7 Causes of Back Pain in Teens and Kids

Back painis usually considered a problem during middle and older age, but a 2020 study found that more than a third of children and adolescents reported experiencing back pain in the previous year, and almost 9% reported severe back pain in the same time period.Back pain in teens and kids can occur due toobesity, intense year-round sports activities, and wearing a heavy backpack at school.This article will review the possible causes of back pain in teens and younger children. You’ll also learn the warning signs that indicate it’s time to call your child’s provider.Verywell / Cindy ChungUnderstanding the Different Kinds of Back Pain

Back painis usually considered a problem during middle and older age, but a 2020 study found that more than a third of children and adolescents reported experiencing back pain in the previous year, and almost 9% reported severe back pain in the same time period.

Back pain in teens and kids can occur due toobesity, intense year-round sports activities, and wearing a heavy backpack at school.

This article will review the possible causes of back pain in teens and younger children. You’ll also learn the warning signs that indicate it’s time to call your child’s provider.

Verywell / Cindy Chung

Understanding the Different Kinds of Back Pain

1Muscular PainMuscular back pain is the most common reason for back pain in children and adolescents. They might say their back aches or feels sore and tender.This kind of back pain is often frommuscle strainsand ligament strains, as well as overuse. Kids who play intense, year-round sports are particularly at risk for these injuries.Problems with posturecan also lead to back pain in people of any age and can be a source of long-term discomfort.Children who are overweight or haveobesitycan also have pain from the stress that extra weight puts on theirback muscles, ligaments, and bones.What Spinal Ligaments DoDiagnosing Muscular PainTests likeX-rays,magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other imaging tests are not helpful for diagnosing muscular back pain. If your child does not have other symptoms, your provider probably won’t order these tests.There are downsides to doing more testing than is needed, including exposing a child to a lot of medical radiation. Don’t hesitate to ask your child’s provider why they are ordering a test and if it’s really necessary.How to Avoid Medical Tests You Don’t NeedTreating Muscular PainMuscular back pain will usually get better if your child rests. Usingheat and icetreatments can also help soothe the ache.In the short term, your child might benefit fromphysical therapy,stretching programs,yoga, or massage treatment. However, these treatments may not help with long-term back pain.Low Back Muscular Strain

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Muscular PainMuscular back pain is the most common reason for back pain in children and adolescents. They might say their back aches or feels sore and tender.This kind of back pain is often frommuscle strainsand ligament strains, as well as overuse. Kids who play intense, year-round sports are particularly at risk for these injuries.Problems with posturecan also lead to back pain in people of any age and can be a source of long-term discomfort.Children who are overweight or haveobesitycan also have pain from the stress that extra weight puts on theirback muscles, ligaments, and bones.What Spinal Ligaments DoDiagnosing Muscular PainTests likeX-rays,magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other imaging tests are not helpful for diagnosing muscular back pain. If your child does not have other symptoms, your provider probably won’t order these tests.There are downsides to doing more testing than is needed, including exposing a child to a lot of medical radiation. Don’t hesitate to ask your child’s provider why they are ordering a test and if it’s really necessary.How to Avoid Medical Tests You Don’t NeedTreating Muscular PainMuscular back pain will usually get better if your child rests. Usingheat and icetreatments can also help soothe the ache.In the short term, your child might benefit fromphysical therapy,stretching programs,yoga, or massage treatment. However, these treatments may not help with long-term back pain.Low Back Muscular Strain

Muscular Pain

Muscular back pain is the most common reason for back pain in children and adolescents. They might say their back aches or feels sore and tender.

This kind of back pain is often frommuscle strainsand ligament strains, as well as overuse. Kids who play intense, year-round sports are particularly at risk for these injuries.

Problems with posturecan also lead to back pain in people of any age and can be a source of long-term discomfort.

Children who are overweight or haveobesitycan also have pain from the stress that extra weight puts on theirback muscles, ligaments, and bones.

What Spinal Ligaments Do

Diagnosing Muscular Pain

Tests likeX-rays,magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other imaging tests are not helpful for diagnosing muscular back pain. If your child does not have other symptoms, your provider probably won’t order these tests.

