Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat Are the Treatments?AntidepressantsAnti-Seizure DrugsBeta-BlockersBotoxCalcium Channel BlockersCGRP InhibitorsHow Long Does It Take to Work?Other Tips for Migraine Prevention
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What Are the Treatments?
Antidepressants
Anti-Seizure Drugs
Beta-Blockers
Botox
Calcium Channel Blockers
CGRP Inhibitors
How Long Does It Take to Work?
Other Tips for Migraine Prevention
There are various types of medications used to prevent migraine attacks in people living with migraine.
These range from general medications like antidepressants and anti-seizure drugs that have been used for many years to more specific treatments such ascalcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibitors, which were developed to target migraine.
Getty Images / NickyLloyd
What Are Migraine Preventive Treatments?
Medications that can be prescribed to helpprevent migrainesinclude:
Preventive medicines are taken regularly. Some medications are taken daily, while the newer, injectable medicines are taken every one to three months. Some goals of preventive therapy are:
Preventive vs. Acute Migraine TreatmentAcute migraine treatment, also called rescue medication, stops pain related to a migraine in progress.Preventive medications, on the other hand, aim to decrease both the number as well as severity of migraine attacks.
Preventive vs. Acute Migraine Treatment
Acute migraine treatment, also called rescue medication, stops pain related to a migraine in progress.Preventive medications, on the other hand, aim to decrease both the number as well as severity of migraine attacks.
Acute migraine treatment, also called rescue medication, stops pain related to a migraine in progress.
Preventive medications, on the other hand, aim to decrease both the number as well as severity of migraine attacks.
Do You Need Migraine Preventive Treatment?
Generally, you may need preventive migraine treatment if:
The following medications are ones that have been prescribed for migraine prevention.
Clinical guidelines from the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) note that the best antidepressants for migraine prevention includeamitriptylineandvenlafaxine, which are considered similarly effective. However, other antidepressants may be prescribed.
Amitriptyline
Tricyclic antidepressants like amitriptyline are associated with many side effects, including:
These side effects are especially problematic in older adults, who are more sensitive to these effects.
What Is Off-Label Use?Off-label use is when a healthcare provider prescribes an FDA-approved drug for an unapproved use to treat a certain medical condition.This can happen if the provider determines that the medication is medically appropriate for the user. You may be prescribed a medication for an off-label use if you have already tried other approved medications without seeing any benefits.
What Is Off-Label Use?
Off-label use is when a healthcare provider prescribes an FDA-approved drug for an unapproved use to treat a certain medical condition.This can happen if the provider determines that the medication is medically appropriate for the user. You may be prescribed a medication for an off-label use if you have already tried other approved medications without seeing any benefits.
Off-label use is when a healthcare provider prescribes an FDA-approved drug for an unapproved use to treat a certain medical condition.
This can happen if the provider determines that the medication is medically appropriate for the user. You may be prescribed a medication for an off-label use if you have already tried other approved medications without seeing any benefits.
Venlafaxine
Effexor XR is FDA-approved to treatdepressionandanxietydisorders.It is also prescribed off-label to prevent migraine.
Antidepressants for Migraine PreventionAmitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, and venlafaxine, an SNRI antidepressant, are used off-label to prevent migraine attacks. They are similar in effectiveness.Although both have potential side effects, amitriptyline is associated with many side effects that can be especially troublesome in older adults.
Antidepressants for Migraine Prevention
Amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, and venlafaxine, an SNRI antidepressant, are used off-label to prevent migraine attacks. They are similar in effectiveness.Although both have potential side effects, amitriptyline is associated with many side effects that can be especially troublesome in older adults.
Amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, and venlafaxine, an SNRI antidepressant, are used off-label to prevent migraine attacks. They are similar in effectiveness.
Although both have potential side effects, amitriptyline is associated with many side effects that can be especially troublesome in older adults.
Anti-seizure drugs (anticonvulsants), such asDepakote(divalproex sodium) orTopamax(topiramate), may be used to prevent migraine attacks. Studies show that both drugs are effective and well-tolerated.
Topamaxand Depakoteare both FDA-approved to prevent certain types of seizures, as well as prevent migraine. The way anti-seizure drugs work to prevent migraine is not completely understood, but they are thought to act on certain parts of the brain to decrease abnormal brain excitability and protect nerve cells.
