Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsRiboflavin (B2)Coenzyme Q10MagnesiumVitamin DMelatoninButterburFeverfewZincOmega-3 Fatty AcidsNatural Remedies
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Riboflavin (B2)
Coenzyme Q10
Magnesium
Vitamin D
Melatonin
Butterbur
Feverfew
Zinc
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Natural Remedies
Whether you’re exploring supplements for migraine prevention because you prefer a more natural treatment or you haven’t had success with other options, you’re in good company.
Supplements are becoming popular as either sole migraine therapies or combined with migraine medications. Studies suggest that some supplements may ease symptoms or decrease the risk of a migraine episode.
This article explains how these natural supplements may help your migraine headaches, the proper dosage, and possible side effects or precautions to consider when using them.
Verywell / Getty Images
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved supplements for migraines or any other purpose. However, professional groups like the American Headache Society (AHS), the American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and the Canadian Headache Society (CHS) do provide some recommendations based on the limited scientific evidence available.
Riboflavin (B2) for Migraines
Riboflavin (vitamin B2)plays a vital role in the health of mitochondria (the energy powerhouses in your cells). If these structures are damaged or malfunctioning, cells either work improperly or die.
That said, the CHS strongly recommended riboflavin, while the AHS and AAN gave riboflavin a level B recommendation (“probably effective” in reducing migraines).
AHS and AAN provide ratings for treatments based on the level of supporting scientific evidence. The guideline authors suggest the following:Level A and B treatments or medications are offered to those requiring migraine prevention.Level C treatments “may” be considered for people requiring migraine prophylaxis.
AHS and AAN provide ratings for treatments based on the level of supporting scientific evidence. The guideline authors suggest the following:
Dosage
Numerous studies used a dosage of 400 milligrams (mg) of riboflavin daily.
Side Effects
If your healthcare provider recommends riboflavin, it is generally well-tolerated. Some people do develop diarrhea or excessive urination, but this is not common. Also, riboflavin does turn your urine a yellow-orange color, so don’t be surprised when this happens.
How To Choose a SupplementIn the United States, the FDA does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
How To Choose a Supplement
In the United States, the FDA does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
Coenzyme Q10 for Migraines
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)is also found in the mitochondria of cells. It has antioxidant properties and may play a critical role in preventing oxidative stress—a metabolic abnormality that may occur in the brains of some people with migraines.
Studies concluded that CoQ10 reduced migraine frequency and duration (how long they lasted).
Like riboflavin, the CHS strongly recommended coenzyme Q10 for preventing migraines. The AAN/AHS gave it a level C recommendation, meaning it’s “possibly effective.”
A dosage of 300 mg of Coenzyme Q10 daily has been effective in some studies.
No serious side effects of CoQ10 have been reported. Mild side effects such as insomnia or digestive upsets may occur.
Magnesium for Migraines
Magnesiumis an essential mineral involved in many systems in your body, including your muscular and skeletal system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system.
A magnesium deficiency does not usually cause symptoms. However, early symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, nausea, or a loss of appetite.
As the deficiency progresses, symptoms may include muscle spasms, tremors, irregular or rapid heartbeat, and/or personality changes.
Scientific studies suggest a link between magnesium deficiency and migraines.This is why some migraine specialists recommend checking the magnesium level in people with migraines. They may recommend a magnesium supplement and/or a magnesium-rich diet if levels are low.
Like riboflavin and coenzyme Q10, the CHS strongly recommends taking magnesium as a supplement to prevent migraines. However, the AAN/AHS gave magnesium a level B recommendation (“probably effective”) in migraine prevention.
What Happens When You Take Zinc and Magnesium Together?
Several types of magnesium exist, and some are better absorbed than others.
Several small, short-term, placebo-controlled trials used magnesium dosages up to 600 mg per day, divided into 300 mg twice a day.
The AAN/AHS guidelines suggest 600 mg ofmagnesium citrateper day to prevent migraines.