There are downsides to doing more testing than is needed, including exposing a child to a lot of medical radiation. Don’t hesitate to ask your child’s provider why they are ordering a test and if it’s really necessary.

How to Avoid Medical Tests You Don’t Need

Treating Muscular Pain

Muscular back pain will usually get better if your child rests. Usingheat and icetreatments can also help soothe the ache.

In the short term, your child might benefit fromphysical therapy,stretching programs,yoga, or massage treatment. However, these treatments may not help with long-term back pain.

Low Back Muscular Strain

2Stress FracturesStress fracturesin the spine are common causes of back pain in adolescents.However, your teen might not even realize they are injured, as symptoms can take time to show up.If they do start to feel pain from the fracture, it will probably feel like a dull ache in the place where the break has occurred. They might also notice that the pain gets worse when they’re moving and feels better when they’re resting.What Broken Bones Look LikeTypes of Stress FracturesThe most common type of spinal stress fracture is calledspondylolysis. It’s a bone injury that happens in the back of the spinal column.The injury is common in adolescents who do sports that involve repeatedly bending backward (hyperextension), such as gymnastics and diving.What Is Joint Hyperextension?If the stress fracture occurs on both sides of the spinal column, it can become unstable. This condition is calledspondylolisthesisor a “spinal slip,” and it can cause alignment problems within thebackbones(vertebrae).Teens with this type of fracture may also noticestiffness in their backand legs, which might affect their ability to walk. If the slip is very bad, a teen might start havingnumbness and tinglingin their back or legs.Can You Feel a Broken Bone Healing?Will My Child Need Surgery?Most kids and teens with spondylolysis do not need surgery. Many young patients actually do better with nonsurgical treatments likephysical therapy,chiropracticcare, and wearing a brace.Surgery is typically reserved for children with pain that doesn’t go away even after many months of trying other options.Children with severe slips that lead to loss of spinal alignment may need surgery as well.Even with treatment, the symptoms of a stress fracture may last into adolescence and young adulthood.The Best Back Braces of 2022

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Stress FracturesStress fracturesin the spine are common causes of back pain in adolescents.However, your teen might not even realize they are injured, as symptoms can take time to show up.If they do start to feel pain from the fracture, it will probably feel like a dull ache in the place where the break has occurred. They might also notice that the pain gets worse when they’re moving and feels better when they’re resting.What Broken Bones Look LikeTypes of Stress FracturesThe most common type of spinal stress fracture is calledspondylolysis. It’s a bone injury that happens in the back of the spinal column.The injury is common in adolescents who do sports that involve repeatedly bending backward (hyperextension), such as gymnastics and diving.What Is Joint Hyperextension?If the stress fracture occurs on both sides of the spinal column, it can become unstable. This condition is calledspondylolisthesisor a “spinal slip,” and it can cause alignment problems within thebackbones(vertebrae).Teens with this type of fracture may also noticestiffness in their backand legs, which might affect their ability to walk. If the slip is very bad, a teen might start havingnumbness and tinglingin their back or legs.Can You Feel a Broken Bone Healing?Will My Child Need Surgery?Most kids and teens with spondylolysis do not need surgery. Many young patients actually do better with nonsurgical treatments likephysical therapy,chiropracticcare, and wearing a brace.Surgery is typically reserved for children with pain that doesn’t go away even after many months of trying other options.Children with severe slips that lead to loss of spinal alignment may need surgery as well.Even with treatment, the symptoms of a stress fracture may last into adolescence and young adulthood.The Best Back Braces of 2022

Stress Fractures

Stress fracturesin the spine are common causes of back pain in adolescents.

However, your teen might not even realize they are injured, as symptoms can take time to show up.

If they do start to feel pain from the fracture, it will probably feel like a dull ache in the place where the break has occurred. They might also notice that the pain gets worse when they’re moving and feels better when they’re resting.

What Broken Bones Look Like

Types of Stress Fractures

The most common type of spinal stress fracture is calledspondylolysis. It’s a bone injury that happens in the back of the spinal column.

