Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsReasons for Use"Natural" ProductsFoodsHerbsSupplements
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Reasons for Use
“Natural” Products
Foods
Herbs
Supplements
Aphrodisiacs include food, drinks, or drugs used to increase yourlibidoor sex drive. They may also improve your performance or increase your pleasure during sex.
While some substances can impact your body, research often fails to prove their effect on desire. Others can have harmful or even lethal results. It is also thought that the increased libido you feel from these items may be tied to theplaceboeffect rather than physical changes.
This article describes why people use aphrodisiacs and whether there is proof they work. It also includes foods, herbs, and other items that are thought to affect sexual desire.
Kseniya Ovchinnikova / Getty Images
Reasons People Use Aphrodisiacs
The motives people have for using aphrodisiacs typically include the following:
How Sex Drive Changes as You Age
Do “Natural” Aphrodisiacs Work?
With all the hype that some substances carry, it’s common to wonder whether aphrodisiacs are real. Generally, most “natural” aphrodisiacs don’t work. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), no supposed over-the-counter (OTC) aphrodisiac is scientifically proven to be effective at meeting its claims.
While there is often no sound scientific proof for using these substances, there is some anecdotal and historical evidence that some plant-based substances may impact arousing desires and improving sexual performance.
Some natural aphrodisiacs contain components that may achieve the following:
One of the biggest impacts of natural aphrodisiacs is their impact on your psychological state. While the benefits you achieve may be related to a placebo effect (an improvement in a subject’s condition that can’t be attributed to the treatment itself), anything that makes you feel more relaxed, calm, and confident about your sexuality will likely elevate your libido, performance, and experience.
Additional natural ways to improve your libido and sexual satisfaction include the following strategies:
Possible Side Effects
While so-called natural aphrodisiacs may be viewed as safer than medications because they are readily available without a prescription, that is not always the case.
The mechanisms of action of many aphrodisiacs can cause a wide range of possible side effects. In addition, the fact that they are not regulated increases the risk of aphrodisiacs being mislabeled, unstandardized, or produced with multiple ingredients whose effects may not be known.
Your side effects and the intensity at which they occur depend on many factors, such as other medications you may be taking. In a review of the pharmacology effects of herbal sexual enhancers, researchers reported that interactions of aphrodisiacs with other substances and herbal formulas represent these substances' most significant health risks.
Researchers report that side effects of aphrodisiacs can include many problems, many of which may not be known due to the lack of research and the variety of substances used. These side effects include the following:
How to Increase Sex Drive: A Combined Approach
Aphrodisiac Foods
Aphrodisiac Herbs
The following herbs have been used as aphrodisiacs:
However, whether over-the-counter Yohimbe products provide the same benefits as the prescription is uncertain. Research is lacking on whether its use as a dietary supplement is useful as an aphrodisiac. It has been linked with seizures and heart attacks.
Preparing Herbs
Many herbs are consumed as a beverage after special preparation using an infusion or decoction technique. While an infusion is used for leaves, a decoction is usually reserved for harder herbs like roots, bark, and seeds. These brewing methods are performed using the following steps:
Infusion:
Decoction:
Why Work With a Registered Herbalist?Herbs and other natural treatments are not regulated for content and quality the way drugs are in the United States. Working with a registered herbalist from theAmerican Herbalist Guildcan help you use these substances safely. Registered herbalists have completed professional training in the use of herbs and plants as aphrodisiacs and other treatments.
Why Work With a Registered Herbalist?
Herbs and other natural treatments are not regulated for content and quality the way drugs are in the United States. Working with a registered herbalist from theAmerican Herbalist Guildcan help you use these substances safely. Registered herbalists have completed professional training in the use of herbs and plants as aphrodisiacs and other treatments.
Aphrodisiac Supplements
The following natural substances are used are often used as aphrodisiac supplements:
These Are the Supplements You Should Avoid Taking With Medication
Summary
The use of aphrodisiacs involves a search for ways to increase sexual craving, performance, and pleasure that has lasted for thousands of years. While certain foods, herbs, and other products may affect the way you feel, most claims have little to no proof based on science.
However, some products may have value. Those that work to increase blood flow may help improve blood flow to the genitals. This can be helpful for people who have problems with circulation.
