Procedures can range from minimally invasivearthroscopic procedures, where instruments are inserted through keyhole-size incisions in your shoulder, to more traditional open surgeriesthat involve incisions and sutures.
This article discusses shoulder surgery types, reasons for each procedure, and the recovery process. It also covers risks and outcomes.
Rotator Cuff RepairsThe most common surgery on the shoulder is arotator cuffrepair. Individuals may need this surgery if they experienced an injury, had a fall, or have inflammation or a tear that isn’t getting any better with non-invasive treatment options.SurgeryThe goal of the surgery is to identify the damaged part of the rotator cuff and to clean and reattach any torn or damaged tendons.Once the healthy tissue is found, the surgeon will use different techniques to restore the tendon without stretching the remaining tissues:The traditional approach, called an open rotator cuff repair, involves a surgical incision several inches long to detach the surrounding muscle and repair the rotator cuff directly.A newerminimally-invasive techniquemay be performed for smaller injuries.There is also a hybrid version, called a mini-open rotator cuff repair, which can be used if the damage is severe. This involves the placement of anchors in the shoulder bone. The tendons can be securely reattached to these with sutures.There may be circumstances when a repair is not possible. Extensive separations known asmassive rotator cuff tearsare difficult to restore as the tissues can retract like a rubber band and experience rapid cell death (atrophy).RecoveryRecovery can take several months and you may be asked to wear a sling or immobilizer once home. You will also be given specific instructions detailing:How to care for the surgical site, including how to keep the area clean and dryWhen to call your healthcare provider, for example, if you have a fever or chillsPain relief optionsA specific rehabilitation exercise program to followOutcomesThe success rate for this particular shoulder surgery is about 90%, with most individuals reporting decreased pain and increased joint functioning six months after surgery.RisksRisks associated with a rotator cuff repair include:Pain and stiffness that persists post-surgeryInfectionBlood clots, specifically in the legs or lungsNot recovering your full range of motionRotator Cuff Repair Surgery: Everything You Need to Know
Rotator Cuff Repairs
The most common surgery on the shoulder is arotator cuffrepair. Individuals may need this surgery if they experienced an injury, had a fall, or have inflammation or a tear that isn’t getting any better with non-invasive treatment options.
Surgery
The goal of the surgery is to identify the damaged part of the rotator cuff and to clean and reattach any torn or damaged tendons.
Once the healthy tissue is found, the surgeon will use different techniques to restore the tendon without stretching the remaining tissues:
There may be circumstances when a repair is not possible. Extensive separations known asmassive rotator cuff tearsare difficult to restore as the tissues can retract like a rubber band and experience rapid cell death (atrophy).
Recovery
Recovery can take several months and you may be asked to wear a sling or immobilizer once home. You will also be given specific instructions detailing:
Outcomes
The success rate for this particular shoulder surgery is about 90%, with most individuals reporting decreased pain and increased joint functioning six months after surgery.
Risks
Risks associated with a rotator cuff repair include:
Rotator Cuff Repair Surgery: Everything You Need to Know
Arthroscopy for Impingement SyndromeHero Images/Getty ImagesAlso called rotator cuff tendonitis or bursitis,impingement syndromeoccurs when the tendons of your rotator cuff are trapped and compressed during movement.This may be due to an injury, but can also occur simply due to the shape of an individual’s bones.Over time, this causes damage to the tendons, as well as the cushions inside the joint space, known as bursa.SurgeryThe arthroscopic procedure used to correct impingement is known as a subacromial decompression. The aim of the surgery is to increase the space between the rotator cuff and the top of the shoulder, known as the acromion.When performing subacromial decompression, your surgeon may remove the bursa alone or some of the undersurfaces of the acromion. Doing so creates space for the rotator cuff to glide without getting pinched between bone.This surgical procedure may be performed alone or as part of a rotator cuff surgery.RecoveryThe recovery process depends on whether the procedure is performed alone or as part of another surgery. If done alone, individuals will need to wear a sling and start rehabilitation exercises, likely within a few weeks. In general, recovery time can take around four months.If it is part of another surgery, the recovery process can take longer. There may also be more movement restrictions in place.OutcomesResearch notes that the outcomes of this shoulder surgery are “good” or “very good,” with many individuals experiencing total pain relief.RisksRisks include surgical errors or a misdiagnosis, which can both lead to long-term symptoms. Rare complications includeinfection, as well as pain and stiffness in the shoulder.8 Types of Shoulder Surgeries
Arthroscopy for Impingement Syndrome
Hero Images/Getty Images
Also called rotator cuff tendonitis or bursitis,impingement syndromeoccurs when the tendons of your rotator cuff are trapped and compressed during movement.