The injury is common in adolescents who do sports that involve repeatedly bending backward (hyperextension), such as gymnastics and diving.

What Is Joint Hyperextension?

If the stress fracture occurs on both sides of the spinal column, it can become unstable. This condition is calledspondylolisthesisor a “spinal slip,” and it can cause alignment problems within thebackbones(vertebrae).

Teens with this type of fracture may also noticestiffness in their backand legs, which might affect their ability to walk. If the slip is very bad, a teen might start havingnumbness and tinglingin their back or legs.

Can You Feel a Broken Bone Healing?

Will My Child Need Surgery?

Most kids and teens with spondylolysis do not need surgery. Many young patients actually do better with nonsurgical treatments likephysical therapy,chiropracticcare, and wearing a brace.

Surgery is typically reserved for children with pain that doesn’t go away even after many months of trying other options.

Children with severe slips that lead to loss of spinal alignment may need surgery as well.

Even with treatment, the symptoms of a stress fracture may last into adolescence and young adulthood.

The Best Back Braces of 2022

3Disc ProblemsAdisc herniationof the spine occurs when the soft cushion between two vertebrae is ruptured. The disc material is squeezed out and can push against the nerves and spinal cord.Can a Bulging Disc Cause Back Pain?In children, the disc material is very elastic, which helps the spine handle unusual forces. As we get older, the discs lose their elasticity and are more likely to rupture.However, discs can rupture in a child’s back if they experience excessive forces (like a traumatic injury). Ruptures can also happen if the discs have an abnormal structure.Symptoms of a disc herniation include:Leg painNumbness and tingling in the legsLeg weaknessDifficultybendingor straightening the spineDisc herniations are much less common in children than in adults.Overview of Spinal Disc HerniationDiagnosing and Treating Disc ProblemsMRI tests can be helpful to diagnose disc herniation. X-rays, on the other hand, will typically be normal.Disc herniations can usually be managed without surgery. However, children and adolescents with severe pain or signs ofnerve injurymay benefit from surgery to relieve pressure on the nerve.Herniated Disc Symptoms and Diagnosis

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Disc ProblemsAdisc herniationof the spine occurs when the soft cushion between two vertebrae is ruptured. The disc material is squeezed out and can push against the nerves and spinal cord.Can a Bulging Disc Cause Back Pain?In children, the disc material is very elastic, which helps the spine handle unusual forces. As we get older, the discs lose their elasticity and are more likely to rupture.However, discs can rupture in a child’s back if they experience excessive forces (like a traumatic injury). Ruptures can also happen if the discs have an abnormal structure.Symptoms of a disc herniation include:Leg painNumbness and tingling in the legsLeg weaknessDifficultybendingor straightening the spineDisc herniations are much less common in children than in adults.Overview of Spinal Disc HerniationDiagnosing and Treating Disc ProblemsMRI tests can be helpful to diagnose disc herniation. X-rays, on the other hand, will typically be normal.Disc herniations can usually be managed without surgery. However, children and adolescents with severe pain or signs ofnerve injurymay benefit from surgery to relieve pressure on the nerve.Herniated Disc Symptoms and Diagnosis

Disc Problems

Adisc herniationof the spine occurs when the soft cushion between two vertebrae is ruptured. The disc material is squeezed out and can push against the nerves and spinal cord.

Can a Bulging Disc Cause Back Pain?

In children, the disc material is very elastic, which helps the spine handle unusual forces. As we get older, the discs lose their elasticity and are more likely to rupture.

However, discs can rupture in a child’s back if they experience excessive forces (like a traumatic injury). Ruptures can also happen if the discs have an abnormal structure.

Symptoms of a disc herniation include:

Disc herniations are much less common in children than in adults.

Overview of Spinal Disc Herniation

Diagnosing and Treating Disc Problems

MRI tests can be helpful to diagnose disc herniation. X-rays, on the other hand, will typically be normal.

Disc herniations can usually be managed without surgery. However, children and adolescents with severe pain or signs ofnerve injurymay benefit from surgery to relieve pressure on the nerve.

