Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsGingerFennelChamomileChinese HerbsPycnogenolCinnamonPeppermint
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Ginger
Fennel
Chamomile
Chinese Herbs
Pycnogenol
Cinnamon
Peppermint
When seeking natural remedies, herbs formenstrual crampsmay be worth considering.
Rachel Husband / Photographer’s Choice RF / Getty Images
This article explores some of the herbs people may try for treating menstrual cramps as well as what the current research says.
However, even if supplements are third-party tested, that doesn’t mean they are necessarily safe for all or effective in general. Therefore, it is important to talk to your healthcare provider about any herbs you plan to take and to check in about any potential interactions with other supplements or medications.
17 Foods to Eat on Your Period
A 2015 review of seven studies found suggestive evidence for the effectiveness of 750–2,000 milligrams (mg) of ginger powder for dysmenorrhea during the first three to four days of the menstrual cycle.
Another study inBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicinereported that 60 people given a ginger root powder for five days had better menstrual cramp relief than 60 people given aplacebo(“sugar pill”).
Despite these findings, a Cochrane review of studies concluded that the quality of studies was poor. Of the studies reviewed, some reported benefits while others did not.
Ginger powder (the form used in studies showing effectiveness in treating menstrual cramps) can be added to tea, juice, or smoothies, or used as a spice when cooking.
Causes and Risk Factors of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
A 2013 study found fennel extract combined with an extract of theVitex agnuscactus worked as well as a prescription drug called Ponstel (mefenamic acid) in relieving menstrual cramps.
A total of 105 women were included in the study, half of whom were given the combined extracts and half given a placebo. The researchers were unable to say which of the two extracts was more active.
A 2020 review found fennel reduced pain intensity as effectively as conventional drug therapy and more effectively than placebo. However, the authors stated further studies are needed to confirm their results.
All parts of the fennel plant are edible. The bulb can be added raw to salads or cooked to flavor soups. The fronds and dried fennel seeds can be added as a spice. Fennel extract is available as an oil and as a capsule.
Studies don’t always specify what form of fennel was given to study participants, so it is difficult to know which form is best for treating menstrual cramps.
Signs and Complications of Menstrual Cramps
The anti-inflammatory and anti-spasmodic properties ofchamomileare believed to be what helps relieve menstrual cramps.
Research shows that chamomile can reduce the pain of menstrual cramps better than a placebo. In addition, chamomile has been found to alleviate mood symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
A 2019 review of eight studies noted chamomile tea was the most common form given to study participants, but chamomile extract also appears to be effective in relieving menstrual cramps.
The authors recommended more clinical trials with different forms and doses of chamomile, larger study populations, and longer study durations, as well as comparisons with safe drugs to confirm the benefits of chamomile for menstrual cramps and premenstrual syndrome.
Chamomile is available as a loose-leaf tea and chamomile extract is available in powder, oil, and capsule form.
Malanga Root: What Are the Benefits?
Traditional Chinese herbs are commonly used to treat different menstrual problems. They are usually combined into specific blends that can vary from one practitioner to the next.
Some studies suggest that Chinese herbs may actually help. According to a Cochrane review published in 2008, Chinese herbs were able to relieve menstrual cramps better than OTC painkillers.
The review included 39 studies and a total of 3,475 women. Most were given a formula with five or six different herbs, including popular ones like angelica root, fennel fruit, licorice root, cinnamon bark, and red peony root.
Although the researchers said that the results were “promising,” they noted that the quality of the studies was mostly poor.
There are several Chinese herbs that are most commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat menstrual cramps.
Dang-Gui-Shao-Yao-San
Dang-Gui-Shao-Yao-San contains angelica root and red peony root and has both sedative and anti-inflammatory properties. It is the most commonly prescribed Chinese herbal formula for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
Xiao Yao San
Xiao Yao Sanis a blend of herbs used for centuries in TCM. It contains several herbs and plants, including licorice root, ginger root, white peony root, menthol, peppermint, and more. The dried ingredients can be hand-blended or purchased as a dietary supplement.
Although it is common for Xiao Yao San to be used in TCM for treating menstruation-related issues, there is inadequate research to determine its effectiveness.
Jia Wei Xiao Yao San
This herbal remedy is a modified formulation of Xiao Yao San with two additional herbs—gardenia fruit and peony root bark. Although it is the second most common remedy used to treat dysmenorrhea in TCM, there is inadequate research to determine its effectiveness compared to other therapies.