For a diet rich in magnesium, high-fiber foods are also generally high in magnesium, whereas processed or refined foods are not. Examples of foods rich in magnesium include:
Magnesium supplements may cause nausea, diarrhea, or abdominal cramping when taken in high doses, However, magnesium-rich foods will not cause this adverse effect.
Vitamin D for Migraines
The AAN/AHS guidelines do not recommend vitamin D for preventing episodic migraine. However, research has found the benefits ofvitamin D supplementsin this regard.
Before taking supplements, talk to your healthcare provider.
Dosages used in studies ranged from 1,000 to 4,000 International Units per day (IU/d) of vitamin D.
Excessive amounts of vitamin Dcan be toxic, causing nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, neuropsychiatric disturbances, pain, loss of appetite, dehydration, excessive urination, excessive thirst, kidney stones, and kidney failure.
However, toxicity is not likely at daily intakes below 10,000 IU in adults.
Melatonin for Migraines
Scientists agree that abnormal activation and sensitization of a network of neurons and blood vessels in the brain play an important role in migraine headaches.
Melatonin is thought to help regulate neurotransmitters and nervous system pathways, including blood flow in the brain. It may also provide pain relief.
Dosages of 3 mg of immediate-release melatonin and 4 mg of prolonged-release melatonin were shown to be effective when used for three months or more.
Short-term use of melatonin supplements appears to be safe for most adults. However, information on the long-term safety of supplementing with melatonin is lacking.
There may be a risk of allergic reactions to melatonin supplements.
The most common side effects reported in five studies included sleepiness, fatigue, increased libido (sex drive), dizziness, and upper abdominal pain.
Uncommon side effects included nervousness, nightmares, itchy skin, dry mouth, constipation, and hair loss.
Butterbur for Migraines
Butterbur (Petasites hybridus)is a perennial shrub and herbal therapy used throughout history to prevent migraines. It’s been deemed both an effective and well-tolerated alternative therapy.
The CHS guidelines still cite a strong recommendation for using butterbur.However, consumers are cautioned only to use certain commercially available licensed butterbur products. These products have been tested and found not to containpyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are toxic to your liver.
Based on the 2012 AHS and AAN guidelines, butterbur is listed as a level A drug (“effective”) for preventing migraines.
AHS and AAN have not revised their guidelines regarding the liver toxicity findings. Some healthcare providers may not recommend butterbur until societies like the AHS update their recommendations.
A dosage of 75 mg twice daily has been shown to be effective.
Aside from the recent cases of liver toxicity, side effects of butterbur have been uncommon and mild with the most common side effect being stomach upset with belching.
Other side effects can include nausea, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, increased bleeding tendency, and rash.
Feverfew for Migraines
Some research suggests that feverfew may help prevent migraine headaches, but results have been mixed. Some research suggests it may reduce migraine headache frequency, as well as some symptoms, such as pain, nausea, vomiting, and light sensitivity.
Extensive research showed a small difference in the frequency of migraine headaches compared to the placebo groups. However, these studies had small sample sizes, and the two rigorous trials with larger sample sizes did not find significant differences between feverfew and placebo.
The study authors noted additional large, rigorous trials with consistent feverfew extracts are needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.
An optimal dose of feverfew has not been established. Studies have used 50 to 100 mg daily, standardized to contain 0.2% to 0.35% parthenolides.
No serious side effects have been reported. However, side effects can include nausea, digestive problems, and bloating.
People who are sensitive to ragweed and related plants may experience allergic reactions to feverfew. If taken while pregnant feverfew may affect uterine contractions, so it is not recommended.
If fresh feverfew leaves are chewed, sores and irritation of the mouth may occur.
Zinc for Migraines
Several extensive studies have found that zinc from food or supplements may help reduce the risk and severity of migraine headaches.
A recommended dosage ofzinc supplementshas not been established.
Studies have used different zinc compounds, including zinc sulfate and zinc gluconate, which can contain different amounts of elemental zinc.