Common side effects of these drugs include:
Clinical guidelines state that either of these drugs may be considered a first-line option for preventing migraine headaches. However, these drugs should not be used in pregnant individuals because they could cause harm to the fetus.
Anti-Seizure Drugs for Migraine Prevention
Anti-seizure drugs such as Depakote (divalproex sodium) or Topamax (topiramate) are considered a first choice of treatment in migraine prevention.
Beta-blockersare medications used to treathigh blood pressureand other heart-related conditions.
There are various beta-blockers available. However,propranolol, Lopressor (metoprolol), and timolol are the beta-blockers that are recommended as a first choice of therapy for migraine prevention due to their effectiveness, as shown in clinical trials.
The way beta-blockers work to prevent migraine is not completely understood, although many theories are suggested, such as affecting serotonin and excitability.
Common side effects of beta-blockers include:
Beta-Blockers for Migraine PreventionPropranolol, metoprolol, or timolol are considered effective first choices for migraine prevention.Common side effects include drowsiness, cold hands or feet, weakness, dizziness, and dry mouth, eyes, and skin.
Beta-Blockers for Migraine Prevention
Propranolol, metoprolol, or timolol are considered effective first choices for migraine prevention.Common side effects include drowsiness, cold hands or feet, weakness, dizziness, and dry mouth, eyes, and skin.
Propranolol, metoprolol, or timolol are considered effective first choices for migraine prevention.
Common side effects include drowsiness, cold hands or feet, weakness, dizziness, and dry mouth, eyes, and skin.
Botox(onabotulinumtoxinA) is a form of botulinum toxin, a neurotoxin (a poison) that affects the nervous system.
Botox is not considered effective in preventing episodic migraine, but may be effective in preventing chronic migraine.People with episodic migraine have up to 14 headache days per month, while people with chronic migraine have 15 or more headache days per month.
Common side effects of Botox include:
Botox for Migraine PreventionBotox is injected into 31 specific points around the head, face, neck, and shoulders. It may help people with 15 or more headache days per month.However, it is not considered effective in preventing episodic migraine (having fewer than 15 headache days per month).
Botox for Migraine Prevention
Botox is injected into 31 specific points around the head, face, neck, and shoulders. It may help people with 15 or more headache days per month.However, it is not considered effective in preventing episodic migraine (having fewer than 15 headache days per month).
Botox is injected into 31 specific points around the head, face, neck, and shoulders. It may help people with 15 or more headache days per month.
However, it is not considered effective in preventing episodic migraine (having fewer than 15 headache days per month).
Calcium channel blockersare medications used to treat high blood pressure, chest pain, and irregular heartbeat.
While past research evidence suggested calcium channel blockers—specificallyverapamil(brand name is Verelan) and nimodipine (brand is Nimotop)—were effective for migraine prevention, supporting data are weak and insufficient. One drug in this classification, Cardene (nicardipine), however, is still considered “possibly effective” for migraine prevention.
Some research concludes all calcium channel blockers have conflicting or inadequate evidence to support their use for migraine prevention.
Common side effects of nicardipine include:
Calcium Channel Blockers for Migraine PreventionCalcium channel blockers, such as verapamil or nicardipine, used to be more widely prescribed off-label for migraine prevention. However, they are no longer considered effective for migraine prevention and generally are not recommended for this use.
Calcium Channel Blockers for Migraine Prevention
Calcium channel blockers, such as verapamil or nicardipine, used to be more widely prescribed off-label for migraine prevention. However, they are no longer considered effective for migraine prevention and generally are not recommended for this use.
Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibitors are the newest class of drugs to be FDA-approved for migraine. They are the first class of drugs specifically developed as targeted therapy for migraine.
CGRP is a protein that is released during migraine attacks. CGRP inhibitors block this protein to help prevent (and sometimes also treat) migraine.
CGRP inhibitors for migraine prevention include:
Aimovig
Aimovig (erenumab-aooe) is an injectable medicine used to prevent migraine in adults. It is injected once a month under the skin of the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm. Common side effects are injection site reactions (such as pain and redness) and constipation.
Ajovy
Ajovy (fremanezumab-vfrm) is an injectable medicine used to prevent migraine in adults. It is injected once monthly under the skin of the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm.
Alternatively, a higher dose may be injected every three months. Injection site reactions are the most common side effect.
Emgality
Emgality(galcanezumab-gnlm) is an injectable medicine used to prevent migraine in adults. It can also be used to treat episodic cluster headaches.