Chinese herbs can be made into tea using loose herbs and are also available in capsule form.
Pycnogenolis a registered trademark of a French extract containing maritime pine bark. A 2008 study in theJournal of Reproductive Medicinesuggested Pycnogenol could reduce pain and the need for OTC painkillers in women with menstrual cramps.
The Japanese study involved 116 people, half of whom were given a daily 60-mg dose of Pycnogenol over two menstrual cycles, while the other half were given a placebo.
Another study in 2014 reported similar results among women onoral birth controlwho used Pycnogenol for three months. While only 24 people were involved in the study, 27% of those taking Pycnogenol were said to be pain-free compared to 0% on the placebo.
As with the other studies, however, a 2020 Cochrane review found no evidence that Pycnogenol had any benefit in treating menstrual cramps.
Pycnogenol is available as a supplement in capsule form and is considered safe in doses of 50 mg to 450 mg daily for up to one year.
A 2020 review found cinnamon (along with fennel and ginger) effectively reduced pain intensity and cinnamon shortened the duration of pain.
Two other studies found taking cinnamon capsules (450 mg three times per day and 1,000 mg once per day) reduced pain intensity compared to placebo.
Menthol is an active component in peppermint that is thought to have an analgesic effect.
A 2016 study of 127 participants found peppermint extract in capsule form was as effective as mefenamic acid in reducing pain intensity and duration. The authors concluded that using mint instead of medicinal drugs was recommended because the side effects of herbal remedies are lower than medications.
The fresh or dried leaves of peppermint can be used in food or as tea. However, it may require taking a more concentrated form such as peppermint extract to relieve menstrual cramps.
Peppermint Tea for Upset Stomach and Other Ailments
Summary
Several herbal remedies, such as ginger, fennel, Chinese herbs, cinnamon, Pycnogenol, and peppermint, have been studied for treating dysmenorrhea (menstrual cramps).
Despite promising results, the quality of the studies is generally poor and there is no clear proof that any of the herbal remedies help. Further quality research is needed.
If you’re considering using herbs (or other forms ofalternative medicine) for menstrual cramps, talk with your healthcare provider first to weigh the pros and cons.
19 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.Dysmenorrhea: painful periods.Daily JW, Zhang X, Kim DS, Park S.Efficacy of ginger for alleviating the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Pain Med. 2015;16(12):2243-55. doi:10.1111/pme.12853Rahnama P, Montazeri A, Huseini HF, Kianbakht S, Naseri M.Effect of Zingiber officinale R. rhizomes (ginger) on pain relief in primary dysmenorrhea: a placebo randomized trial.BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012;12:92. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-12-92Chen CX, Barrett B, Kwekkeboom KL.Efficacy of oral ginger (Zingiber officinale) for dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:6295737. doi:10.1155/2016/6295737Bokaie M, Farajkhoda T, Enjezab B, Khoshbin A, Karimi-Zarchi M, et al.Oral fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) drop effect on primary dysmenorrhea: effectiveness of herbal drug.Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2013;18(2):128-32.Lee HW, Ang L, Lee MS, Alimoradi Z, Kim E.Fennel for Reducing Pain in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2020 Nov 10;12(11):3438. doi: 10.3390/nu12113438Khalesi ZB, Beiranvand SP, Bokaie M.Efficacy of chamomile in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review.J Pharmacopuncture. 2019;22(4):204-9. doi:10.3831/KPI.2019.22.028Zhu X, Proctor M, Bensoussan A, Wu E, Smith CA.Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhoea.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(2):CD005288. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005288.pub3.Pan JC, Tsai YT, Lai JN, Fang RC, Yeh CH.The traditional Chinese medicine prescription pattern of patients with primary dysmenorrhea in Taiwan: a large-scale cross sectional survey.J Ethnopharmacol.2014;152(2):314-9. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.002Chen HY, Lin YH, Su IH, Chen YC, Yang SH, Chen JL.Investigation on Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhea: implication from a nationwide prescription database in Taiwan. Complement Ther Med. 2014 Feb;22(1):116-25. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2013.11.012Suzuki N, Uebaba K, Kohama T, Moniwa N, Kanayama N, Koike K.French maritime pine bark extract significantly lowers the requirement for analgesic medication in dysmenorrhea: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.J Reprod Med. 2008;53(5):338–46.Maia H Jr, Haddad C, Casoy J.The effect of Pycnogenol on patients with dysmenorrhea using low-dose oral contraceptives.Int J Womens Health. 