Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsConnectionRisksTreatmentFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
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Table of Contents
Connection
Risks
Treatment
Frequently Asked Questions
People with oneautoimmune diseaseare likely to develop another autoimmune condition, including those withankylosing spondylitis (AS)andpsoriasis.
Autoimmune diseases occur when theimmune systemmalfunctions and attacks healthy tissues. With AS, the malfunctioning immune system attacks the spine, and with psoriasis, these attacks focus on skin cells.
Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of autoimmune spondyloarthritis affecting the spine and leading tovertebraefusing. The earliest signs of AS are pain and stiffness in the low back and hips.
AS needs aggressive and ongoing treatment to prevent complications like joint and spinal damage,osteoporosis(progressive bone thinning), spinal fractures,heart disease, eye inflammation, andcauda equina syndrome(the compression of the spinal nerve roots, which can lead to incontinence or paralysis).
Charday Penn / Getty Images
Psoriasis is anautoimmune skin conditionthat causes scaly, red, and silvery skin patches calledplaques. Psoriasis can be a distressing and complicated condition that affects more than just the skin. It causes a painful rash throughout the body and systemic symptoms like fever and fatigue during flare-ups.
If theinflammationgoes uncontrolled, psoriasis can lead to more serious problems, including other autoimmune diseases, diabetes, heart disease, andmental health conditionslike depression and anxiety.
Psoriasis is also linked topsoriatic arthritis (PsA). PsA is a type of spondyloarthritis because it can cause inflammation of the spine and sacroiliac joints in the pelvis. About 40% of people with psoriasis will develop PsA within five to 10 years of the onset of psoriasis.
This article discusses the relationship between ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis. It will also cover how to treat and manage the conditions together.
Connection Between Ankylosing Spondylitis and Psoriasis
Spondyloarthritis (SpA)is an umbrella term for inflammatory conditions of the spine. SpA includes autoimmune arthritis conditions likeaxial spondyloarthritis (ax-SpA), PsA,reactive arthritis, and spondyloarthritis associated withinflammatory bowel disease. Ax-SpA has two subtypes: AS andnon-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA, a precursor to AS).
PsA is a subtype SpA of skeletal involvement and psoriasis. PsA with spine involvement is sometimes called axial PsA orpsoriatic spondylitis. Psoriasis can also appear with other SpA types, including AS, often before a SpA diagnosis.
Psoriasis affects about 10% of people with AS.The overlapping nature of AS, PsA, and psoriasis can confuse healthcare providers. This has led researchers to work toward a better understanding of whether people diagnosed with AS and psoriasis had PsA spine involvement instead of AS.
Reproduced with permission from © DermNet New Zealandwww.dermnetnz.org2023.
Researchers at the University of Toronto compared people with AS and psoriasis to those with axial PsA and psoriasis.The study consisted of three groups—one group with both AS and psoriasis, one group with axial PsA, and a third group with AS only.
Here, researchers came to three conclusions:
Ankylosing Spondylitis and Psoriasis Risks
Psoriasis and AS share some risk factors, which might explain why these two conditions sometimes coexist. However, that risk points to environmental risk factors, such as smoking or infections, and not necessarily genetic risk factors because of the link between each disease and a genetic mutation.
AS is common in people with theHLA-B27 genetic marker. HLA-B27 positivity in people with AS is 85%.
HLA-Cw6is the most substantial genetic risk factor for psoriasis.It is also linked to disease course, symptoms, severity, coexisting conditions, and treatment outcomes.
Some risk factors for AS might overlap with psoriasis risk factors.AS risk factors include:
Psoriasis risk factors include:
According to the National Psoriasis Foundation, psoriasis is more frequently diagnosed in White Americans. It can also affect Black and Hispanic Americans, but it is diagnosed more than 50% less in these two groups.This may be due to underdiagnosis rather than true prevalence.
Having both AS and psoriasis might lead to worsening symptoms of both conditions, but it is unknown whether either disease increases the risk for the other.