For migraine prevention, the first dose is a onetime higher dose of 240 milligrams (mg). This is called a loading dose. Then, the regular dose of 120 mg is injected every month.
Emgality is injected under the skin of the abdomen, thigh, buttocks, or upper arm. Injection site reactions are the most common side effect.
Nurtec ODT
Nurtec ODT (rimegepant) is an orally disintegrating tablet that is placed on or under the tongue to dissolve. It is FDA-approved to prevent episodic migraine in adults.
For this use, it is taken every other day. It can also be taken as needed for acute migraine treatment. However, no more than 18 doses can be taken in 30 days. Common side effects include nausea, stomach pain, and indigestion.
Qulipta
Qulipta (atogepant) is an oral tablet taken once a day to prevent migraine in adults. Common side effects include nausea, constipation, and drowsiness/tiredness.
Vyepti
Common side effects include allergic reactions and symptoms of the common cold.
CGRP Inhibitors for Migraine PreventionCGRP inhibitors are the newest class of drugs for migraine. There are various medications, including injectable medications that are administered every one or three months, as well as oral medications that are taken either daily or every other day.
CGRP Inhibitors for Migraine Prevention
CGRP inhibitors are the newest class of drugs for migraine. There are various medications, including injectable medications that are administered every one or three months, as well as oral medications that are taken either daily or every other day.
Keeping track of your migraine attacks and staying in contact with your healthcare provider can help you narrow down which medication and dose work best for you. This may help you notice benefits faster than if you do not keep track.
Some other tips for migraine prevention include:
It is also helpful to keep track of migraine attacks in a journal or with a mobile app. Doing so can also help you identify and avoidtriggers. Some common triggers are:
Dietary triggers for some people include chocolate, soft cheeses, red wine, and certain food additives, such as monosodium glutamate (MSG).
Your healthcare provider can also give personalized medical advice on avoiding and managing triggers.
Summary
Although migraine attacks can be frustrating and interfere with your quality of life, there are various options available that can help reduce the frequency and severity of these attacks.
Combining medication with other methods, such as dietary supplements, therapy, and avoiding triggers, can help as well.
Consult your healthcare provider for more information and medical advice on migraine prevention.
32 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Antonaci F, Ghiotto N, Wu S, et al.Recent advances in migraine therapy.Springerplus. 2016;5:637. 2016. doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2211-8American Migraine Foundation.Are you a candidate for preventive migraine medications?Ha H, Gonzalez A.Migraine headache prophylaxis.American Family Physician. 2019;99(1):17-24.Couch JR, Hassanein RS.Amitriptyline in migraine prophylaxis.Arch Neurol. 1979;36(11):695-699. doi:10.1001/archneur.1979.00500470065013National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Amitriptyline label.Food and Drug Administration.Understanding unapproved use of approved drugs “off label”.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Venlafaxine label.Ozyalcin SN, Talu GK, Kiziltan E, et al.The efficacy and safety of venlafaxine in the prophylaxis of migraine.Headache. 2005;45(2):144-152. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05029.xNational Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Effexor XR label.Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, et al.Topiramate for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(6):CD010610. 2013. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010610Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, et al.Valproate (valproic acid or sodium valproate or a combination of the two) for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(6):CD010611. 2013. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010611National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Topiramate label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Depakote label.Shahien R, Beiruti K.Preventive agents for migraine: focus on the antiepileptic drugs.J Cent Nerv Syst Dis. 2012;4:37-49. 2012. doi:10.4137/JCNSD.S9049Sprenger T, Viana M, Tassorelli C.Current prophylactic medications for migraine and their potential mechanisms of action.Neurotherapeutics.2018;15(2):313-323. doi:10.1007/s13311-018-0621-8The Texas Heart Institute.Beta blockers.American Migraine Foundation.Frequently asked questions about onabotulimtoxinA (Botox) for migraine.American Migraine Foundation.Migraine prevention 101: what it is, when to use it and why.Katsarava Z, Buse DC, Manack AN, et al.Defining the differences between episodic migraine and chronic migraine.Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2012;16(1):86-92. doi:10.1007/s11916-011-0233-zNational Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Botox label.The Texas Heart Institute.Calcium channel blockers.Silberstein SD, Holland S, Freitag F, et al.Evidence-based guideline update: pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society [published correction appears in Neurology. 2013;80(9):871].Neurology. 2012;78(17):1337-1345. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d20MedlinePlus.Nicardipine.Mohanty D, Lippmann S.CGRP inhibitors for migraine.Innov Clin Neurosci. 2020;17(4-6):39-40.Russell FA, King R, Smillie SJ, et al.Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology.Physiol Rev. 2014;94(4):1099-1142. doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2013National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Aimovig label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Ajovy label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Emgality label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Nurtec ODT label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Qulipta label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Vyepti label.Silberstein SD.Preventive migraine treatment.Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015;21(4 Headache):973-989. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000199