30 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Brunetti P, Lo Faro AF, Tini A, Busardò FP, Carlier J.Pharmacology of Herbal Sexual Enhancers: A Review of Psychiatric and Neurological Adverse Effects.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(10):309. doi:10.3390/ph13100309Manortey S, Mensah PA, Acheampong GK.Evaluating factors associated with the use of aphrodisiacs among adult male residents in Ashaiman municipality, Ghana.Open Access Library Journal. 2018;5(9):1-13. doi:10.4236/oalib.1104876UT Southwestern Medical Center.Sexual dysfunction.Calabrò RS, Cacciola A, Bruschetta D, et al.Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: a neglected or unknown issue?Brain Behav. 2019;9(12):e01389. doi:10.1002/brb3.1389U.S. Food & Drug Administration.CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.UCI Health.Aphrodisiacs: do they work?International Society of Sexual Medicine (ISSM).What are aphrodisiacs? Do they work?Jiannine LM.An investigation of the relationship between physical fitness, self-concept, and sexual functioning.J Educ Health Promot. 2018;7:57. doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_157_17Kudesia R, Alexander M, Gulati M, Kennard A, Tollefson M.Dietary approaches to women’s sexual and reproductive health.Am J Lifestyle Med. 2021;15(4):414-424. doi:10.1177/15598276211007113Virginia Hospital Center.Is stress impacting your sex life?Brunetti P, Lo Faro AF, Tini A, Busardò FP, Carlier J.Pharmacology of herbal sexual enhancers: a review of psychiatric and neurological adverse effects.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(10):309. doi:10.3390/ph13100309Fallah A, Mohammad-Hasani A, Colagar AH.Zinc is an essential element for male fertility: a review of Zn roles in men’s health, germination, sperm quality, and fertilization.J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19(2):69-81.Roshanzamir F, Safavi SM.The putative effects of D-aspartic acid on blood testosterone levels: a systematic review.Int J Reprod Biomed. 2017;15(1):1-10.Munglue P, Kupittayanant S, Kupittayanant P.Effect of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) flesh extract on sexual behavior of male rats.CMUJNS. 2014;13(1). doi:10.12982/cmujns.2014.0054Gonzales-Arimborgo C, Yupanqui I, Montero E, et al.Acceptability, safety, and efficacy of oral administration of extracts of black or red maca (Lepidium meyenii) in adult human subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Pharmaceuticals. 2016;9(3):49. doi:10.3390/ph9030049Serban M, Sahebkar A, Zanchetti A, et al.Effects of quercetin on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials.JAHA. 2016;5(7):e002713. doi:10.1161/JAHA.115.002713Cassidy A, Franz, M, Rimm EB.Dietary flavonoid intake and incidence of erectile dysfunction.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition103, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 534–41. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.122010Mondaini N, Cai T, Gontero P, et al.Regular moderate intake of red wine is linked to a better women’s sexual health.J Sex Med. 2009;6(10):2772-2777. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01393.xRhim HC, Kim MS, Park Y, Cho WS, Park HK, Kim HG, Kim A, Paick SH.The potential role of arginine supplements on erectile dysfunction: a systemic review and meta-analysis.The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2019;16(2): 223–234. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.12.002Mandlik (Ingawale) DS, Namdeo AG.Pharmacological evaluation of Ashwagandha highlighting its healthcare claims, safety, and toxicity aspects.Journal of Dietary Supplements. 2021;18(2):183-226. doi:10.1080/19390211.2020.1741484Moser A, Ballard SM, Jensen J, Averett P.The influence of cannabis on sexual functioning and satisfaction.J Cannabis Res. 2023;5(1):2. doi:10.1186/s42238-022-00169-2Khanna A, Thomas J, John F, Maliakel B, Krishnakumar IM.Safety and influence of a novel extract of fenugreek on healthy young women: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study.Clin Phytosci. 2021;7(1):63. doi:10.1186/s40816-021-00296-yLeung KW, Wong AS.Ginseng and male reproductive function.Spermatogenesis. 2013;3(3):e26391. doi:10.4161/spmg.26391MedlinePlus.Horny goat weed.Kotta S, Ansari SH, Ali J.Exploring scientifically proven herbal aphrodisiacs.Pharmacogn Rev. 2013;7(13):1-10. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.112832National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Yohimbe.The Spruce Eats.What is a tea infusion?Pharmacy Times.Natural supplements for improved libido.National Institutes of Health.Carnitine.Mazaheri Nia L, Iravani M, Abedi P, Cheraghian B.Effect of zinc on testosterone levels and sexual function of postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.J Sex Marital Ther. 2021;47(8):804-813. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2021.1957732