2014;6:1019–22. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S75389Robertson NU, Schoonees A, Brand A, Visser J.Pine bark (Pinusspp.) extract for treating chronic disorders.Cochrane Database System Rev. 2020;9:CD008294. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008294.pub5Medline Plus.Maritime pine.Xu Y, Yang Q, Wang X.Efficacy of herbal medicine (cinnamon/fennel/ginger) for primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Int Med Res. 2020 Jun;48(6):300060520936179. doi: 10.1177/0300060520936179Jahangirifar M, Taebi M, Dolatian M.The effect of Cinnamon on primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018 Nov;33:56-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.08.001Jaafarpour M, Hatefi M, Najafi F, Khajavikhan J, Khani A.The effect of cinnamon on menstrual bleeding and systemic symptoms with primary dysmenorrhea. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2015 Apr 22;17(4):e27032. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.17(4)2015.27032Masoumi SZ, Asl HR, Poorolajal J, Panah MH, Oliaei SR.Evaluation of mint efficacy regarding dysmenorrhea in comparison with mefenamic acid: A double blinded randomized crossover study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2016 Jul-Aug;21(4):363-7. doi: 10.4103/1735-9066.185574Chumpitazi BP, Kearns GL, Shulman RJ.Review article: the physiological effects and safety of peppermint oil and its efficacy in irritable bowel syndrome and other functional disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Mar;47(6):738-752. doi: 10.1111/apt.14519
19 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.Dysmenorrhea: painful periods.Daily JW, Zhang X, Kim DS, Park S.Efficacy of ginger for alleviating the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Pain Med. 2015;16(12):2243-55. doi:10.1111/pme.12853Rahnama P, Montazeri A, Huseini HF, Kianbakht S, Naseri M.Effect of Zingiber officinale R. rhizomes (ginger) on pain relief in primary dysmenorrhea: a placebo randomized trial.BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012;12:92. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-12-92Chen CX, Barrett B, Kwekkeboom KL.Efficacy of oral ginger (Zingiber officinale) for dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:6295737. doi:10.1155/2016/6295737Bokaie M, Farajkhoda T, Enjezab B, Khoshbin A, Karimi-Zarchi M, et al.Oral fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) drop effect on primary dysmenorrhea: effectiveness of herbal drug.Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2013;18(2):128-32.Lee HW, Ang L, Lee MS, Alimoradi Z, Kim E.Fennel for Reducing Pain in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2020 Nov 10;12(11):3438. doi: 10.3390/nu12113438Khalesi ZB, Beiranvand SP, Bokaie M.Efficacy of chamomile in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review.J Pharmacopuncture. 2019;22(4):204-9. doi:10.3831/KPI.2019.22.028Zhu X, Proctor M, Bensoussan A, Wu E, Smith CA.Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhoea.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(2):CD005288. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005288.pub3.Pan JC, Tsai YT, Lai JN, Fang RC, Yeh CH.The traditional Chinese medicine prescription pattern of patients with primary dysmenorrhea in Taiwan: a large-scale cross sectional survey.J Ethnopharmacol.2014;152(2):314-9. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.002Chen HY, Lin YH, Su IH, Chen YC, Yang SH, Chen JL.Investigation on Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhea: implication from a nationwide prescription database in Taiwan. Complement Ther Med. 2014 Feb;22(1):116-25. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2013.11.012Suzuki N, Uebaba K, Kohama T, Moniwa N, Kanayama N, Koike K.French maritime pine bark extract significantly lowers the requirement for analgesic medication in dysmenorrhea: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.J Reprod Med. 2008;53(5):338–46.Maia H Jr, Haddad C, Casoy J.The effect of Pycnogenol on patients with dysmenorrhea using low-dose oral contraceptives.Int J Womens Health. 2014;6:1019–22. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S75389Robertson NU, Schoonees A, Brand A, Visser J.Pine bark (Pinusspp.) extract for treating chronic disorders.Cochrane Database System Rev. 2020;9:CD008294. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008294.pub5Medline Plus.Maritime pine.Xu Y, Yang Q, Wang X.Efficacy of herbal medicine (cinnamon/fennel/ginger) for primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Int Med Res. 2020 Jun;48(6):300060520936179. doi: 10.1177/0300060520936179Jahangirifar M, Taebi M, Dolatian M.The effect of Cinnamon on primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018 Nov;33:56-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.08.001Jaafarpour M, Hatefi M, Najafi F, Khajavikhan J, Khani A.The effect of cinnamon on menstrual bleeding and systemic symptoms with primary dysmenorrhea. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2015 Apr 22;17(4):e27032. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.17(4)2015.27032Masoumi SZ, Asl HR, Poorolajal J, Panah MH, Oliaei SR.Evaluation of mint efficacy regarding dysmenorrhea in comparison with mefenamic acid: A double blinded randomized crossover study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2016 Jul-Aug;21(4):363-7. doi: 10.4103/1735-9066.185574Chumpitazi BP, Kearns GL, Shulman RJ.Review article: the physiological effects and safety of peppermint oil and its efficacy in irritable bowel syndrome and other functional disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Mar;47(6):738-752. doi: 10.1111/apt.14519
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.Dysmenorrhea: painful periods.Daily JW, Zhang X, Kim DS, Park S.Efficacy of ginger for alleviating the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Pain Med. 2015;16(12):2243-55. doi:10.1111/pme.12853Rahnama P, Montazeri A, Huseini HF, Kianbakht S, Naseri M.Effect of Zingiber officinale R. rhizomes (ginger) on pain relief in primary dysmenorrhea: a placebo randomized trial.BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012;12:92. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-12-92Chen CX, Barrett B, Kwekkeboom KL.Efficacy of oral ginger (Zingiber officinale) for dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:6295737. doi:10.1155/2016/6295737Bokaie M, Farajkhoda T, Enjezab B, Khoshbin A, Karimi-Zarchi M, et al.Oral fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) drop effect on primary dysmenorrhea: effectiveness of herbal drug.Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2013;18(2):128-32.Lee HW, Ang L, Lee MS, Alimoradi Z, Kim E.Fennel for Reducing Pain in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2020 Nov 10;12(11):3438. doi: 10.3390/nu12113438Khalesi ZB, Beiranvand SP, Bokaie M.Efficacy of chamomile in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review.J Pharmacopuncture. 2019;22(4):204-9. doi:10.3831/KPI.2019.22.028Zhu X, Proctor M, Bensoussan A, Wu E, Smith CA.Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhoea.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(2):CD005288. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005288.pub3.Pan JC, Tsai YT, Lai JN, Fang RC, Yeh CH.The traditional Chinese medicine prescription pattern of patients with primary dysmenorrhea in Taiwan: a large-scale cross sectional survey.J Ethnopharmacol.2014;152(2):314-9. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.002Chen HY, Lin YH, Su IH, Chen YC, Yang SH, Chen JL.Investigation on Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhea: implication from a nationwide prescription database in Taiwan. Complement Ther Med. 2014 Feb;22(1):116-25. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2013.11.012Suzuki N, Uebaba K, Kohama T, Moniwa N, Kanayama N, Koike K.French maritime pine bark extract significantly lowers the requirement for analgesic medication in dysmenorrhea: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.J Reprod Med. 2008;53(5):338–46.Maia H Jr, Haddad C, Casoy J.The effect of Pycnogenol on patients with dysmenorrhea using low-dose oral contraceptives.Int J Womens Health. 2014;6:1019–22. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S75389Robertson NU, Schoonees A, Brand A, Visser J.Pine bark (Pinusspp.) extract for treating chronic disorders.Cochrane Database System Rev. 2020;9:CD008294. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008294.pub5Medline Plus.Maritime pine.Xu Y, Yang Q, Wang X.Efficacy of herbal medicine (cinnamon/fennel/ginger) for primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Int Med Res. 2020 Jun;48(6):300060520936179. doi: 10.1177/0300060520936179Jahangirifar M, Taebi M, Dolatian M.The effect of Cinnamon on primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018 Nov;33:56-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.08.001Jaafarpour M, Hatefi M, Najafi F, Khajavikhan J, Khani A.The effect of cinnamon on menstrual bleeding and systemic symptoms with primary dysmenorrhea. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2015 Apr 22;17(4):e27032. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.17(4)2015.27032Masoumi SZ, Asl HR, Poorolajal J, Panah MH, Oliaei SR.Evaluation of mint efficacy regarding dysmenorrhea in comparison with mefenamic acid: A double blinded randomized crossover study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2016 Jul-Aug;21(4):363-7. doi: 10.4103/1735-9066.185574Chumpitazi BP, Kearns GL, Shulman RJ.Review article: the physiological effects and safety of peppermint oil and its efficacy in irritable bowel syndrome and other functional disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Mar;47(6):738-752. doi: 10.1111/apt.14519
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.Dysmenorrhea: painful periods.