This may be due to an injury, but can also occur simply due to the shape of an individual’s bones.Over time, this causes damage to the tendons, as well as the cushions inside the joint space, known as bursa.
The arthroscopic procedure used to correct impingement is known as a subacromial decompression. The aim of the surgery is to increase the space between the rotator cuff and the top of the shoulder, known as the acromion.
When performing subacromial decompression, your surgeon may remove the bursa alone or some of the undersurfaces of the acromion. Doing so creates space for the rotator cuff to glide without getting pinched between bone.
This surgical procedure may be performed alone or as part of a rotator cuff surgery.
The recovery process depends on whether the procedure is performed alone or as part of another surgery. If done alone, individuals will need to wear a sling and start rehabilitation exercises, likely within a few weeks. In general, recovery time can take around four months.
If it is part of another surgery, the recovery process can take longer. There may also be more movement restrictions in place.
Research notes that the outcomes of this shoulder surgery are “good” or “very good,” with many individuals experiencing total pain relief.
Risks include surgical errors or a misdiagnosis, which can both lead to long-term symptoms. Rare complications includeinfection, as well as pain and stiffness in the shoulder.
8 Types of Shoulder Surgeries
Arthroscopic SLAP RepairA superior labrum anterior and posterior(SLAP) tearis an injury to the rim of cartilage that encircles the shoulder socket known as the labrum. This can occur from an injury, repeated trauma, or wear-and-tear arthritis.As its full name explains, a SLAP tear affects both the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of the labrum. This portion of the labrum is especially important as it serves as the attachment point for the biceps tendon.SurgeryArthroscopic surgery may be used to restore the labrum back to its position at the rim of the shoulder socket. Once repositioned,sutures, or stitches, are used to secure the bone to the cartilage.More surgery may be needed if the damage extends into the biceps tendon.RecoveryAverage recovery time is about three months, but will depend on how severe the tear was. In general, it can take up to six weeks for the labrum to reattach properly to the bone. After that, your healthcare provider will recommend ways to slowly begin strengthening your arm.OutcomesThe majority of individuals recover full range of motion after the surgery. Even athletes tend to be able to return to their sport without any restrictions once they’ve fully recovered.RisksRisks associated with this surgery include:Shoulder instability that persists after recoveryNerve damageShoulder stiffnessSLAP Tear of the Shoulder
Arthroscopic SLAP Repair
A superior labrum anterior and posterior(SLAP) tearis an injury to the rim of cartilage that encircles the shoulder socket known as the labrum. This can occur from an injury, repeated trauma, or wear-and-tear arthritis.
As its full name explains, a SLAP tear affects both the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of the labrum. This portion of the labrum is especially important as it serves as the attachment point for the biceps tendon.
Arthroscopic surgery may be used to restore the labrum back to its position at the rim of the shoulder socket. Once repositioned,sutures, or stitches, are used to secure the bone to the cartilage.
More surgery may be needed if the damage extends into the biceps tendon.
Average recovery time is about three months, but will depend on how severe the tear was. In general, it can take up to six weeks for the labrum to reattach properly to the bone. After that, your healthcare provider will recommend ways to slowly begin strengthening your arm.