For example, a 2022 study published inRMD Openfound psoriasis was frequent in early ax-SpA but did not note whether having psoriasis increased AS risk.Researchers did find that people with ax-SpA conditions with psoriasis had more swollen joints over time and were using more biologic drug therapies. However, they did not have worse ax-SpA disease severity and activity.
Treatment and Management of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Psoriasis
There are no cures for AS or psoriasis, but both conditions are manageable and treatable. Treatment for AS and psoriasis can sometimes overlap, and some treatments that manage AS can also relieve psoriasis symptoms.
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Exercise and Physical Therapy
Keeping active can help improve your posture and range of movement in your spine. It might also help prevent spine pain and stiffening. A physical therapist can advise you on the most effective exercises for managing AS and create an exercise program that meets your unique situation.
Medicine
Medication for psoriasis can manage symptoms and pain and prevent worsening symptoms and disease complications.
Surgery
Most people with AS will never need surgery, but surgery might be an option for people who experience spinal deformities or joint problems. The surgery your healthcare provider will recommend will depend on the affected joints or spine areas, symptoms, and overall health.
An Overview of Ankylosing Spondylitis Surgery
Psoriasis
The goal of psoriasis treatment is to stop skin cells from growing too quickly and manage skin symptoms. Your options includetopical therapies,light therapy,andoral and injected medicines.
What treatments your healthcare provider recommends and prescribes will depend on the severity of psoriasis and how responsive other therapies have been. You might need to try different therapies or a combination before you find something that works.
Topical Therapies
Different topical therapies can help reduce skin rash and skin cell growth, manage itch and skin pain, and remove scales.
Additional topical medicines for treating psoriasis include:
Psoriasis and Inflammation
Light Therapy
Light therapy is considered a first-line treatment for moderate to severe psoriasis alone or with other therapies.Light therapy involves exposing psoriasis-affected skin to controlled amounts of natural or artificial light. You will need multiple treatments to see results.
Your options for light therapy include:
Oral and Injected Medicines
For people with moderate to severe psoriasis, your healthcare provider can prescribe oral or injected medicines when other treatments have not worked. Some of these might be given for short periods until symptoms improve, while others are given long term. They include;
Management of Both Diseases
If you have AS with psoriasis, you will need to manage and treat these diseases simultaneously and effectively because both result from an overactive immune system. If one disease is active, chances are so is the other.
AS can be an aggressive condition. Left untreated, it can lead to severe complications, including spine fusion. Both psoriasisand AS can increase your risk for other severe health conditions, including heart disease.
Be sure to keep all appointments with your doctor and reach out for any changes in symptoms or if AS and psoriasis treatments are not helping.
Summary
Ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis are autoimmune diseases in which the immune system malfunctions and attacks healthy tissues. With AS, the attacks focus on the spine, and with psoriasis, the attacks are on the skin. Though it is rare, AS and psoriasis can coexist, and research shows psoriasis often comes before AS.
Both AS and psoriasis have genetic causes but result from different gene mutations. Both run in families, which means if you have close relatives with either condition, your risk for that disease is higher. Other risk factors for AS and psoriasis are infections, stress, smoking, and alcohol consumption.
Treatments for AS and psoriasis might overlap as well. Medicines that treat both conditions are biologic drug therapies, DMARDs, and corticosteroids.
If you have psoriasis and start to experience signs of AS, including low back and hip pain, you should immediately inform your healthcare provider because AS will get worse over time. You should also report a skin rash or other skin symptoms if you have AS.
A Word From Verywell
It is not unusual for people with one autoimmune disease to develop additional autoimmune conditions years later. Though experts do not know what causes the immune system to attack itself, they do know that autoimmune disorders can affect many tissues and organs throughout the body.
If you have an autoimmune disease, like ankylosing spondylitis or psoriasis, you should watch out for additional symptoms that are inconsistent with your condition. Symptoms such as inflammation in any body area, especially the joints, fever, nerve pain, or balance issues should be reported. Your healthcare provider can run tests and determine the cause.