32 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Antonaci F, Ghiotto N, Wu S, et al.Recent advances in migraine therapy.Springerplus. 2016;5:637. 2016. doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2211-8American Migraine Foundation.Are you a candidate for preventive migraine medications?Ha H, Gonzalez A.Migraine headache prophylaxis.American Family Physician. 2019;99(1):17-24.Couch JR, Hassanein RS.Amitriptyline in migraine prophylaxis.Arch Neurol. 1979;36(11):695-699. doi:10.1001/archneur.1979.00500470065013National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Amitriptyline label.Food and Drug Administration.Understanding unapproved use of approved drugs “off label”.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Venlafaxine label.Ozyalcin SN, Talu GK, Kiziltan E, et al.The efficacy and safety of venlafaxine in the prophylaxis of migraine.Headache. 2005;45(2):144-152. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05029.xNational Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Effexor XR label.Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, et al.Topiramate for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(6):CD010610. 2013. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010610Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, et al.Valproate (valproic acid or sodium valproate or a combination of the two) for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(6):CD010611. 2013. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010611National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Topiramate label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Depakote label.Shahien R, Beiruti K.Preventive agents for migraine: focus on the antiepileptic drugs.J Cent Nerv Syst Dis. 2012;4:37-49. 2012. doi:10.4137/JCNSD.S9049Sprenger T, Viana M, Tassorelli C.Current prophylactic medications for migraine and their potential mechanisms of action.Neurotherapeutics.2018;15(2):313-323. doi:10.1007/s13311-018-0621-8The Texas Heart Institute.Beta blockers.American Migraine Foundation.Frequently asked questions about onabotulimtoxinA (Botox) for migraine.American Migraine Foundation.Migraine prevention 101: what it is, when to use it and why.Katsarava Z, Buse DC, Manack AN, et al.Defining the differences between episodic migraine and chronic migraine.Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2012;16(1):86-92. doi:10.1007/s11916-011-0233-zNational Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Botox label.The Texas Heart Institute.Calcium channel blockers.Silberstein SD, Holland S, Freitag F, et al.Evidence-based guideline update: pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society [published correction appears in Neurology. 2013;80(9):871].Neurology. 2012;78(17):1337-1345. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d20MedlinePlus.Nicardipine.Mohanty D, Lippmann S.CGRP inhibitors for migraine.Innov Clin Neurosci. 2020;17(4-6):39-40.Russell FA, King R, Smillie SJ, et al.Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology.Physiol Rev. 2014;94(4):1099-1142. doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2013National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Aimovig label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Ajovy label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Emgality label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Nurtec ODT label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Qulipta label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Vyepti label.Silberstein SD.Preventive migraine treatment.Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015;21(4 Headache):973-989. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000199
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Antonaci F, Ghiotto N, Wu S, et al.Recent advances in migraine therapy.Springerplus. 2016;5:637. 2016. doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2211-8American Migraine Foundation.Are you a candidate for preventive migraine medications?Ha H, Gonzalez A.Migraine headache prophylaxis.American Family Physician. 2019;99(1):17-24.Couch JR, Hassanein RS.Amitriptyline in migraine prophylaxis.Arch Neurol. 1979;36(11):695-699. doi:10.1001/archneur.1979.00500470065013National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Amitriptyline label.Food and Drug Administration.Understanding unapproved use of approved drugs “off label”.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Venlafaxine label.Ozyalcin SN, Talu GK, Kiziltan E, et al.The efficacy and safety of venlafaxine in the prophylaxis of migraine.Headache. 2005;45(2):144-152. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05029.xNational Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Effexor XR label.Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, et al.Topiramate for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(6):CD010610. 2013. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010610Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, et al.Valproate (valproic acid or sodium valproate or a combination of the two) for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(6):CD010611. 2013. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010611National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Topiramate label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Depakote label.Shahien R, Beiruti K.Preventive agents for migraine: focus on the antiepileptic drugs.J Cent Nerv Syst Dis. 2012;4:37-49. 