The majority of individuals recover full range of motion after the surgery. Even athletes tend to be able to return to their sport without any restrictions once they’ve fully recovered.
Risks associated with this surgery include:
SLAP Tear of the Shoulder
Arthroscopy for Shoulder Dislocation
Ashoulder dislocation injuryoccurs when the ball of the shoulder joint comes out of the socket. In young athletes, the damage most commonly occurs at the labrum.
This can happen if an individual experiences an injury that occurs due to a sudden force or with repetitive strain. In a very small amount of individuals, the shoulder can dislocate on its own without an injury.
To stabilize the shoulder after dislocation, a type of surgery known as aBankart repaircan attach the labrum to the joint capsule to hold the ball in place.
In individuals with a condition known as multidirectional instability, the shoulder joint comes in and out of the socket very easily, so surgery is used totighten the joint capsule.
Repeated dislocations can lead to severe shoulder damage and require major surgery to keep the joint in place. While there are several different ways to achieve this, the procedures typically involverepositioning bone around the shoulderso the ball is held more securely.
Research suggests that about 92% of individuals who have Bankart repair surgery report feeling satisfied with their results.
About 71% of individuals report that they feel able to return to their typical level of work, and between 49% to 90% of individuals feel as if they were able to return to their pre-surgery level of athletic performance.
Risks associated with shoulder dislocation surgery include:
Arthroscopy for Frozen Shoulder
Frozen shoulderis the second most common cause of shoulder injury next to a rotator cuff tear. When a frozen shoulder occurs, the capsule surrounding the shoulder joint becomes tight and contracted.
Frozen shoulder tends to impact individuals between the ages of 40 and 60. It most often occurs in assigned females.
While the exact cause is not known, frozen shoulder is associated with certain conditions, such asdiabetesand cardiac disease. It may also occur after having an arm immobilized after a surgery.
While often treated with non-surgical means, there are rare instances in which surgical treatment is required.
Recovery can take up to three months, andphysical therapywill be required to help restore the shoulder’s range of motion.
Outcomes tend to be good after surgery. Most individuals report reduced or no pain, as well as improved range of motion.
Risks may include:
Frozen Shoulder Surgery
Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint RepairsTheacromioclavicularjoint, commonly known as the AC joint, is the junction of the end of the clavicle, or collarbone, and acromion. There are several problems that can occur at the AC joint.The first is that it can wear out. This can occur as a result ofarthritis, usually at the site of previous injury. It can also deteriorate due to a repetitive use injury, such as weightlifting (a condition referred to asdistal clavicleosteolysis).SurgeryIf either of these conditions occurs, open surgery may be performed to remove the end of the collarbone and widen the AC joint space. In some cases, hardware such as plates or screws will be placed during the procedure.Instability can also occur at the AC joint, causing progressive damage to the ligaments that connect the clavicle to the end of the shoulder blade. This can eventually lead toshoulder separation.While shoulder separation can be treated without surgery, severe cases may require surgery to repair or reconstruct ligaments that support the end of the clavicle.RecoveryRecovery can take around three months and may include wearing a sling, as well as participating in physical therapy.OutcomesResearch suggests that the majority of individuals undergoing surgery for AC joint repair report good or excellent outcomes, noting joint stability and strength improvement.RisksRisks depend on the specific surgery technique used, but may include:Long-term shoulder dysfunctionHardware issues, such as failure or associated painInflammationInfectionFrozen shoulderThe AC Joint Compression Test
Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint Repairs
Theacromioclavicularjoint, commonly known as the AC joint, is the junction of the end of the clavicle, or collarbone, and acromion. There are several problems that can occur at the AC joint.
The first is that it can wear out. This can occur as a result ofarthritis, usually at the site of previous injury. It can also deteriorate due to a repetitive use injury, such as weightlifting (a condition referred to asdistal clavicleosteolysis).