30 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Brunetti P, Lo Faro AF, Tini A, Busardò FP, Carlier J.Pharmacology of Herbal Sexual Enhancers: A Review of Psychiatric and Neurological Adverse Effects.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(10):309. doi:10.3390/ph13100309Manortey S, Mensah PA, Acheampong GK.Evaluating factors associated with the use of aphrodisiacs among adult male residents in Ashaiman municipality, Ghana.Open Access Library Journal. 2018;5(9):1-13. doi:10.4236/oalib.1104876UT Southwestern Medical Center.Sexual dysfunction.Calabrò RS, Cacciola A, Bruschetta D, et al.Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: a neglected or unknown issue?Brain Behav. 2019;9(12):e01389. doi:10.1002/brb3.1389U.S. Food & Drug Administration.CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.UCI Health.Aphrodisiacs: do they work?International Society of Sexual Medicine (ISSM).What are aphrodisiacs? Do they work?Jiannine LM.An investigation of the relationship between physical fitness, self-concept, and sexual functioning.J Educ Health Promot. 2018;7:57. doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_157_17Kudesia R, Alexander M, Gulati M, Kennard A, Tollefson M.Dietary approaches to women’s sexual and reproductive health.Am J Lifestyle Med. 2021;15(4):414-424. doi:10.1177/15598276211007113Virginia Hospital Center.Is stress impacting your sex life?Brunetti P, Lo Faro AF, Tini A, Busardò FP, Carlier J.Pharmacology of herbal sexual enhancers: a review of psychiatric and neurological adverse effects.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(10):309. doi:10.3390/ph13100309Fallah A, Mohammad-Hasani A, Colagar AH.Zinc is an essential element for male fertility: a review of Zn roles in men’s health, germination, sperm quality, and fertilization.J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19(2):69-81.Roshanzamir F, Safavi SM.The putative effects of D-aspartic acid on blood testosterone levels: a systematic review.Int J Reprod Biomed. 2017;15(1):1-10.Munglue P, Kupittayanant S, Kupittayanant P.Effect of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) flesh extract on sexual behavior of male rats.CMUJNS. 2014;13(1). doi:10.12982/cmujns.2014.0054Gonzales-Arimborgo C, Yupanqui I, Montero E, et al.Acceptability, safety, and efficacy of oral administration of extracts of black or red maca (Lepidium meyenii) in adult human subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Pharmaceuticals. 2016;9(3):49. doi:10.3390/ph9030049Serban M, Sahebkar A, Zanchetti A, et al.Effects of quercetin on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials.JAHA. 2016;5(7):e002713. doi:10.1161/JAHA.115.002713Cassidy A, Franz, M, Rimm EB.Dietary flavonoid intake and incidence of erectile dysfunction.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition103, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 534–41. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.122010Mondaini N, Cai T, Gontero P, et al.Regular moderate intake of red wine is linked to a better women’s sexual health.J Sex Med. 2009;6(10):2772-2777. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01393.xRhim HC, Kim MS, Park Y, Cho WS, Park HK, Kim HG, Kim A, Paick SH.The potential role of arginine supplements on erectile dysfunction: a systemic review and meta-analysis.The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2019;16(2): 223–234. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.12.002Mandlik (Ingawale) DS, Namdeo AG.Pharmacological evaluation of Ashwagandha highlighting its healthcare claims, safety, and toxicity aspects.Journal of Dietary Supplements. 