Frequently Asked QuestionsBoth ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis can be painful and aggressive conditions. AS can lead to severe bone, spine, and joint pain and damage. Psoriasis is known for causing skin pain, itching, burning, and bleeding, as well as significant emotional distress.Both are associated with serious complications like heart disease. To better manage both diseases, it is vital to keep up with healthcare provider visits and treatments.Learn MoreSymptoms of Ankylosing SpondylitisAnkylosing spondylitis with psoriasis is rare, affecting only 10% of people with AS. Even so, be sure to report any skin rash symptoms you might experience if you have AS, as well as any low back and hip pain and stiffness you experience with psoriasis.Learn MoreThe Different Types of PsoriasisSpine involvement in psoriatic arthritis means there is an inflammation of the spine and the sacroiliac joints that link the pelvis to the lower spine. This type of PsA is called psoriatic spondylitis.Learn MorePsoriatic Spondylitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment
Both ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis can be painful and aggressive conditions. AS can lead to severe bone, spine, and joint pain and damage. Psoriasis is known for causing skin pain, itching, burning, and bleeding, as well as significant emotional distress.Both are associated with serious complications like heart disease. To better manage both diseases, it is vital to keep up with healthcare provider visits and treatments.Learn MoreSymptoms of Ankylosing Spondylitis
Both ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis can be painful and aggressive conditions. AS can lead to severe bone, spine, and joint pain and damage. Psoriasis is known for causing skin pain, itching, burning, and bleeding, as well as significant emotional distress.Both are associated with serious complications like heart disease. To better manage both diseases, it is vital to keep up with healthcare provider visits and treatments.
Both ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis can be painful and aggressive conditions. AS can lead to severe bone, spine, and joint pain and damage. Psoriasis is known for causing skin pain, itching, burning, and bleeding, as well as significant emotional distress.
Both are associated with serious complications like heart disease. To better manage both diseases, it is vital to keep up with healthcare provider visits and treatments.
Learn MoreSymptoms of Ankylosing Spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis with psoriasis is rare, affecting only 10% of people with AS. Even so, be sure to report any skin rash symptoms you might experience if you have AS, as well as any low back and hip pain and stiffness you experience with psoriasis.Learn MoreThe Different Types of Psoriasis
Ankylosing spondylitis with psoriasis is rare, affecting only 10% of people with AS. Even so, be sure to report any skin rash symptoms you might experience if you have AS, as well as any low back and hip pain and stiffness you experience with psoriasis.
Learn MoreThe Different Types of Psoriasis
Spine involvement in psoriatic arthritis means there is an inflammation of the spine and the sacroiliac joints that link the pelvis to the lower spine. This type of PsA is called psoriatic spondylitis.Learn MorePsoriatic Spondylitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment
Spine involvement in psoriatic arthritis means there is an inflammation of the spine and the sacroiliac joints that link the pelvis to the lower spine. This type of PsA is called psoriatic spondylitis.
Learn MorePsoriatic Spondylitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment
19 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Mease PJ, Armstrong AW.Managing patients with psoriatic disease: the diagnosis and pharmacologic treatment of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis.Drugs. 2014;74(4):423-441. doi:10.1007/s40265-014-0191-yAbdelaziz MM, Ismail N, Gamal AM, Lafy R, El-Adly W.Comparative analysis between ankylosing spondylitis and axial psoriatic arthritis patients.The Egyptian Rheumatologist. 2022;44(1):25-29. doi:10.1016/j.ejr.2021.07.006Feld J, Ye JY, Chandran V, et al.Is axial psoriatic arthritis distinct from ankylosing spondylitis with and without concomitant psoriasis?Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(6):1340-1346. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kez457Paladini F, Fiorillo MT, Tedeschi V, et al.Ankylosing spondylitis: a trade off of HLA-B27, ERAP, and pathogen interconnections? Focus on Sardinia.Front Immunol. 2019;10:35. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00035Lucasson F, Richette P, Aouad K, et al.Prevalence and consequences of psoriasis in recent axial spondyloarthritis: an analysis of the DESIR cohort over 6 years.RMD Open. 2022;8(1):e001986. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001986Hwang MC, Ridley L, Reveille JD.Ankylosing spondylitis risk factors: a systematic literature review.Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40(8):3079-3093. doi:10.1007/s10067-021-05679-7Rusman T, van Vollenhoven RF, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE.Gender differences in axial spondyloarthritis: Women are not so lucky.Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2018;20(6):35. Published 2018 May 12. doi:10.1007/s11926-018-0744-2Farouk HM, Abdel-Rahman MA, Hassan RM.Relationship between smoking, clinical, inflammatory, and radiographic parameters in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.Egypt Rheumatol Rehabil.2021;48(1). doi:10.1186/s43166-021-00076-zKamiya K, Kishimoto M, Sugai J, Komine M, Ohtsuki M.Risk factors for the development of psoriasis.Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(18):4347. doi:10.3390/ijms20184347National Psoriasis Foundation.Psoriasis statistics.National Psoriasis Foundation.Psoriasis and skin of color.Lucasson F, Richette P, Aouad K, et al.Prevalence and consequences of psoriasis in recent axial spondyloarthritis: an analysis ofthe DESIR cohort over 6 years.RMD Open. 2022;8(1):e001986. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001986Chen C, Zhang X, Xiao L, Zhang X, Ma X.Comparative effectiveness of biologic therapy regimens for ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and a network meta-analysis.Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(11):e3060. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003060Food and Drug Administration.Rinvoq label.Zhang P, Wu MX.A clinical review of phototherapy for psoriasis.Lasers Med Sci. 2018;33(1):173-180. doi:10.1007/s10103-017-2360-1American Academy of Dermatology.Psoriasis treatment: biologics.Strober BE.Methotrexate and cyclosporine in psoriasis revisited.Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2014;33(2 Suppl 2):S27-S30. doi:10.12788/j.sder.0066Hu SC, Lan CE.Psoriasis and cardiovascular comorbidities: focusing on severe vascular events, cardiovascular risk factors and implications for treatment.Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(10):2211. doi:10.3390/ijms18102211Bengtsson K, Forsblad-d’Elia H, Lie E, et al.Are ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and undifferentiated spondyloarthritis associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events? A prospective nationwide population-based cohort study.Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19(1):102. doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1315-z
19 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Mease PJ, Armstrong AW.Managing patients with psoriatic disease: the diagnosis and pharmacologic treatment of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis.Drugs. 2014;74(4):423-441. doi:10.1007/s40265-014-0191-yAbdelaziz MM, Ismail N, Gamal AM, Lafy R, El-Adly W.Comparative analysis between ankylosing spondylitis and axial psoriatic arthritis patients.The Egyptian Rheumatologist. 2022;44(1):25-29. doi:10.1016/j.ejr.2021.07.006Feld J, Ye JY, Chandran V, et al.Is axial psoriatic arthritis distinct from ankylosing spondylitis with and without concomitant psoriasis?Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(6):1340-1346. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kez457Paladini F, Fiorillo MT, Tedeschi V, et al.Ankylosing spondylitis: a trade off of HLA-B27, ERAP, and pathogen interconnections? Focus on Sardinia.Front Immunol. 2019;10:35. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00035Lucasson F, Richette P, Aouad K, et al.Prevalence and consequences of psoriasis in recent axial spondyloarthritis: an analysis of the DESIR cohort over 6 years.RMD Open. 2022;8(1):e001986. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001986Hwang MC, Ridley L, Reveille JD.Ankylosing spondylitis risk factors: a systematic literature review.Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40(8):3079-3093. doi:10.1007/s10067-021-05679-7Rusman T, van Vollenhoven RF, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE.Gender differences in axial spondyloarthritis: Women are not so lucky.Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2018;20(6):35. Published 2018 May 12. doi:10.1007/s11926-018-0744-2Farouk HM, Abdel-Rahman MA, Hassan RM.Relationship between smoking, clinical, inflammatory, and radiographic parameters in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.Egypt Rheumatol Rehabil.2021;48(1). doi:10.1186/s43166-021-00076-zKamiya K, Kishimoto M, Sugai J, Komine M, Ohtsuki M.Risk factors for the development of psoriasis.Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(18):4347. doi:10.3390/ijms20184347National Psoriasis Foundation.Psoriasis statistics.National Psoriasis Foundation.Psoriasis and skin of color.Lucasson F, Richette P, Aouad K, et al.Prevalence and consequences of psoriasis in recent axial spondyloarthritis: an analysis ofthe DESIR cohort over 6 years.RMD Open. 2022;8(1):e001986. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001986Chen C, Zhang X, Xiao L, Zhang X, Ma X.Comparative effectiveness of biologic therapy regimens for ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and a network meta-analysis.Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(11):e3060. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003060Food and Drug Administration.Rinvoq label.Zhang P, Wu MX.A clinical review of phototherapy for psoriasis.Lasers Med Sci. 2018;33(1):173-180. doi:10.1007/s10103-017-2360-1American Academy of Dermatology.Psoriasis treatment: biologics.Strober BE.Methotrexate and cyclosporine in psoriasis revisited.Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2014;33(2 Suppl 2):S27-S30. doi:10.12788/j.sder.0066Hu SC, Lan CE.Psoriasis and cardiovascular comorbidities: focusing on severe vascular events, cardiovascular risk factors and implications for treatment.Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(10):2211. doi:10.3390/ijms18102211Bengtsson K, Forsblad-d’Elia H, Lie E, et al.Are ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and undifferentiated spondyloarthritis associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events? A prospective nationwide population-based cohort study.Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19(1):102. doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1315-z
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Mease PJ, Armstrong AW.Managing patients with psoriatic disease: the diagnosis and pharmacologic treatment of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis.Drugs. 2014;74(4):423-441. doi:10.1007/s40265-014-0191-yAbdelaziz MM, Ismail N, Gamal AM, Lafy R, El-Adly W.Comparative analysis between ankylosing spondylitis and axial psoriatic arthritis patients.The Egyptian Rheumatologist. 2022;44(1):25-29. doi:10.1016/j.ejr.2021.07.006Feld J, Ye JY, Chandran V, et al.Is axial psoriatic arthritis distinct from ankylosing spondylitis with and without concomitant psoriasis?Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(6):1340-1346. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kez457Paladini F, Fiorillo MT, Tedeschi V, et al.Ankylosing spondylitis: a trade off of HLA-B27, ERAP, and pathogen interconnections? Focus on Sardinia.Front Immunol. 2019;10:35. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00035Lucasson F, Richette P, Aouad K, et al.Prevalence and consequences of psoriasis in recent axial spondyloarthritis: an analysis of the DESIR cohort over 6 years.RMD Open. 2022;8(1):e001986. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001986Hwang MC, Ridley L, Reveille JD.Ankylosing spondylitis risk factors: a systematic literature review.Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40(8):3079-3093. doi:10.1007/s10067-021-05679-7Rusman T, van Vollenhoven RF, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE.Gender differences in axial spondyloarthritis: Women are not so lucky.Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2018;20(6):35. Published 2018 May 12. doi:10.1007/s11926-018-0744-2Farouk HM, Abdel-Rahman MA, Hassan RM.Relationship between smoking, clinical, inflammatory, and radiographic parameters in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.Egypt Rheumatol Rehabil.2021;48(1). doi:10.1186/s43166-021-00076-zKamiya K, Kishimoto M, Sugai J, Komine M, Ohtsuki M.Risk factors for the development of psoriasis.Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(18):4347. doi:10.3390/ijms20184347National Psoriasis Foundation.Psoriasis statistics.National Psoriasis Foundation.Psoriasis and skin of color.Lucasson F, Richette P, Aouad K, et al.Prevalence and consequences of psoriasis in recent axial spondyloarthritis: an analysis ofthe DESIR cohort over 6 years.RMD Open. 2022;8(1):e001986. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001986Chen C, Zhang X, Xiao L, Zhang X, Ma X.Comparative effectiveness of biologic therapy regimens for ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and a network meta-analysis.Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(11):e3060. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003060Food and Drug Administration.Rinvoq label.Zhang P, Wu MX.A clinical review of phototherapy for psoriasis.Lasers Med Sci. 2018;33(1):173-180. doi:10.1007/s10103-017-2360-1American Academy of Dermatology.Psoriasis treatment: biologics.Strober BE.Methotrexate and cyclosporine in psoriasis revisited.Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2014;33(2 Suppl 2):S27-S30. doi:10.12788/j.sder.0066Hu SC, Lan CE.Psoriasis and cardiovascular comorbidities: focusing on severe vascular events, cardiovascular risk factors and implications for treatment.Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(10):2211. doi:10.3390/ijms18102211Bengtsson K, Forsblad-d’Elia H, Lie E, et al.Are ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and undifferentiated spondyloarthritis associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events? A prospective nationwide population-based cohort study.Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19(1):102. doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1315-z
Mease PJ, Armstrong AW.Managing patients with psoriatic disease: the diagnosis and pharmacologic treatment of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis.Drugs. 2014;74(4):423-441. doi:10.1007/s40265-014-0191-y
Abdelaziz MM, Ismail N, Gamal AM, Lafy R, El-Adly W.Comparative analysis between ankylosing spondylitis and axial psoriatic arthritis patients.The Egyptian Rheumatologist. 2022;44(1):25-29. doi:10.1016/j.ejr.2021.07.006
Feld J, Ye JY, Chandran V, et al.Is axial psoriatic arthritis distinct from ankylosing spondylitis with and without concomitant psoriasis?Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(6):1340-1346. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kez457
Paladini F, Fiorillo MT, Tedeschi V, et al.Ankylosing spondylitis: a trade off of HLA-B27, ERAP, and pathogen interconnections? Focus on Sardinia.Front Immunol. 2019;10:35. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00035
Lucasson F, Richette P, Aouad K, et al.Prevalence and consequences of psoriasis in recent axial spondyloarthritis: an analysis of the DESIR cohort over 6 years.RMD Open. 2022;8(1):e001986. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001986
Hwang MC, Ridley L, Reveille JD.Ankylosing spondylitis risk factors: a systematic literature review.Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40(8):3079-3093. doi:10.1007/s10067-021-05679-7
Rusman T, van Vollenhoven RF, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE.Gender differences in axial spondyloarthritis: Women are not so lucky.Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2018;20(6):35. Published 2018 May 12. doi:10.1007/s11926-018-0744-2
Farouk HM, Abdel-Rahman MA, Hassan RM.Relationship between smoking, clinical, inflammatory, and radiographic parameters in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.Egypt Rheumatol Rehabil.2021;48(1). doi:10.1186/s43166-021-00076-z
Kamiya K, Kishimoto M, Sugai J, Komine M, Ohtsuki M.Risk factors for the development of psoriasis.Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(18):4347. doi:10.3390/ijms20184347
National Psoriasis Foundation.Psoriasis statistics.
National Psoriasis Foundation.Psoriasis and skin of color.
Lucasson F, Richette P, Aouad K, et al.Prevalence and consequences of psoriasis in recent axial spondyloarthritis: an analysis ofthe DESIR cohort over 6 years.RMD Open. 2022;8(1):e001986. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001986
Chen C, Zhang X, Xiao L, Zhang X, Ma X.Comparative effectiveness of biologic therapy regimens for ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and a network meta-analysis.Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(11):e3060. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003060
Food and Drug Administration.Rinvoq label.
Zhang P, Wu MX.A clinical review of phototherapy for psoriasis.Lasers Med Sci. 2018;33(1):173-180. doi:10.1007/s10103-017-2360-1
American Academy of Dermatology.Psoriasis treatment: biologics.
Strober BE.Methotrexate and cyclosporine in psoriasis revisited.Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2014;33(2 Suppl 2):S27-S30. doi:10.12788/j.sder.0066
Hu SC, Lan CE.Psoriasis and cardiovascular comorbidities: focusing on severe vascular events, cardiovascular risk factors and implications for treatment.Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(10):2211. doi:10.3390/ijms18102211
Bengtsson K, Forsblad-d’Elia H, Lie E, et al.Are ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and undifferentiated spondyloarthritis associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events? A prospective nationwide population-based cohort study.Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19(1):102. doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1315-z
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