The recommended dietary allowance is 11 mg for adult males and 8 mg for adult females. During pregnancy, 11 mg of zinc is recommended, and 12 mg while breastfeeding.
Food sources of zinc include the following:
High zinc intake can cause nausea, dizziness, headaches, gastric distress, vomiting, and loss of appetite.
Long-term use of 50 mg of zinc or more in adults can cause copper and magnesium deficiency, reduce immune function, and lower HDL cholesterol levels.
Consumption of foods containing zinc is unlikely to cause side effects.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Migraines
An extensive review found that high-dosage omega-3 supplementation (EPA and DHA) may be considered a first-choice treatment for preventive migraine therapy.
The review compared EPA/DHA and other current FDA-approved or guideline-recommended treatments for migraines.
It showed that high-dosage EPA/DHA supplementation resulted in the following:
It has also been shown that diets higher in omega-3 fatty acids reduce headache frequency and severity for people with migraine headaches.
Compared to the control diet, participants who received diets high in EPA/DHA had:
Dosages of EPA/DHA were 1500 mg or higher. Talk with your healthcare provider beforetaking high dosages of omega-3 fatty acids.
High dosages of omega-3 supplements might reduce immune function due to their anti-inflammatory effects and increase bleeding risk. They may also increase the risk of atrial fibrillation.
Other Natural Ways to Prevent and Treat Migraines
Other ways may help prevent or treat migraines in addition to medication or supplements. Try these strategies to help:
Summary
Natural therapies may be used with medication or alone to treat or prevent migraines. While research is limited, some studies show supplements may ease symptoms or decrease the risk of an episode. Please talk with your healthcare provider before starting any supplements to ensure they are safe for you.
27 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Puledda F, Shields K.Non-pharmacological approaches for migraine.Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15(2):336-345. doi: 10.1007/s13311-018-0623-6Silberstein SD.Preventive migraine treatment.Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015 Aug;21(4 Headache):973-89. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000199Yamanaka G, Suzuki S, Morishita N, et al.Experimental and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of riboflavin on migraines.Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2612. Published 2021 Jul 29. doi:10.3390/nu13082612Medline Plus.Riboflavin.Sazali S, Badrin S, Norhayati MN, et al.Coenzyme Q10 supplementation for prophylaxis in adult patients with migraine-a meta-analysis.BMJ Open. 2021 Jan 5;11(1):e039358. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039358National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Coenzyme Q10.Teigen L, Boes CJ.An evidence-based review of oral magnesium supplementation in the preventive treatment of migraine.Cephalalgia. 2015;35(10):912-922. doi:10.1177/0333102414564891NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium.Ghorbani Z, Togha M, Rafiee P, et al.Vitamin D in migraine headache: a comprehensive review on literature.Neurol Sci. 2019;40(12):2459-2477. doi:10.1007/s10072-019-04021-zHu C, Fan Y, Wu S, Zou Y, Qu X.Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of migraine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.Am J Emerg Med. 2021;50:784-788. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.07.062Zhang YF, Xu ZQ, Zhou HJ, Liu YZ, Jiang XJ.The efficacy of vitamin D supplementation for migraine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.Clin Neuropharmacol. 2021;44(1):5-8. doi:10.1097/WNF.0000000000000419NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D.Long R, Zhu Y, Zhou S.Therapeutic role of melatonin in migraine prophylaxis: A systematic review.Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Jan;98(3):e14099. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014099National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Melatonin: what you need to know.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Butterbur.LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-.Butterbur. [Updated 2019 Feb 18].National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Feverfew.Wider B, Pittler MH, Ernst E.Feverfew for preventing migraine.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 20;4(4):CD002286. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002286.pub3Ahmadi H, Mazloumi-Kiapey SS, Sadeghi O, et al.Zinc supplementation affects favorably the frequency of migraine attacks: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.Nutr J. 2020 Sep 14;19(1):101. doi: 10.1186/s12937-020-00618-9Liu H, Wang Q, Dong Z, et al.Dietary zinc intake and migraine in adults: a cross‐sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004. Headache. 2023;63(1):127-135. doi: 10.1111/head.14431NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.Zinc.Tseng PT, Zeng BY, Chen JJ, et al.High dosage omega-3 fatty acids outperform existing pharmacological options for migraine prophylaxis: a network meta-analysis. Advances in Nutrition. 2024;15(2):100163. doi: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.100163Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Faurot KR, et al.Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine: randomized controlled trial.BMJ. Published online June 30, 2021:n1448. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n1448Gencer B, Djousse L, Al-Ramady O, et al.Effect of long-term marine omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on the risk of atrial fibrillation in randomized controlled trials of cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Circulation. 2021. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.121.055654NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.Omega-3 fatty acids.American Headache Society.Choosing the right preventive treatment.Wang Y, Du R, Cui H, et al.Acupuncture for acute migraine attacks in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ Evid Based Med. 2023;28(4):228-240. doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2022-112135Additional ReadingRajapakse T, Pringsheim T.Nutraceuticals in migraine: A summary of existing guidelines for use.Headache. 2016;56(4):808-816. doi:10.1111/head.12789Wider B, Pittler MH, Ernst E.Feverfew for preventing migraine.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;4:CD002286. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002286.pub3
27 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Puledda F, Shields K.Non-pharmacological approaches for migraine.Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15(2):336-345. doi: 10.1007/s13311-018-0623-6Silberstein SD.Preventive migraine treatment.Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015 Aug;21(4 Headache):973-89. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000199Yamanaka G, Suzuki S, Morishita N, et al.Experimental and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of riboflavin on migraines.Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2612. Published 2021 Jul 29. doi:10.3390/nu13082612Medline Plus.Riboflavin.Sazali S, Badrin S, Norhayati MN, et al.Coenzyme Q10 supplementation for prophylaxis in adult patients with migraine-a meta-analysis.BMJ Open. 2021 Jan 5;11(1):e039358. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039358National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Coenzyme Q10.Teigen L, Boes CJ.An evidence-based review of oral magnesium supplementation in the preventive treatment of migraine.Cephalalgia. 2015;35(10):912-922. doi:10.1177/0333102414564891NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium.Ghorbani Z, Togha M, Rafiee P, et al.Vitamin D in migraine headache: a comprehensive review on literature.Neurol Sci. 2019;40(12):2459-2477. doi:10.1007/s10072-019-04021-zHu C, Fan Y, Wu S, Zou Y, Qu X.Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of migraine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.Am J Emerg Med. 2021;50:784-788. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.07.062Zhang YF, Xu ZQ, Zhou HJ, Liu YZ, Jiang XJ.The efficacy of vitamin D supplementation for migraine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.Clin Neuropharmacol. 2021;44(1):5-8. doi:10.1097/WNF.0000000000000419NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D.Long R, Zhu Y, Zhou S.Therapeutic role of melatonin in migraine prophylaxis: A systematic review.Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Jan;98(3):e14099. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014099National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Melatonin: what you need to know.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Butterbur.LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-.Butterbur. [Updated 2019 Feb 18].National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Feverfew.Wider B, Pittler MH, Ernst E.Feverfew for preventing migraine.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 20;4(4):CD002286. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002286.pub3Ahmadi H, Mazloumi-Kiapey SS, Sadeghi O, et al.Zinc supplementation affects favorably the frequency of migraine attacks: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.Nutr J. 2020 Sep 14;19(1):101. doi: 10.1186/s12937-020-00618-9Liu H, Wang Q, Dong Z, et al.Dietary zinc intake and migraine in adults: a cross‐sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004. Headache. 2023;63(1):127-135. doi: 10.1111/head.14431NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.Zinc.Tseng PT, Zeng BY, Chen JJ, et al.High dosage omega-3 fatty acids outperform existing pharmacological options for migraine prophylaxis: a network meta-analysis. Advances in Nutrition. 2024;15(2):100163. doi: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.100163Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Faurot KR, et al.Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine: randomized controlled trial.BMJ. Published online June 30, 2021:n1448. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n1448Gencer B, Djousse L, Al-Ramady O, et al.Effect of long-term marine omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on the risk of atrial fibrillation in randomized controlled trials of cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Circulation. 2021. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.121.055654NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.Omega-3 fatty acids.American Headache Society.Choosing the right preventive treatment.Wang Y, Du R, Cui H, et al.Acupuncture for acute migraine attacks in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ Evid Based Med. 2023;28(4):228-240. doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2022-112135Additional ReadingRajapakse T, Pringsheim T.Nutraceuticals in migraine: A summary of existing guidelines for use.Headache. 2016;56(4):808-816. doi:10.1111/head.12789Wider B, Pittler MH, Ernst E.Feverfew for preventing migraine.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;4:CD002286. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002286.pub3