If either of these conditions occurs, open surgery may be performed to remove the end of the collarbone and widen the AC joint space. In some cases, hardware such as plates or screws will be placed during the procedure.
Instability can also occur at the AC joint, causing progressive damage to the ligaments that connect the clavicle to the end of the shoulder blade. This can eventually lead toshoulder separation.
While shoulder separation can be treated without surgery, severe cases may require surgery to repair or reconstruct ligaments that support the end of the clavicle.
Recovery can take around three months and may include wearing a sling, as well as participating in physical therapy.
Research suggests that the majority of individuals undergoing surgery for AC joint repair report good or excellent outcomes, noting joint stability and strength improvement.
Risks depend on the specific surgery technique used, but may include:
The AC Joint Compression Test
Shoulder ReplacementShoulder replacement surgeryis typically reserved for advanced arthritis of the shoulder joint, but can also be used for complex fractures and other problems that cannot be repaired with other techniques.SurgeryA typical shoulder replacement will replace the ball-and-socket joint with an artificial ball made of metal and a socket made of plastic.In cases where only the top part of the arm bone (humerus) is broken or the socket of the arthritic shoulder is still intact, a partial replacement, known ashemiarthroplasty, may suffice. Hemiarthroplasty just replaces the ball of the shoulder, leaving the socket untouched.Reverse shoulder replacementis another option. This surgery reverses the location of the ball-and-socket so that the replaced ball goes where the socket was, and the replaced socket goes where the ball was.The surgery can provide an advantage for people with a rotator cuff tear arthropathy, in which both the labrum and rotator cuff are severely damaged.RecoveryThe recovery process may take a few months and you may stay in the hospital for a several days after your procedure. You will need to wear a sling during the recovery process.Cold therapy and physical therapy are recommended for several weeks. You will also be given pain management options.OutcomesIn general, individuals who have a shoulder replacement surgery report feeling good about their results and tend to experience improved range of motion and pain relief.However, it is fairly common to experience a dull pain if the arm is used often or when the weather changes.RisksRisks are rare, but may include:InfectionNerve damageArtery damageThe replacement feeling looseDislocationCauses of Shoulder Pain and When Is It Serious?
Shoulder Replacement
Shoulder replacement surgeryis typically reserved for advanced arthritis of the shoulder joint, but can also be used for complex fractures and other problems that cannot be repaired with other techniques.
A typical shoulder replacement will replace the ball-and-socket joint with an artificial ball made of metal and a socket made of plastic.
In cases where only the top part of the arm bone (humerus) is broken or the socket of the arthritic shoulder is still intact, a partial replacement, known ashemiarthroplasty, may suffice. Hemiarthroplasty just replaces the ball of the shoulder, leaving the socket untouched.
Reverse shoulder replacementis another option. This surgery reverses the location of the ball-and-socket so that the replaced ball goes where the socket was, and the replaced socket goes where the ball was.
The surgery can provide an advantage for people with a rotator cuff tear arthropathy, in which both the labrum and rotator cuff are severely damaged.
The recovery process may take a few months and you may stay in the hospital for a several days after your procedure. You will need to wear a sling during the recovery process.
Cold therapy and physical therapy are recommended for several weeks. You will also be given pain management options.
In general, individuals who have a shoulder replacement surgery report feeling good about their results and tend to experience improved range of motion and pain relief.
However, it is fairly common to experience a dull pain if the arm is used often or when the weather changes.
Risks are rare, but may include:
Causes of Shoulder Pain and When Is It Serious?
Biceps Tendon Surgery
Biceps tendon damagecan occur from an injury, such as a fall or lifting something, but can also happen from long-term overuse.
Biceps tendon surgerycan be performed alone or as part of a rotator cuff repair. There are generally two approaches used:
The recovery process can take around four months. During this time, your arm will be immobilized with a sling and a rehabilitation plan will be put in place to help strengthen your shoulder.
In general, the surgery can help restore the muscle’s appearance and strength, as well as range of motion. However, complications are not uncommon.