Herniated Disc Symptoms and Diagnosis

4

Spine Infections

Toddlers, children, and adolescents can get infections that involve their spines. The symptoms of these infections vary but can include back pain,low-grade fevers, and a general feeling of being sick (malaise).

Spinal Meningitis

If your child has back pain and any of these symptoms of meningitis, go to the emergency room right away:

Diagnosing and Treating Infections

Infectionsof the spinal bones or discs can be hard to diagnose, but there are some key things a provider will look for.

Abnormal blood tests showingsigns of infectionormarkers of inflammationwill be clues about the cause of your child’s back pain. Imaging tests can be used to help providers figure out where the infection is.

Surgery is only considered if the infection has damaged thespinal cord, is not getting better with antibiotics or other complications develop.

Why Kids Might Need to Take Antibiotics

5

Alignment Problems

If your child’s spinal alignment is abnormal, it can cause back pain. It may change how your child’s back looks as well. Sometimes, the deformities are easy to see but don’t cause pain.

The two most common spinal deformities in children include:

Measuring Cobb Angle to Diagnose Scoliosis

While these two conditions are very different, the treatments are similar. If the deformity is severe, a child may need towear a back brace.

Surgery is only considered for severe deformities. However, deformity of the spine may remain after surgery, as a full spinal correction can cause more problems than a partial one.

6

Tumors

Several noncancerous (benign) and cancerous (malignant) bone tumors can occur in the spinal column.

While spinal tumors are a very uncommon cause of back pain in children and teens, a provider may still consider them a possibility.

Some tumors cause a lot of pain, while others may not cause any symptoms.

If a child has these symptoms, their provider may want to order tests to look for a tumor.

Can Cancer Cause Lower Back Pain?

Treating Spinal Tumors

The treatment forspinal tumorsdepends on the type of tumor. Even tumors that are not cancerous may require surgery because they can lead to spine deformities.

Cancerous tumors in the spineoften need a combination of treatments, including medications, radiation, and surgery.

Spinal Cord Compression from Tumors

7

Kidney Infections

About three in 100 children develop a UTI each year.Some factors that increase the chances of bacteria entering or staying in the urinary tract include:

In addition to back pain, children may also experience fever, appetite changes, and belly pain. They may also urinate more often, feel like they have to urinate more often, and experience pain when urinating.

Treating a Kidney Infection

If your child is diagnosed with a UTI, they will need to take antibiotics right away. Kids who can’t swallow a pill can take antibiotics in liquid form or as a chewable tablet, and children younger than 2 years of age may need to go to the hospital to take it intravenously.

The length of treatment depends on the severity of the symptoms, whether the child has had a UTI before, and how long the symptoms take to go away.

Does My Child Need to See a Provider for Back Pain?There are many reasons a child can have back pain. While it can be something minor like apulled muscle, back pain can also have a more serious cause.Back pain is more likely to point to a serious problem in kids than it is in adults.This is especially true if a child’s back pain does not get better in a few days or starts to get worse.Call your child’s provider if your child:Has back pain and is age 4 or youngerHas pain at night (especially if it wakes them up)Has constant pain or pain that lasts for more than several weeksHas pain that shoots downone or both legsWhen to Go to the ERSeek emergency care if your child has back pain along with these symptoms:Fever, chills, ormalaiseWeight losswithout tryingWeakness,numbness, or trouble walkingProblemscontrolling their bladderor bowelsBack Pain “Red Flags” to KnowSummaryWhile it’s not as common as it is in adults, back pain can be a problem for kids and teens. Children who play sports, lug heavy backpacks at school, or are at a higher body weight are more likely to have back pain.Muscular injuries, stress fractures, and disc herniations are common reasons that young people have back pain.Less commonly, serious conditions like spinal infections and tumors can cause back pain in kids. In these cases, there are usually other “red flag” symptoms in addition to back pain.Talking to Your Provider About Back PainA Word From VerywellIf your child has back pain, it’s natural to be concerned. As their caregiver, you don’t want to see them be uncomfortable or have to miss out on their favorite activities.That said, most causes of back pain in kids and teens will get better if they take it easy and rest.However, if your child’s back pain isn’t getting better, is getting worse, or they have other symptoms that are troubling, it’s time to call their healthcare provider.

