Medications are the mainstay of treatment formultiple sclerosis (MS). Many of them are used to block the immune system’s attack on the nerves and slow or prevent progression and relapses (flare-ups) of the disease. Others are used to manage resulting symptoms like pain, depression, and muscle stiffness.
There are several types of medications that can be used to treat MS, including chemotherapy drugs, anti-inflammatories, immunosuppressive drugs, and steroids. In some cases, medications for MS are categorized based on how they are administered, what they do, and what symptoms they manage.
Read on to discover the various forms of medications for MS and how they help people with the disease.
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How Multiple Sclerosis Is Treated
Disease-Modifying Therapies (DMTs)
Several kinds of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) may change the course of MS. Depending on how effective the medications are for any given person, the length of treatment varies, but it can range from a few months to years.
How well a person tolerates a medication’s side effects and how well the medication manages their symptoms are factors that doctors use to determine whether or not a person will stay on a specific treatment or switch to a new type of medication.
A doctor will monitor to see if any new lesions develop and in which are areas of the brain the nerve cells have been stripped of myelin. If new lesions do develop, a doctor may switch to a new DMT.
Drugs that modify the course of the disease can be injected, taken orally, or infused through the bloodstream using a needle into a vein (intravenous).
Injections and Infusions
Interferon Beta Injectable Drugs
Interferon beta injectable drugs can include:
Injectable Medication MethodsEach type of injectable medication has its own method and results, but you will give yourself the injections. The administration schedules for these medications are:Interferon beta 1a (Rebif, Avonex): Injected into a muscle once per weekInterferon beta 1b (Extavia, Betaseron):Injected under the skin every other dayPeginterferon beta 1a (Plegridy):Injected under the skin once every two weeks
Injectable Medication Methods
Each type of injectable medication has its own method and results, but you will give yourself the injections. The administration schedules for these medications are:Interferon beta 1a (Rebif, Avonex): Injected into a muscle once per weekInterferon beta 1b (Extavia, Betaseron):Injected under the skin every other dayPeginterferon beta 1a (Plegridy):Injected under the skin once every two weeks
Each type of injectable medication has its own method and results, but you will give yourself the injections. The administration schedules for these medications are:
Interferon beta injectable drugs are considered to be safe for many people with MS. However, they do come with some side effects, including:
Natalizumab (Tysabri, Tyruko)
Natalizumab is a type of antibody, a specialized protein designed to identify foreign invaders in the body. This medication blocks a specific type of immune cell (T lymphocytes) from entering the brain and spinal cord.
This medication is typically used to treat active disease in people with secondary progressive or relapsing-remitting MS, but it is sometimes given to people with CIS.
Tysabri and Tyruko are twoFDA approved medications containing natalizumab, and Tyruko is abiosimilarto Tysabri. Natalizumab is infused every 28 days and includes aboxed warningdue to the increased risk of developingprogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).
Side effects of natalizumab can include:
Glatiramer Acetate (Glatopa, Copaxone)
You will inject this medication yourself either once every day or once three days per week. It’s important to follow your provider’s directions for taking this medication to make sure you are giving yourself the correct dose.
The most common side effects of glatiramer acetate are a rash or pain at the injection site.
Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada)
Alemtuzumabis not afirst-line therapy for MS. It is intended for people who have tried more than two other MS medications without relief from their symptoms or slowing of the progression of the disease.
Alemtuzumab is given as an infusion, similar to glatiramer acetate. However, the alemtuzumab infusion takes four hours.
The treatment regimen for alemtuzumab is:
The side effects of this drug can include:
Serious Side EffectsIn some cases, alemtuzumab can cause serious side effects, including:StrokeTears in arteries that supply the brain with bloodCancersLow blood countsLiver inflammationSerious infectionsInflammation of the gallbladderLung tissue swellingAutoimmunity
Serious Side Effects
In some cases, alemtuzumab can cause serious side effects, including:StrokeTears in arteries that supply the brain with bloodCancersLow blood countsLiver inflammationSerious infectionsInflammation of the gallbladderLung tissue swellingAutoimmunity
In some cases, alemtuzumab can cause serious side effects, including:
Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride
The most common side effects of mitoxantrone hydrochloride include:
Serious Side EffectsIn some cases, there are permanent and serious side effects associated with the use of mitoxantrone hydrochloride, including congestive heart failure,leukemia, and liver damage.