Risks include:
How Biceps Tendon Problems Can Cause Shoulder Pain
SummaryThe shoulder is prone to many different types of injuries. Often, these require surgical intervention. Shoulder surgeries range from minimally invasive options to open procedures. In some cases, an artificial shoulder replacement is necessary.A Word From VerywellBefore having any shoulder surgery, speak with your surgeon about the risks and benefits of the procedure and the results you can expect. Take your time to make an informed choice and seek a second opinion if needed.It is important to manage your expectations and fully understand what is required of you during post-surgical rehabilitation.Frequently Asked QuestionsShoulder surgery costs vary, but can range from around $6,000 to over $20,000.Research notes that rotator cuff repair is the most painful type of shoulder surgery, with individuals noting significantly more pain in the 24 hours post-operation when compared to those who had other types of shoulder surgeries.
Summary
The shoulder is prone to many different types of injuries. Often, these require surgical intervention. Shoulder surgeries range from minimally invasive options to open procedures. In some cases, an artificial shoulder replacement is necessary.
A Word From Verywell
Before having any shoulder surgery, speak with your surgeon about the risks and benefits of the procedure and the results you can expect. Take your time to make an informed choice and seek a second opinion if needed.
It is important to manage your expectations and fully understand what is required of you during post-surgical rehabilitation.
Frequently Asked QuestionsShoulder surgery costs vary, but can range from around $6,000 to over $20,000.Research notes that rotator cuff repair is the most painful type of shoulder surgery, with individuals noting significantly more pain in the 24 hours post-operation when compared to those who had other types of shoulder surgeries.
Frequently Asked Questions
Shoulder surgery costs vary, but can range from around $6,000 to over $20,000.
Research notes that rotator cuff repair is the most painful type of shoulder surgery, with individuals noting significantly more pain in the 24 hours post-operation when compared to those who had other types of shoulder surgeries.
19 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Bauer, S.Arthroscopic shoulder surgery.J Physiotherap.2011:57(4):261. DOI: 10.1016/S1836-9553(11)70063-7.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Rotator cuff repair.US National Library of Medicine,MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, “Rotator cuff repair"Novoa-Boldo A, Gulotta LV.Expectations following rotator cuff surgery.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2018;11(1):162-166. doi:10.1007/s12178-018-9470-7Garving C, Jakob S, Bauer I, Nadjar R, Brunner UH.Impingement syndrome of the shoulder.Deutsches Ärzteblatt international. 2017;114(45):765-776. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0765Johns Hopkins Medicine.Shoulder labrum tear.Hamula M, Mahure SA, Kaplan DJ, et al.Arthroscopic Repair of Type II SLAP Tears Using Suture Anchor Technique.Arthrosc Tech. 2017;6(6):e2137–e2142. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2017.08.030Matsuki K, Sugaya H.Complications after arthroscopic labral repair for shoulder instability.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2015;8(1):53-58. doi:10.1007/s12178-014-9248-5American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Chronic shoulder instability.Gibson J, Kerss J, Morgan C, Brownson P.Accelerated rehabilitation after arthroscopic Bankart repair in professional footballers.Shoulder Elbow. 2016;8(4):279-286. doi:10.1177/1758573216647898DeFroda S, Bokshan S, Stern E, Sullivan K, Owens BD.Arthroscopic bankart repair for the management of anterior shoulder instability: indications and outcomes.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2017;10(4):442-451. doi:10.1007/s12178-017-9435-2American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Frozen shoulder.Johns Hopkins Medicine.AC joint problems.Lee S, Bedi A.Shoulder acromioclavicular joint reconstruction options and outcomes.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2016;9(4):368-377. doi:10.1007/s12178-016-9361-8Tonino P, Gerber C, Itoi E, et al.Complex Shoulder Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2009;17:125-36.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Total shoulder replacement.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Biceps tendon tear at the shoulder.Amin NH, Volpi A, Lynch TS, et al.Complications of distal biceps tendon repair: A meta-analysis of single-incision versus double-incision surgical technique.Orthop J Sports Med. 2016;4(10):2325967116668137. doi:10.1177/2325967116668137Calvo E, Torres MD, Morcillo D, Leal V.Rotator cuff repair is more painful than other arthroscopic shoulder procedures.Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2019;139(5):669-674. doi:10.1007/s00402-018-3100-0