Does My Child Need to See a Provider for Back Pain?

There are many reasons a child can have back pain. While it can be something minor like apulled muscle, back pain can also have a more serious cause.

Back pain is more likely to point to a serious problem in kids than it is in adults.This is especially true if a child’s back pain does not get better in a few days or starts to get worse.

Call your child’s provider if your child:

When to Go to the ERSeek emergency care if your child has back pain along with these symptoms:Fever, chills, ormalaiseWeight losswithout tryingWeakness,numbness, or trouble walkingProblemscontrolling their bladderor bowels

When to Go to the ER

Seek emergency care if your child has back pain along with these symptoms:Fever, chills, ormalaiseWeight losswithout tryingWeakness,numbness, or trouble walkingProblemscontrolling their bladderor bowels

Seek emergency care if your child has back pain along with these symptoms:

Back Pain “Red Flags” to Know

Summary

While it’s not as common as it is in adults, back pain can be a problem for kids and teens. Children who play sports, lug heavy backpacks at school, or are at a higher body weight are more likely to have back pain.

Muscular injuries, stress fractures, and disc herniations are common reasons that young people have back pain.

Less commonly, serious conditions like spinal infections and tumors can cause back pain in kids. In these cases, there are usually other “red flag” symptoms in addition to back pain.

Talking to Your Provider About Back Pain

A Word From Verywell

If your child has back pain, it’s natural to be concerned. As their caregiver, you don’t want to see them be uncomfortable or have to miss out on their favorite activities.

That said, most causes of back pain in kids and teens will get better if they take it easy and rest.

However, if your child’s back pain isn’t getting better, is getting worse, or they have other symptoms that are troubling, it’s time to call their healthcare provider.

14 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Fabricant PD, Heath MR, Schachne JM, Doyle SM, Green DW, Widmann RF.The epidemiology of back pain in American children and adolescents.Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020;45(16):1135-1142. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000003461Patel DR, Kinsella E.Evaluation and management of lower back pain in young athletes.Transl Pediatr. 2017;6(3):225-235. doi:10.21037/tp.2017.06.01American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Back pain in children.Garet M, Reiman M, Mathers J, Sylvain J.Nonoperative treatments in lumbar spondylosis and spondylolisthesis.Sports Health. 2013;5(3):225-232. doi:10.1177/1941738113480936American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Herniated disk in the lower back.Tyagi R.Spinal infections in children: a review.J Orthop. 2016;13(4):254-258. doi:10.1016/j.jor.2016.06.005Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Bacterial meningitis.American Association of Neurological Surgeons.Scoliosis.Sardar ZM, Ames RJ, Lenke L.Scheuermann’s kyphosis: diagnosis, management, and selecting fusion levels.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019;27(10):e462-e472. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-17-00748De la Garza Ramos R, Goodwin R, Abu-Bonsrah N, et al.Patient and operative factors with complications following adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: an analysis of 36,335 patients from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016;18(6):1-7. doi:10.3171/2016.6.PEDS16200DePalma MG.Red flags of low back pain.JAAPA. 2020;33(8):8-11. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000684112.91641.4cNationwide Children’s.Pyelonephritis.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Definition & facts about bladder infection in children.MedlinePlus.Urinary tract infection - children.