In some cases, there are permanent and serious side effects associated with the use of mitoxantrone hydrochloride, including congestive heart failure,leukemia, and liver damage.
Ofatumumab (Kesimpta)
Ofatumumab is the newest treatment for MS. It can be used to treat CIS, relapsing-remitting MS, and secondary progressive MS.
Some common side effects of ofatumumab include:
Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus)
According to research, ocrelizumab is the first medication that has been shown to significantly slow the disability progression in people with primary progressive MS.
The medication is given as an infusion. Two separate infusions will be given, with a two-week break between them, with regular infusions being given once every six months. Each infusion will take between three and four hours.
Side effects of ocrelizumab can include:
Adverse EffectsOcrelizumab hinders the function of the immune system, which means that it can make a person more susceptible to illnesses like theflu,sinus infections,bronchitis, and viral infections. Skin infections andherpesinfections have also been seen in people taking ocrelizumab.
Adverse Effects
Ocrelizumab hinders the function of the immune system, which means that it can make a person more susceptible to illnesses like theflu,sinus infections,bronchitis, and viral infections. Skin infections andherpesinfections have also been seen in people taking ocrelizumab.
Oral Medications
How Often Are Oral Medications Taken?Oral medications will be taken differently depending on the type, but typically, they are taken either once or twice per day.
How Often Are Oral Medications Taken?
Oral medications will be taken differently depending on the type, but typically, they are taken either once or twice per day.
Medications for MS Symptoms
Some MS medications are designed to treat or manage MS based on specific symptoms or other conditions that arise.
Bladder Symptoms
Medications that can treat bladder symptoms in MS include:
Emotional Changes
Some people with MS may experience abrupt emotional symptoms that might not be appropriate for the situation they are in—for example, laughing or crying uncontrollably. Dextromethorphan + quinidine (Nuedexta) is a combinational therapy that helps to treat these episodes.
MS and Emotional ChangesRoughly 10% of people with MS will experience uncontrollable bouts of laughter or crying that are not related to any true emotion (pseudobulbar affect). An even smaller number of people with MS experience an unrealistically happy and out-of-touch-with-reality feeling (euphoria).
MS and Emotional Changes
Roughly 10% of people with MS will experience uncontrollable bouts of laughter or crying that are not related to any true emotion (pseudobulbar affect). An even smaller number of people with MS experience an unrealistically happy and out-of-touch-with-reality feeling (euphoria).
Bowel Dysfunction
Roughly 39% to 73% of people with MS experience bowel dysfunction.One of the most common bowel symptoms that people with MS experience is constipation.
There are different types of medications that can be used to treat constipation, including laxatives, stool softeners, and bulking agents.
The bulking agent that is most often used to treat MS-driven constipation ispsylliumfiber (Metamucil).
Fatigue
Over 80% of people with MS experience fatigue.Medications designed to treat fatigue include:
Medications That May Help MS Fatigue
Pain and Dysesthesia
Up to 75% of people with MS experience some form of chronic pain or abnormal sensations (dysesthesia).To help treat these feelings, medications include:
Itching
Itching is a symptom that many people with MS experience. They also can have abnormal sensations such as pins and needles or burning, stabbing, or tearing pains.
The medication that is most often used to treat itching in people with MS is hydroxyzine (Vistaril), anantihistaminethat is typically used to prevent allergy symptoms.
Depression
Nearly 50% of people with MS develop depression.The most common antidepressant medications given to people with MS are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
Some examples of SSRIs that are used to treat depression in people with MS include:
Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are another type of medication that can effectively treat depression. They are also useful for conditions like anxiety disorders and long-term pain. So, SNRIs may be of help to those with chronic pain (particularly nerve pain) as well as depression. Drugs in this class includeduloxetine (Cymbalta)and venlafaxine (Effexor).
Some people also take medications from the aminoketone class of antidepressants.Bupropion (Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL)is the medication of this class that is most often used to treat depression in people with MS. Bupropion works similarly to SSRIs except that it blocks the nerves from absorbing too much of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine.
Sexual Dysfunction
Sexual dysfunction can affect anyone with MS and can includeerectile dysfunction, the inability to achieve orgasm, and low libido.