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Puledda F, Shields K.Non-pharmacological approaches for migraine.Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15(2):336-345. doi: 10.1007/s13311-018-0623-6Silberstein SD.Preventive migraine treatment.Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015 Aug;21(4 Headache):973-89. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000199Yamanaka G, Suzuki S, Morishita N, et al.Experimental and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of riboflavin on migraines.Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2612. Published 2021 Jul 29. doi:10.3390/nu13082612Medline Plus.Riboflavin.Sazali S, Badrin S, Norhayati MN, et al.Coenzyme Q10 supplementation for prophylaxis in adult patients with migraine-a meta-analysis.BMJ Open. 2021 Jan 5;11(1):e039358. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039358National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Coenzyme Q10.Teigen L, Boes CJ.An evidence-based review of oral magnesium supplementation in the preventive treatment of migraine.Cephalalgia. 2015;35(10):912-922. doi:10.1177/0333102414564891NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium.Ghorbani Z, Togha M, Rafiee P, et al.Vitamin D in migraine headache: a comprehensive review on literature.Neurol Sci. 2019;40(12):2459-2477. doi:10.1007/s10072-019-04021-zHu C, Fan Y, Wu S, Zou Y, Qu X.Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of migraine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.Am J Emerg Med. 2021;50:784-788. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.07.062Zhang YF, Xu ZQ, Zhou HJ, Liu YZ, Jiang XJ.The efficacy of vitamin D supplementation for migraine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.Clin Neuropharmacol. 2021;44(1):5-8. doi:10.1097/WNF.0000000000000419NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D.Long R, Zhu Y, Zhou S.Therapeutic role of melatonin in migraine prophylaxis: A systematic review.Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Jan;98(3):e14099. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014099National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Melatonin: what you need to know.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Butterbur.LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-.Butterbur. [Updated 2019 Feb 18].National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Feverfew.Wider B, Pittler MH, Ernst E.Feverfew for preventing migraine.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 20;4(4):CD002286. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002286.pub3Ahmadi H, Mazloumi-Kiapey SS, Sadeghi O, et al.Zinc supplementation affects favorably the frequency of migraine attacks: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.Nutr J. 2020 Sep 14;19(1):101. doi: 10.1186/s12937-020-00618-9Liu H, Wang Q, Dong Z, et al.Dietary zinc intake and migraine in adults: a cross‐sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004. Headache. 2023;63(1):127-135. doi: 10.1111/head.14431NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.Zinc.Tseng PT, Zeng BY, Chen JJ, et al.High dosage omega-3 fatty acids outperform existing pharmacological options for migraine prophylaxis: a network meta-analysis. Advances in Nutrition. 2024;15(2):100163. doi: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.100163Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Faurot KR, et al.Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine: randomized controlled trial.BMJ. Published online June 30, 2021:n1448. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n1448Gencer B, Djousse L, Al-Ramady O, et al.Effect of long-term marine omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on the risk of atrial fibrillation in randomized controlled trials of cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Circulation. 2021. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.121.055654NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.Omega-3 fatty acids.American Headache Society.Choosing the right preventive treatment.Wang Y, Du R, Cui H, et al.Acupuncture for acute migraine attacks in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ Evid Based Med. 2023;28(4):228-240. doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2022-112135
Puledda F, Shields K.Non-pharmacological approaches for migraine.Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15(2):336-345. doi: 10.1007/s13311-018-0623-6
Silberstein SD.Preventive migraine treatment.Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015 Aug;21(4 Headache):973-89. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000199
Yamanaka G, Suzuki S, Morishita N, et al.Experimental and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of riboflavin on migraines.Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2612. Published 2021 Jul 29. doi:10.3390/nu13082612
Medline Plus.Riboflavin.