14 Sources

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Fabricant PD, Heath MR, Schachne JM, Doyle SM, Green DW, Widmann RF.The epidemiology of back pain in American children and adolescents.Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020;45(16):1135-1142. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000003461Patel DR, Kinsella E.Evaluation and management of lower back pain in young athletes.Transl Pediatr. 2017;6(3):225-235. doi:10.21037/tp.2017.06.01American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Back pain in children.Garet M, Reiman M, Mathers J, Sylvain J.Nonoperative treatments in lumbar spondylosis and spondylolisthesis.Sports Health. 2013;5(3):225-232. doi:10.1177/1941738113480936American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Herniated disk in the lower back.Tyagi R.Spinal infections in children: a review.J Orthop. 2016;13(4):254-258. doi:10.1016/j.jor.2016.06.005Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Bacterial meningitis.American Association of Neurological Surgeons.Scoliosis.Sardar ZM, Ames RJ, Lenke L.Scheuermann’s kyphosis: diagnosis, management, and selecting fusion levels.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019;27(10):e462-e472. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-17-00748De la Garza Ramos R, Goodwin R, Abu-Bonsrah N, et al.Patient and operative factors with complications following adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: an analysis of 36,335 patients from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016;18(6):1-7. doi:10.3171/2016.6.PEDS16200DePalma MG.Red flags of low back pain.JAAPA. 2020;33(8):8-11. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000684112.91641.4cNationwide Children’s.Pyelonephritis.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Definition & facts about bladder infection in children.MedlinePlus.Urinary tract infection - children.

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Fabricant PD, Heath MR, Schachne JM, Doyle SM, Green DW, Widmann RF.The epidemiology of back pain in American children and adolescents.Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020;45(16):1135-1142. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000003461Patel DR, Kinsella E.Evaluation and management of lower back pain in young athletes.Transl Pediatr. 2017;6(3):225-235. doi:10.21037/tp.2017.06.01American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Back pain in children.Garet M, Reiman M, Mathers J, Sylvain J.Nonoperative treatments in lumbar spondylosis and spondylolisthesis.Sports Health. 2013;5(3):225-232. doi:10.1177/1941738113480936American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Herniated disk in the lower back.Tyagi R.Spinal infections in children: a review.J Orthop. 2016;13(4):254-258. doi:10.1016/j.jor.2016.06.005Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Bacterial meningitis.American Association of Neurological Surgeons.Scoliosis.Sardar ZM, Ames RJ, Lenke L.Scheuermann’s kyphosis: diagnosis, management, and selecting fusion levels.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019;27(10):e462-e472. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-17-00748De la Garza Ramos R, Goodwin R, Abu-Bonsrah N, et al.Patient and operative factors with complications following adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: an analysis of 36,335 patients from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016;18(6):1-7. doi:10.3171/2016.6.PEDS16200DePalma MG.Red flags of low back pain.JAAPA. 2020;33(8):8-11. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000684112.91641.4cNationwide Children’s.Pyelonephritis.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Definition & facts about bladder infection in children.MedlinePlus.Urinary tract infection - children.

Fabricant PD, Heath MR, Schachne JM, Doyle SM, Green DW, Widmann RF.The epidemiology of back pain in American children and adolescents.Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020;45(16):1135-1142. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000003461

Patel DR, Kinsella E.Evaluation and management of lower back pain in young athletes.Transl Pediatr. 2017;6(3):225-235. doi:10.21037/tp.2017.06.01

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Back pain in children.

Garet M, Reiman M, Mathers J, Sylvain J.Nonoperative treatments in lumbar spondylosis and spondylolisthesis.Sports Health. 2013;5(3):225-232. doi:10.1177/1941738113480936

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Herniated disk in the lower back.

Tyagi R.Spinal infections in children: a review.J Orthop. 2016;13(4):254-258. doi:10.1016/j.jor.2016.06.005

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Bacterial meningitis.

American Association of Neurological Surgeons.Scoliosis.

Sardar ZM, Ames RJ, Lenke L.Scheuermann’s kyphosis: diagnosis, management, and selecting fusion levels.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019;27(10):e462-e472. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-17-00748

De la Garza Ramos R, Goodwin R, Abu-Bonsrah N, et al.Patient and operative factors with complications following adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: an analysis of 36,335 patients from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016;18(6):1-7. doi:10.3171/2016.6.PEDS16200

DePalma MG.Red flags of low back pain.JAAPA. 2020;33(8):8-11. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000684112.91641.4c

Nationwide Children’s.Pyelonephritis.

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Definition & facts about bladder infection in children.

MedlinePlus.Urinary tract infection - children.

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