The medications used to treat sexual dysfunction in people with MS focus on erectile dysfunction and include:
Alternative TreatmentsTreatments for other types of sexual dysfunction in MS vary and can include antidepressants, an increase in the use of lubricant while engaging in sexual activity,cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT), couples counseling, and the use of sexual aids.
Alternative Treatments
Treatments for other types of sexual dysfunction in MS vary and can include antidepressants, an increase in the use of lubricant while engaging in sexual activity,cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT), couples counseling, and the use of sexual aids.
Tremors
Although tremors do not occur in everyone with MS, as many as 58% of people with the disease will experience the symptom at some point.
Tremors can present in different ways, such as a shaky voice, shaking that affects the arms and hands, and difficulty holding tools or utensils.
Some medications that can be used to treat tremors in people with MS include:
Spasticity and Muscle Stiffness
The same medications that are used to treat tremors in MS can also be used to managemuscle stiffness and spasticity, including:
Vertigo and Dizziness
According to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society,vertigoand dizziness are common symptoms of MS.It can lead to people feeling off-balance or lightheaded, and may even increase the risk of people falling.
To treat vertigo and dizziness in people with MS, the medication meclizine (Antivert) is used. It is used to address dizziness, nausea, and vertigo in a variety of conditions.
Difficulty Walking and Gait Changes
Summary
It can be challenging to cope with the various symptoms of MS, especially if they change as the disease progresses. However, there are a variety of different treatment options that can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease, which will lead to a higher quality of life.
A Word From Verywell
The list of medications can be daunting, but know that having MS does not mean you will need to take every medication or undergo every treatment used for the condition. You may even change treatments from time to time throughout the course of the disease if your doctor thinks it will help you manage your symptoms more effectively or help slow the progression of the disease.
Frequently Asked QuestionsThe most common medications used to treat MS are disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). These medications slow the progression of the disease, which can help make symptoms less frequent and less severe. The therapies that are designed to treat specific symptoms of MS are supplemental treatment options.Taking medication for MS is a personal decision. Some people with the disease decide not to take medication. Each person’s circumstances, the severity of their symptoms, and how fast their MS is progressing will be factors in their treatment.The newest form of treatment for MS is a disease-modifying therapy known as ofatumumab. It is designed to reduce the number of harmful immune cells in the body, which limits the damage the disease does.Learn MoreThe Latest on New MS DrugsThe first-line treatment used for people with MS is injectable immunomodulators. They are classified as disease-modifying therapies and help limit the damage the disease causes to the nerve cells. This can help slow the progression of the disease. Newer oral medications are also being used as a first-line treatment in some people with MS.
Frequently Asked Questions
The most common medications used to treat MS are disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). These medications slow the progression of the disease, which can help make symptoms less frequent and less severe. The therapies that are designed to treat specific symptoms of MS are supplemental treatment options.
Taking medication for MS is a personal decision. Some people with the disease decide not to take medication. Each person’s circumstances, the severity of their symptoms, and how fast their MS is progressing will be factors in their treatment.
The newest form of treatment for MS is a disease-modifying therapy known as ofatumumab. It is designed to reduce the number of harmful immune cells in the body, which limits the damage the disease does.Learn MoreThe Latest on New MS Drugs
The newest form of treatment for MS is a disease-modifying therapy known as ofatumumab. It is designed to reduce the number of harmful immune cells in the body, which limits the damage the disease does.
Learn MoreThe Latest on New MS Drugs
The first-line treatment used for people with MS is injectable immunomodulators. They are classified as disease-modifying therapies and help limit the damage the disease causes to the nerve cells. This can help slow the progression of the disease. Newer oral medications are also being used as a first-line treatment in some people with MS.