Sazali S, Badrin S, Norhayati MN, et al.Coenzyme Q10 supplementation for prophylaxis in adult patients with migraine-a meta-analysis.BMJ Open. 2021 Jan 5;11(1):e039358. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039358
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Coenzyme Q10.
Teigen L, Boes CJ.An evidence-based review of oral magnesium supplementation in the preventive treatment of migraine.Cephalalgia. 2015;35(10):912-922. doi:10.1177/0333102414564891
NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium.
Ghorbani Z, Togha M, Rafiee P, et al.Vitamin D in migraine headache: a comprehensive review on literature.Neurol Sci. 2019;40(12):2459-2477. doi:10.1007/s10072-019-04021-z
Hu C, Fan Y, Wu S, Zou Y, Qu X.Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of migraine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.Am J Emerg Med. 2021;50:784-788. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.07.062
Zhang YF, Xu ZQ, Zhou HJ, Liu YZ, Jiang XJ.The efficacy of vitamin D supplementation for migraine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.Clin Neuropharmacol. 2021;44(1):5-8. doi:10.1097/WNF.0000000000000419
NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D.
Long R, Zhu Y, Zhou S.Therapeutic role of melatonin in migraine prophylaxis: A systematic review.Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Jan;98(3):e14099. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014099
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Melatonin: what you need to know.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Butterbur.
LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-.Butterbur. [Updated 2019 Feb 18].
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Feverfew.
Wider B, Pittler MH, Ernst E.Feverfew for preventing migraine.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 20;4(4):CD002286. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002286.pub3
Ahmadi H, Mazloumi-Kiapey SS, Sadeghi O, et al.Zinc supplementation affects favorably the frequency of migraine attacks: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.Nutr J. 2020 Sep 14;19(1):101. doi: 10.1186/s12937-020-00618-9
Liu H, Wang Q, Dong Z, et al.Dietary zinc intake and migraine in adults: a cross‐sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004. Headache. 2023;63(1):127-135. doi: 10.1111/head.14431
NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.Zinc.
Tseng PT, Zeng BY, Chen JJ, et al.High dosage omega-3 fatty acids outperform existing pharmacological options for migraine prophylaxis: a network meta-analysis. Advances in Nutrition. 2024;15(2):100163. doi: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.100163
Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Faurot KR, et al.Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine: randomized controlled trial.BMJ. Published online June 30, 2021:n1448. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n1448
Gencer B, Djousse L, Al-Ramady O, et al.Effect of long-term marine omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on the risk of atrial fibrillation in randomized controlled trials of cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Circulation. 2021. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.121.055654
NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.Omega-3 fatty acids.
American Headache Society.Choosing the right preventive treatment.
Wang Y, Du R, Cui H, et al.Acupuncture for acute migraine attacks in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ Evid Based Med. 2023;28(4):228-240. doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2022-112135
Rajapakse T, Pringsheim T.Nutraceuticals in migraine: A summary of existing guidelines for use.Headache. 2016;56(4):808-816. doi:10.1111/head.12789Wider B, Pittler MH, Ernst E.Feverfew for preventing migraine.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;4:CD002286. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002286.pub3
Rajapakse T, Pringsheim T.Nutraceuticals in migraine: A summary of existing guidelines for use.Headache. 2016;56(4):808-816. doi:10.1111/head.12789
Wider B, Pittler MH, Ernst E.Feverfew for preventing migraine.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;4:CD002286. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002286.pub3
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