19 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Bauer, S.Arthroscopic shoulder surgery.J Physiotherap.2011:57(4):261. DOI: 10.1016/S1836-9553(11)70063-7.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Rotator cuff repair.US National Library of Medicine,MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, “Rotator cuff repair"Novoa-Boldo A, Gulotta LV.Expectations following rotator cuff surgery.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2018;11(1):162-166. doi:10.1007/s12178-018-9470-7Garving C, Jakob S, Bauer I, Nadjar R, Brunner UH.Impingement syndrome of the shoulder.Deutsches Ärzteblatt international. 2017;114(45):765-776. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0765Johns Hopkins Medicine.Shoulder labrum tear.Hamula M, Mahure SA, Kaplan DJ, et al.Arthroscopic Repair of Type II SLAP Tears Using Suture Anchor Technique.Arthrosc Tech. 2017;6(6):e2137–e2142. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2017.08.030Matsuki K, Sugaya H.Complications after arthroscopic labral repair for shoulder instability.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2015;8(1):53-58. doi:10.1007/s12178-014-9248-5American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Chronic shoulder instability.Gibson J, Kerss J, Morgan C, Brownson P.Accelerated rehabilitation after arthroscopic Bankart repair in professional footballers.Shoulder Elbow. 2016;8(4):279-286. doi:10.1177/1758573216647898DeFroda S, Bokshan S, Stern E, Sullivan K, Owens BD.Arthroscopic bankart repair for the management of anterior shoulder instability: indications and outcomes.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2017;10(4):442-451. doi:10.1007/s12178-017-9435-2American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Frozen shoulder.Johns Hopkins Medicine.AC joint problems.Lee S, Bedi A.Shoulder acromioclavicular joint reconstruction options and outcomes.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2016;9(4):368-377. doi:10.1007/s12178-016-9361-8Tonino P, Gerber C, Itoi E, et al.Complex Shoulder Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2009;17:125-36.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Total shoulder replacement.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Biceps tendon tear at the shoulder.Amin NH, Volpi A, Lynch TS, et al.Complications of distal biceps tendon repair: A meta-analysis of single-incision versus double-incision surgical technique.Orthop J Sports Med. 2016;4(10):2325967116668137. doi:10.1177/2325967116668137Calvo E, Torres MD, Morcillo D, Leal V.Rotator cuff repair is more painful than other arthroscopic shoulder procedures.Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2019;139(5):669-674. doi:10.1007/s00402-018-3100-0
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Bauer, S.Arthroscopic shoulder surgery.J Physiotherap.2011:57(4):261. DOI: 10.1016/S1836-9553(11)70063-7.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Rotator cuff repair.US National Library of Medicine,MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, “Rotator cuff repair"Novoa-Boldo A, Gulotta LV.Expectations following rotator cuff surgery.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2018;11(1):162-166. doi:10.1007/s12178-018-9470-7Garving C, Jakob S, Bauer I, Nadjar R, Brunner UH.Impingement syndrome of the shoulder.Deutsches Ärzteblatt international. 2017;114(45):765-776. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0765Johns Hopkins Medicine.Shoulder labrum tear.Hamula M, Mahure SA, Kaplan DJ, et al.Arthroscopic Repair of Type II SLAP Tears Using Suture Anchor Technique.Arthrosc Tech. 2017;6(6):e2137–e2142. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2017.08.030Matsuki K, Sugaya H.Complications after arthroscopic labral repair for shoulder instability.