2012. doi:10.4137/JCNSD.S9049Sprenger T, Viana M, Tassorelli C.Current prophylactic medications for migraine and their potential mechanisms of action.Neurotherapeutics.2018;15(2):313-323. doi:10.1007/s13311-018-0621-8The Texas Heart Institute.Beta blockers.American Migraine Foundation.Frequently asked questions about onabotulimtoxinA (Botox) for migraine.American Migraine Foundation.Migraine prevention 101: what it is, when to use it and why.Katsarava Z, Buse DC, Manack AN, et al.Defining the differences between episodic migraine and chronic migraine.Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2012;16(1):86-92. doi:10.1007/s11916-011-0233-zNational Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Botox label.The Texas Heart Institute.Calcium channel blockers.Silberstein SD, Holland S, Freitag F, et al.Evidence-based guideline update: pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society [published correction appears in Neurology. 2013;80(9):871].Neurology. 2012;78(17):1337-1345. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d20MedlinePlus.Nicardipine.Mohanty D, Lippmann S.CGRP inhibitors for migraine.Innov Clin Neurosci. 2020;17(4-6):39-40.Russell FA, King R, Smillie SJ, et al.Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology.Physiol Rev. 2014;94(4):1099-1142. doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2013National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Aimovig label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Ajovy label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Emgality label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Nurtec ODT label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Qulipta label.National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Vyepti label.Silberstein SD.Preventive migraine treatment.Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015;21(4 Headache):973-989. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000199
Antonaci F, Ghiotto N, Wu S, et al.Recent advances in migraine therapy.Springerplus. 2016;5:637. 2016. doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2211-8
American Migraine Foundation.Are you a candidate for preventive migraine medications?
Ha H, Gonzalez A.Migraine headache prophylaxis.American Family Physician. 2019;99(1):17-24.
Couch JR, Hassanein RS.Amitriptyline in migraine prophylaxis.Arch Neurol. 1979;36(11):695-699. doi:10.1001/archneur.1979.00500470065013
National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Amitriptyline label.
Food and Drug Administration.Understanding unapproved use of approved drugs “off label”.
National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Venlafaxine label.
Ozyalcin SN, Talu GK, Kiziltan E, et al.The efficacy and safety of venlafaxine in the prophylaxis of migraine.Headache. 2005;45(2):144-152. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05029.x
National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Effexor XR label.
Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, et al.Topiramate for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(6):CD010610. 2013. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010610
Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, et al.Valproate (valproic acid or sodium valproate or a combination of the two) for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(6):CD010611. 2013. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010611
National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Topiramate label.
National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Depakote label.
Shahien R, Beiruti K.Preventive agents for migraine: focus on the antiepileptic drugs.J Cent Nerv Syst Dis. 2012;4:37-49. 2012. doi:10.4137/JCNSD.S9049
Sprenger T, Viana M, Tassorelli C.Current prophylactic medications for migraine and their potential mechanisms of action.Neurotherapeutics.2018;15(2):313-323. doi:10.1007/s13311-018-0621-8
The Texas Heart Institute.Beta blockers.
American Migraine Foundation.Frequently asked questions about onabotulimtoxinA (Botox) for migraine.
American Migraine Foundation.Migraine prevention 101: what it is, when to use it and why.
Katsarava Z, Buse DC, Manack AN, et al.Defining the differences between episodic migraine and chronic migraine.Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2012;16(1):86-92. doi:10.1007/s11916-011-0233-z
National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Botox label.
The Texas Heart Institute.Calcium channel blockers.
Silberstein SD, Holland S, Freitag F, et al.Evidence-based guideline update: pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society [published correction appears in Neurology. 2013;80(9):871].Neurology. 2012;78(17):1337-1345. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d20
MedlinePlus.Nicardipine.
Mohanty D, Lippmann S.CGRP inhibitors for migraine.Innov Clin Neurosci. 2020;17(4-6):39-40.
Russell FA, King R, Smillie SJ, et al.Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology.Physiol Rev. 2014;94(4):1099-1142. doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2013
National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Aimovig label.
National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Ajovy label.
National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Emgality label.
National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Nurtec ODT label.
National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Qulipta label.
National Institutes of Health. DailyMed.Vyepti label.
Silberstein SD.Preventive migraine treatment.Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015;21(4 Headache):973-989. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000199
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