Daily JW, Zhang X, Kim DS, Park S.Efficacy of ginger for alleviating the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Pain Med. 2015;16(12):2243-55. doi:10.1111/pme.12853
Rahnama P, Montazeri A, Huseini HF, Kianbakht S, Naseri M.Effect of Zingiber officinale R. rhizomes (ginger) on pain relief in primary dysmenorrhea: a placebo randomized trial.BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012;12:92. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-12-92
Chen CX, Barrett B, Kwekkeboom KL.Efficacy of oral ginger (Zingiber officinale) for dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:6295737. doi:10.1155/2016/6295737
Bokaie M, Farajkhoda T, Enjezab B, Khoshbin A, Karimi-Zarchi M, et al.Oral fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) drop effect on primary dysmenorrhea: effectiveness of herbal drug.Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2013;18(2):128-32.
Lee HW, Ang L, Lee MS, Alimoradi Z, Kim E.Fennel for Reducing Pain in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2020 Nov 10;12(11):3438. doi: 10.3390/nu12113438
Khalesi ZB, Beiranvand SP, Bokaie M.Efficacy of chamomile in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review.J Pharmacopuncture. 2019;22(4):204-9. doi:10.3831/KPI.2019.22.028
Zhu X, Proctor M, Bensoussan A, Wu E, Smith CA.Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhoea.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(2):CD005288. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005288.pub3.
Pan JC, Tsai YT, Lai JN, Fang RC, Yeh CH.The traditional Chinese medicine prescription pattern of patients with primary dysmenorrhea in Taiwan: a large-scale cross sectional survey.J Ethnopharmacol.2014;152(2):314-9. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.002
Chen HY, Lin YH, Su IH, Chen YC, Yang SH, Chen JL.Investigation on Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhea: implication from a nationwide prescription database in Taiwan. Complement Ther Med. 2014 Feb;22(1):116-25. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2013.11.012
Suzuki N, Uebaba K, Kohama T, Moniwa N, Kanayama N, Koike K.French maritime pine bark extract significantly lowers the requirement for analgesic medication in dysmenorrhea: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.J Reprod Med. 2008;53(5):338–46.
Maia H Jr, Haddad C, Casoy J.The effect of Pycnogenol on patients with dysmenorrhea using low-dose oral contraceptives.Int J Womens Health. 2014;6:1019–22. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S75389
Robertson NU, Schoonees A, Brand A, Visser J.Pine bark (Pinusspp.) extract for treating chronic disorders.Cochrane Database System Rev. 2020;9:CD008294. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008294.pub5
Medline Plus.Maritime pine.
Xu Y, Yang Q, Wang X.Efficacy of herbal medicine (cinnamon/fennel/ginger) for primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Int Med Res. 2020 Jun;48(6):300060520936179. doi: 10.1177/0300060520936179
Jahangirifar M, Taebi M, Dolatian M.The effect of Cinnamon on primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018 Nov;33:56-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.08.001
Jaafarpour M, Hatefi M, Najafi F, Khajavikhan J, Khani A.The effect of cinnamon on menstrual bleeding and systemic symptoms with primary dysmenorrhea. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2015 Apr 22;17(4):e27032. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.17(4)2015.27032
Masoumi SZ, Asl HR, Poorolajal J, Panah MH, Oliaei SR.Evaluation of mint efficacy regarding dysmenorrhea in comparison with mefenamic acid: A double blinded randomized crossover study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2016 Jul-Aug;21(4):363-7. doi: 10.4103/1735-9066.185574
Chumpitazi BP, Kearns GL, Shulman RJ.Review article: the physiological effects and safety of peppermint oil and its efficacy in irritable bowel syndrome and other functional disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Mar;47(6):738-752. doi: 10.1111/apt.14519
Meet Our Medical Expert Board
Share Feedback
Was this page helpful?Thanks for your feedback!What is your feedback?OtherHelpfulReport an ErrorSubmit
Was this page helpful?
Thanks for your feedback!
What is your feedback?OtherHelpfulReport an ErrorSubmit
What is your feedback?