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2015;8(1):53-58. doi:10.1007/s12178-014-9248-5American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Chronic shoulder instability.Gibson J, Kerss J, Morgan C, Brownson P.Accelerated rehabilitation after arthroscopic Bankart repair in professional footballers.Shoulder Elbow. 2016;8(4):279-286. doi:10.1177/1758573216647898DeFroda S, Bokshan S, Stern E, Sullivan K, Owens BD.Arthroscopic bankart repair for the management of anterior shoulder instability: indications and outcomes.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2017;10(4):442-451. doi:10.1007/s12178-017-9435-2American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Frozen shoulder.Johns Hopkins Medicine.AC joint problems.Lee S, Bedi A.Shoulder acromioclavicular joint reconstruction options and outcomes.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2016;9(4):368-377. doi:10.1007/s12178-016-9361-8Tonino P, Gerber C, Itoi E, et al.Complex Shoulder Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2009;17:125-36.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Total shoulder replacement.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Biceps tendon tear at the shoulder.Amin NH, Volpi A, Lynch TS, et al.Complications of distal biceps tendon repair: A meta-analysis of single-incision versus double-incision surgical technique.Orthop J Sports Med. 2016;4(10):2325967116668137. doi:10.1177/2325967116668137Calvo E, Torres MD, Morcillo D, Leal V.Rotator cuff repair is more painful than other arthroscopic shoulder procedures.Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2019;139(5):669-674. doi:10.1007/s00402-018-3100-0
Bauer, S.Arthroscopic shoulder surgery.J Physiotherap.2011:57(4):261. DOI: 10.1016/S1836-9553(11)70063-7.
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Rotator cuff repair.
US National Library of Medicine,MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, “Rotator cuff repair”
Novoa-Boldo A, Gulotta LV.Expectations following rotator cuff surgery.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2018;11(1):162-166. doi:10.1007/s12178-018-9470-7
Garving C, Jakob S, Bauer I, Nadjar R, Brunner UH.Impingement syndrome of the shoulder.Deutsches Ärzteblatt international. 2017;114(45):765-776. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0765
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Shoulder labrum tear.
Hamula M, Mahure SA, Kaplan DJ, et al.Arthroscopic Repair of Type II SLAP Tears Using Suture Anchor Technique.Arthrosc Tech. 2017;6(6):e2137–e2142. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2017.08.030
Matsuki K, Sugaya H.Complications after arthroscopic labral repair for shoulder instability.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2015;8(1):53-58. doi:10.1007/s12178-014-9248-5
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Chronic shoulder instability.
Gibson J, Kerss J, Morgan C, Brownson P.Accelerated rehabilitation after arthroscopic Bankart repair in professional footballers.Shoulder Elbow. 2016;8(4):279-286. doi:10.1177/1758573216647898
DeFroda S, Bokshan S, Stern E, Sullivan K, Owens BD.Arthroscopic bankart repair for the management of anterior shoulder instability: indications and outcomes.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2017;10(4):442-451. doi:10.1007/s12178-017-9435-2
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Frozen shoulder.
Johns Hopkins Medicine.AC joint problems.
Lee S, Bedi A.Shoulder acromioclavicular joint reconstruction options and outcomes.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2016;9(4):368-377. doi:10.1007/s12178-016-9361-8
Tonino P, Gerber C, Itoi E, et al.Complex Shoulder Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2009;17:125-36.
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Total shoulder replacement.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Biceps tendon tear at the shoulder.
Amin NH, Volpi A, Lynch TS, et al.Complications of distal biceps tendon repair: A meta-analysis of single-incision versus double-incision surgical technique.Orthop J Sports Med. 2016;4(10):2325967116668137. doi:10.1177/2325967116668137
Calvo E, Torres MD, Morcillo D, Leal V.Rotator cuff repair is more painful than other arthroscopic shoulder procedures.Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2019;139(5):669-674. doi:10.1007/s00402-018-3100-0
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