21 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Gajofatto A, Benedetti MD.Treatment strategies for multiple sclerosis: When to start, when to change, when to stop?.World J Clin Cases.2015 Jul 16;3(7):545-555. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i7.545Filipi M, Jack S.Interferons in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Clinical Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability Update.Int J MS Care.2020 Jul-Aug;22(4):165-172. doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2018-063Brandstadter R, Katz Sand I.The use of natalizumab for multiple sclerosis.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017 Jun 28;13:1691-1702. doi:10.2147/NDT.S114636Scott LJ.Glatiramer acetate: a review of its use in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and in delaying the onset of clinically definite multiple sclerosis.CNS Drugs.2013 Nov;27(11):971-988. doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0117-3Coles AJ.Alemtuzumab therapy for multiple sclerosis.Neurotherapeutics.2013 Jan;10(1):29-33. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0159-0Lemtrada.Lemtrada Safety and Side Effects.Multiple Sclerosis Trust.Mitoxantrone (Novantrone).Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Cohen JA, Comi G, Correale J, Coyle PK, Cross AH, de Seze J, Leppert D, Montalban X, Selmaj K, Wiendl H, Kerloeguen C, Willi R, Li B, Kakarieka A, Tomic D, Goodyear A, Pingili R, Häring DA, Ramanathan K, Merschhemke M, Kappos L; ASCLEPIOS I and ASCLEPIOS II Trial Groups.Ofatumumab versus Teriflunomide in Multiple Sclerosis.N Engl J Med.2020 Aug 6;383(6):546-557. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1917246Multiple Sclerosis Trust.Kesimpta (ofatumumab).Juanatey A, Blanco-Garcia L, Tellez N.Ocrelizumab: its efficacy and safety in multiple sclerosis.Rev Neurol.2018 Jun 16;66(12):423-433. doi:10.33588/rn.6612.2018132Multiple Sclerosis Trust.Ocrevus (ocrelizumab).National Multiple Sclerosis Foundation.Medications.National Multiple Sclerosis Foundation.Bladder Problems.Preziosi G, Gordon-Dixon A, Emmanuel A.Neurogenic bowel dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis: prevalence, impact, and management strategies.Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis. 2018 Dec 6;8:79-90. doi:10.2147/DNND.S138835Broch L, Simonsen CS, Flemmen HØ, et al.High prevalence of fatigue in contemporary patients with multiple sclerosis.Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin.2021 Mar 18;7(1):2055217321999826. doi:10.1177/2055217321999826Solaro C, Trabucco E, Messmer Uccelli M.Pain and multiple sclerosis: pathophysiology and treatment.Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep.2013 Jan;13(1):320. doi:10.1007/s11910-012-0320-5Jones KH, Ford DV, Jones PA, et al.A large-scale study of anxiety and depression in people with Multiple Sclerosis: a survey via the web portal of the UK MS Register.PLoS One.2012;7(7):e41910. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041910Makhoul K, Ahdab R, Riachi N, et al.Tremor in Multiple Sclerosis-An Overview and Future Perspectives.Brain Sci. 2020 Oct 12;10(10):722. doi:10.3390/brainsci10100722National Multiple Sclerosis Society.Vertigo and Dizziness.National Multiple Sclerosis Society.Medications: Ampyra.Biotti D, Ciron J.First-line therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.Rev Neurol (Paris).2018 Jun;174(6):419-428. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2018.03.012
21 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Gajofatto A, Benedetti MD.Treatment strategies for multiple sclerosis: When to start, when to change, when to stop?.World J Clin Cases.2015 Jul 16;3(7):545-555. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i7.545Filipi M, Jack S.Interferons in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Clinical Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability Update.Int J MS Care.2020 Jul-Aug;22(4):165-172. doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2018-063Brandstadter R, Katz Sand I.The use of natalizumab for multiple sclerosis.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017 Jun 28;13:1691-1702. doi:10.2147/NDT.S114636Scott LJ.Glatiramer acetate: a review of its use in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and in delaying the onset of clinically definite multiple sclerosis.CNS Drugs.2013 Nov;27(11):971-988. doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0117-3Coles AJ.Alemtuzumab therapy for multiple sclerosis.Neurotherapeutics.2013 Jan;10(1):29-33. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0159-0Lemtrada.Lemtrada Safety and Side Effects.Multiple Sclerosis Trust.Mitoxantrone (Novantrone).Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Cohen JA, Comi G, Correale J, Coyle PK, Cross AH, de Seze J, Leppert D, Montalban X, Selmaj K, Wiendl H, Kerloeguen C, Willi R, Li B, Kakarieka A, Tomic D, Goodyear A, Pingili R, Häring DA, Ramanathan K, Merschhemke M, Kappos L; ASCLEPIOS I and ASCLEPIOS II Trial Groups.Ofatumumab versus Teriflunomide in Multiple Sclerosis.N Engl J Med.2020 Aug 6;383(6):546-557. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1917246Multiple Sclerosis Trust.Kesimpta (ofatumumab).Juanatey A, Blanco-Garcia L, Tellez N.Ocrelizumab: its efficacy and safety in multiple sclerosis.Rev Neurol.2018 Jun 16;66(12):423-433. doi:10.33588/rn.6612.2018132Multiple Sclerosis Trust.Ocrevus (ocrelizumab).National Multiple Sclerosis Foundation.Medications.National Multiple Sclerosis Foundation.Bladder Problems.Preziosi G, Gordon-Dixon A, Emmanuel A.Neurogenic bowel dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis: prevalence, impact, and management strategies.Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis. 2018 Dec 6;8:79-90. doi:10.2147/DNND.S138835Broch L, Simonsen CS, Flemmen HØ, et al.High prevalence of fatigue in contemporary patients with multiple sclerosis.Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin.2021 Mar 18;7(1):2055217321999826. doi:10.1177/2055217321999826Solaro C, Trabucco E, Messmer Uccelli M.Pain and multiple sclerosis: pathophysiology and treatment.Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep.2013 Jan;13(1):320. doi:10.1007/s11910-012-0320-5Jones KH, Ford DV, Jones PA, et al.A large-scale study of anxiety and depression in people with Multiple Sclerosis: a survey via the web portal of the UK MS Register.PLoS One.2012;7(7):e41910. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041910Makhoul K, Ahdab R, Riachi N, et al.Tremor in Multiple Sclerosis-An Overview and Future Perspectives.Brain Sci. 2020 Oct 12;10(10):722. doi:10.3390/brainsci10100722National Multiple Sclerosis Society.Vertigo and Dizziness.National Multiple Sclerosis Society.Medications: Ampyra.Biotti D, Ciron J.First-line therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.Rev Neurol (Paris).2018 Jun;174(6):419-428. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2018.03.012
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Gajofatto A, Benedetti MD.Treatment strategies for multiple sclerosis: When to start, when to change, when to stop?.World J Clin Cases.2015 Jul 16;3(7):545-555. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i7.545Filipi M, Jack S.Interferons in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Clinical Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability Update.Int J MS Care.2020 Jul-Aug;22(4):165-172. doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2018-063Brandstadter R, Katz Sand I.The use of natalizumab for multiple sclerosis.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017 Jun 28;13:1691-1702. doi:10.2147/NDT.S114636Scott LJ.Glatiramer acetate: a review of its use in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and in delaying the onset of clinically definite multiple sclerosis.CNS Drugs.2013 Nov;27(11):971-988. doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0117-3Coles AJ.Alemtuzumab therapy for multiple sclerosis.Neurotherapeutics.2013 Jan;10(1):29-33. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0159-0Lemtrada.Lemtrada Safety and Side Effects.Multiple Sclerosis Trust.Mitoxantrone (Novantrone).Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Cohen JA, Comi G, Correale J, Coyle PK, Cross AH, de Seze J, Leppert D, Montalban X, Selmaj K, Wiendl H, Kerloeguen C, Willi R, Li B, Kakarieka A, Tomic D, Goodyear A, Pingili R, Häring DA, Ramanathan K, Merschhemke M, Kappos L; ASCLEPIOS I and ASCLEPIOS II Trial Groups.Ofatumumab versus Teriflunomide in Multiple Sclerosis.N Engl J Med.2020 Aug 6;383(6):546-557. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1917246Multiple Sclerosis Trust.Kesimpta (ofatumumab).Juanatey A, Blanco-Garcia L, Tellez N.Ocrelizumab: its efficacy and safety in multiple sclerosis.Rev Neurol.2018 Jun 16;66(12):423-433. doi:10.33588/rn.6612.2018132Multiple Sclerosis Trust.Ocrevus (ocrelizumab).National Multiple Sclerosis Foundation.Medications.National Multiple Sclerosis Foundation.Bladder Problems.Preziosi G, Gordon-Dixon A, Emmanuel A.Neurogenic bowel dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis: prevalence, impact, and management strategies.Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis. 2018 Dec 6;8:79-90. doi:10.2147/DNND.S138835Broch L, Simonsen CS, Flemmen HØ, et al.High prevalence of fatigue in contemporary patients with multiple sclerosis.Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin.2021 Mar 18;7(1):2055217321999826. doi:10.1177/2055217321999826Solaro C, Trabucco E, Messmer Uccelli M.Pain and multiple sclerosis: pathophysiology and treatment.Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep.2013 Jan;13(1):320. doi:10.1007/s11910-012-0320-5Jones KH, Ford DV, Jones PA, et al.A large-scale study of anxiety and depression in people with Multiple Sclerosis: a survey via the web portal of the UK MS Register.PLoS One.2012;7(7):e41910. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041910Makhoul K, Ahdab R, Riachi N, et al.Tremor in Multiple Sclerosis-An Overview and Future Perspectives.Brain Sci. 2020 Oct 12;10(10):722. doi:10.3390/brainsci10100722National Multiple Sclerosis Society.Vertigo and Dizziness.National Multiple Sclerosis Society.Medications: Ampyra.Biotti D, Ciron J.First-line therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.Rev Neurol (Paris).2018 Jun;174(6):419-428. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2018.03.012
Gajofatto A, Benedetti MD.Treatment strategies for multiple sclerosis: When to start, when to change, when to stop?.World J Clin Cases.2015 Jul 16;3(7):545-555. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i7.545
Filipi M, Jack S.Interferons in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Clinical Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability Update.Int J MS Care.2020 Jul-Aug;22(4):165-172. doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2018-063
Brandstadter R, Katz Sand I.The use of natalizumab for multiple sclerosis.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017 Jun 28;13:1691-1702. doi:10.2147/NDT.S114636
Scott LJ.Glatiramer acetate: a review of its use in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and in delaying the onset of clinically definite multiple sclerosis.CNS Drugs.2013 Nov;27(11):971-988. doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0117-3
Coles AJ.Alemtuzumab therapy for multiple sclerosis.Neurotherapeutics.2013 Jan;10(1):29-33. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0159-0
Lemtrada.Lemtrada Safety and Side Effects.
Multiple Sclerosis Trust.Mitoxantrone (Novantrone).
Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Cohen JA, Comi G, Correale J, Coyle PK, Cross AH, de Seze J, Leppert D, Montalban X, Selmaj K, Wiendl H, Kerloeguen C, Willi R, Li B, Kakarieka A, Tomic D, Goodyear A, Pingili R, Häring DA, Ramanathan K, Merschhemke M, Kappos L; ASCLEPIOS I and ASCLEPIOS II Trial Groups.Ofatumumab versus Teriflunomide in Multiple Sclerosis.N Engl J Med.2020 Aug 6;383(6):546-557. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1917246
Multiple Sclerosis Trust.Kesimpta (ofatumumab).
Juanatey A, Blanco-Garcia L, Tellez N.Ocrelizumab: its efficacy and safety in multiple sclerosis.Rev Neurol.2018 Jun 16;66(12):423-433. doi:10.33588/rn.6612.2018132
Multiple Sclerosis Trust.Ocrevus (ocrelizumab).
National Multiple Sclerosis Foundation.Medications.
National Multiple Sclerosis Foundation.Bladder Problems.
Preziosi G, Gordon-Dixon A, Emmanuel A.Neurogenic bowel dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis: prevalence, impact, and management strategies.Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis. 2018 Dec 6;8:79-90. doi:10.2147/DNND.S138835
Broch L, Simonsen CS, Flemmen HØ, et al.High prevalence of fatigue in contemporary patients with multiple sclerosis.Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin.2021 Mar 18;7(1):2055217321999826. doi:10.1177/2055217321999826
Solaro C, Trabucco E, Messmer Uccelli M.Pain and multiple sclerosis: pathophysiology and treatment.Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep.2013 Jan;13(1):320. doi:10.1007/s11910-012-0320-5
Jones KH, Ford DV, Jones PA, et al.A large-scale study of anxiety and depression in people with Multiple Sclerosis: a survey via the web portal of the UK MS Register.PLoS One.2012;7(7):e41910. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041910
Makhoul K, Ahdab R, Riachi N, et al.Tremor in Multiple Sclerosis-An Overview and Future Perspectives.Brain Sci. 2020 Oct 12;10(10):722. doi:10.3390/brainsci10100722
National Multiple Sclerosis Society.Vertigo and Dizziness.
National Multiple Sclerosis Society.Medications: Ampyra.
Biotti D, Ciron J.First-line therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.Rev Neurol (Paris).2018 Jun;174(6):419-428. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2018.03.012
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