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.074Jadhakhan F, Lambert N, Middlebrook N, Evans DW, Falla D.Is exercise/physical activity effective at reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in adults — a systematic review.Front Psychol. 2022;13:943479. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.943479
Stubbs B, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, et al.An examination of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for people with anxiety and stress-related disorders: a meta-analysis.Psychiatry Research. 2017;249:102-108. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.020
Harvard Health.Exercising to relax.
Mikkelsen K, Stojanovska L, Polenakovic M, Bosevski M, Apostolopoulos V.Exercise and mental health.Maturitas. 2017;106:48-56. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.09.003
Ligeza TS, Maciejczyk M, Wyczesany M, Junghofer M.The effects of a single aerobic exercise session on mood and neural emotional reactivity in depressed and healthy young adults: a late positive potential study.Psychophysiology. 2022;60(1):e14137. doi:10.1111/psyp.14137
Basso JC, Suzuki WA.The effects of acute exercise on mood, cognition, neurophysiology, and neurochemical pathways: a review.Brain Plasticity. 2017;2(2):127. doi: /10.3233/BPL-160040
Alnawwar MA, Alraddadi MI, Algethmi RA, Salem GA, Salem MA, Alharbi AA.The effect of physical activity on sleep quality and sleep disorder: a systematic review.Cureus. 2023;15(8):e43595. doi: 10.7759/cureus.43595
Tikac G, Unal A, Altug F.Regular exercise improves the levels of self-efficacy, self-esteem and body awareness of young adults.J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2022;62(1):157-161. doi: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12143-7
Raji CA, Meysami S, Hashemi S, et al.Exercise-related physical activity relates to brain volumes in 10,125 individuals.Journal of Alzheimer’s disease : JAD. 2024;97(2):829. doi: 10.3233/JAD-230740
Zhidong C, Wang X, Yin J, Song D, Chen Z.Effects of physical exercise on working memory in older adults: a systematic and meta-analytic review.European Review of Aging and Physical Activity. 2021;18(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s11556-021-00272-y
Choi KW, Chen CY, Stein MB, et al.Assessment of bidirectional relationships between physical activity and depression among adults: a 2-sample mendelian randomization study.JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(4):399. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4175
Paolucci EM, Loukov D, Bowdish DME, Heisz JJ.Exercise reduces depression and inflammation but intensity matters.Biol Psychol. 2018;133:79-84. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.015
Marques A, Marconcin P, Werneck AO, et al.Bidirectional association between physical activity and dopamine across adulthood—a systematic review.Brain Sciences. 2021;11(7):829. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11070829
Sun W, Yu M, Zhou X.Effects of physical exercise on attention deficit and other major symptoms in children with ADHD: a meta-analysis.Psychiatry Research. 2022;311:114509. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114509
Dinu LM, Singh SN, Baker NS, et al.The effects of different exercise approaches on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: a randomised controlled trial.Behavioral Sciences. 2023;13(2):129. doi: 10.3390/bs13020129
Yin J, Tang L, Dishman RK.The effects of a single session of mindful exercise on anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2021;21:100403. doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2021.100403
Lattari E, Budde H, Paes F, et al.Effects of aerobic exercise on anxiety symptoms and cortical activity in patients with panic disorder: a pilot study.Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health. 2018;14:11-25. doi:10.2174/1745017901814010011
Harvard Health.Can exercise help treat anxiety?
Lafer B, Duarte CC, Greve JMD, et al.Structured physical exercise for bipolar depression: an open-label, proof-of concept study.International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. 2023;11:14. doi:10.1186/s40345-023-00294-8
Thomson D, Turner A, Lauder S, et al.A brief review of exercise, bipolar disorder, and mechanistic pathways.Frontiers in Psychology. 2015;6:147. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00147
Abrantes AM, Farris SG, Brown RA, et al.Acute effects of aerobic exercise on negative affect and obsessions and compulsions in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder.J Affect Disord. 2019;245:991-997. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.074
Jadhakhan F, Lambert N, Middlebrook N, Evans DW, Falla D.Is exercise/physical activity effective at reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in adults — a systematic review.Front Psychol. 2022;13:943479. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.943479
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