2021;18(2):183-226. doi:10.1080/19390211.2020.1741484Moser A, Ballard SM, Jensen J, Averett P.The influence of cannabis on sexual functioning and satisfaction.J Cannabis Res. 2023;5(1):2. doi:10.1186/s42238-022-00169-2Khanna A, Thomas J, John F, Maliakel B, Krishnakumar IM.Safety and influence of a novel extract of fenugreek on healthy young women: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study.Clin Phytosci. 2021;7(1):63. doi:10.1186/s40816-021-00296-yLeung KW, Wong AS.Ginseng and male reproductive function.Spermatogenesis. 2013;3(3):e26391. doi:10.4161/spmg.26391MedlinePlus.Horny goat weed.Kotta S, Ansari SH, Ali J.Exploring scientifically proven herbal aphrodisiacs.Pharmacogn Rev. 2013;7(13):1-10. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.112832National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Yohimbe.The Spruce Eats.What is a tea infusion?Pharmacy Times.Natural supplements for improved libido.National Institutes of Health.Carnitine.Mazaheri Nia L, Iravani M, Abedi P, Cheraghian B.Effect of zinc on testosterone levels and sexual function of postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.J Sex Marital Ther. 2021;47(8):804-813. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2021.1957732
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Brunetti P, Lo Faro AF, Tini A, Busardò FP, Carlier J.Pharmacology of Herbal Sexual Enhancers: A Review of Psychiatric and Neurological Adverse Effects.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(10):309. doi:10.3390/ph13100309Manortey S, Mensah PA, Acheampong GK.Evaluating factors associated with the use of aphrodisiacs among adult male residents in Ashaiman municipality, Ghana.Open Access Library Journal. 2018;5(9):1-13. doi:10.4236/oalib.1104876UT Southwestern Medical Center.Sexual dysfunction.Calabrò RS, Cacciola A, Bruschetta D, et al.Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: a neglected or unknown issue?Brain Behav. 2019;9(12):e01389. doi:10.1002/brb3.1389U.S. Food & Drug Administration.CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.UCI Health.Aphrodisiacs: do they work?International Society of Sexual Medicine (ISSM).What are aphrodisiacs? Do they work?Jiannine LM.An investigation of the relationship between physical fitness, self-concept, and sexual functioning.J Educ Health Promot. 2018;7:57. doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_157_17Kudesia R, Alexander M, Gulati M, Kennard A, Tollefson M.Dietary approaches to women’s sexual and reproductive health.Am J Lifestyle Med. 2021;15(4):414-424. doi:10.1177/15598276211007113Virginia Hospital Center.Is stress impacting your sex life?Brunetti P, Lo Faro AF, Tini A, Busardò FP, Carlier J.Pharmacology of herbal sexual enhancers: a review of psychiatric and neurological adverse effects.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(10):309. doi:10.3390/ph13100309Fallah A, Mohammad-Hasani A, Colagar AH.Zinc is an essential element for male fertility: a review of Zn roles in men’s health, germination, sperm quality, and fertilization.J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19(2):69-81.Roshanzamir F, Safavi SM.The putative effects of D-aspartic acid on blood testosterone levels: a systematic review.Int J Reprod Biomed. 2017;15(1):1-10.Munglue P, Kupittayanant S, Kupittayanant P.Effect of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) flesh extract on sexual behavior of male rats.CMUJNS. 2014;13(1). doi:10.12982/cmujns.2014.0054Gonzales-Arimborgo C, Yupanqui I, Montero E, et al.Acceptability, safety, and efficacy of oral administration of extracts of black or red maca (Lepidium meyenii) in adult human subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Pharmaceuticals. 2016;9(3):49. doi:10.3390/ph9030049Serban M, Sahebkar A, Zanchetti A, et al.Effects of quercetin on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials.JAHA. 2016;5(7):e002713. doi:10.1161/JAHA.115.002713Cassidy A, Franz, M, Rimm EB.Dietary flavonoid intake and incidence of erectile dysfunction.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition103, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 534–41. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.122010Mondaini N, Cai T, Gontero P, et al.Regular moderate intake of red wine is linked to a better women’s sexual health.J Sex Med. 2009;6(10):2772-2777. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01393.xRhim HC, Kim MS, Park Y, Cho WS, Park HK, Kim HG, Kim A, Paick SH.The potential role of arginine supplements on erectile dysfunction: a systemic review and meta-analysis.The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2019;16(2): 223–234. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.12.002Mandlik (Ingawale) DS, Namdeo AG.Pharmacological evaluation of Ashwagandha highlighting its healthcare claims, safety, and toxicity aspects.Journal of Dietary Supplements. 2021;18(2):183-226. doi:10.1080/19390211.2020.1741484Moser A, Ballard SM, Jensen J, Averett P.The influence of cannabis on sexual functioning and satisfaction.J Cannabis Res. 2023;5(1):2. doi:10.1186/s42238-022-00169-2Khanna A, Thomas J, John F, Maliakel B, Krishnakumar IM.Safety and influence of a novel extract of fenugreek on healthy young women: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study.Clin Phytosci. 2021;7(1):63. doi:10.1186/s40816-021-00296-yLeung KW, Wong AS.Ginseng and male reproductive function.Spermatogenesis. 2013;3(3):e26391. doi:10.4161/spmg.26391MedlinePlus.Horny goat weed.Kotta S, Ansari SH, Ali J.Exploring scientifically proven herbal aphrodisiacs.Pharmacogn Rev. 2013;7(13):1-10. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.112832National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Yohimbe.The Spruce Eats.What is a tea infusion?Pharmacy Times.Natural supplements for improved libido.National Institutes of Health.Carnitine.Mazaheri Nia L, Iravani M, Abedi P, Cheraghian B.Effect of zinc on testosterone levels and sexual function of postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.J Sex Marital Ther. 2021;47(8):804-813. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2021.1957732
Brunetti P, Lo Faro AF, Tini A, Busardò FP, Carlier J.Pharmacology of Herbal Sexual Enhancers: A Review of Psychiatric and Neurological Adverse Effects.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(10):309. doi:10.3390/ph13100309
Manortey S, Mensah PA, Acheampong GK.Evaluating factors associated with the use of aphrodisiacs among adult male residents in Ashaiman municipality, Ghana.Open Access Library Journal. 2018;5(9):1-13. doi:10.4236/oalib.1104876
UT Southwestern Medical Center.Sexual dysfunction.
Calabrò RS, Cacciola A, Bruschetta D, et al.Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: a neglected or unknown issue?Brain Behav. 2019;9(12):e01389. doi:10.1002/brb3.1389
U.S. Food & Drug Administration.CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.
UCI Health.Aphrodisiacs: do they work?
International Society of Sexual Medicine (ISSM).What are aphrodisiacs? Do they work?
Jiannine LM.An investigation of the relationship between physical fitness, self-concept, and sexual functioning.J Educ Health Promot. 2018;7:57. doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_157_17
Kudesia R, Alexander M, Gulati M, Kennard A, Tollefson M.Dietary approaches to women’s sexual and reproductive health.Am J Lifestyle Med. 2021;15(4):414-424. doi:10.1177/15598276211007113
Virginia Hospital Center.Is stress impacting your sex life?
Brunetti P, Lo Faro AF, Tini A, Busardò FP, Carlier J.Pharmacology of herbal sexual enhancers: a review of psychiatric and neurological adverse effects.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(10):309. doi:10.3390/ph13100309
Fallah A, Mohammad-Hasani A, Colagar AH.Zinc is an essential element for male fertility: a review of Zn roles in men’s health, germination, sperm quality, and fertilization.J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19(2):69-81.
Roshanzamir F, Safavi SM.The putative effects of D-aspartic acid on blood testosterone levels: a systematic review.Int J Reprod Biomed. 2017;15(1):1-10.
Munglue P, Kupittayanant S, Kupittayanant P.Effect of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) flesh extract on sexual behavior of male rats.CMUJNS. 2014;13(1). doi:10.12982/cmujns.2014.0054
Gonzales-Arimborgo C, Yupanqui I, Montero E, et al.Acceptability, safety, and efficacy of oral administration of extracts of black or red maca (Lepidium meyenii) in adult human subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Pharmaceuticals. 2016;9(3):49. doi:10.3390/ph9030049
Serban M, Sahebkar A, Zanchetti A, et al.Effects of quercetin on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials.JAHA. 2016;5(7):e002713. doi:10.1161/JAHA.115.002713
Cassidy A, Franz, M, Rimm EB.Dietary flavonoid intake and incidence of erectile dysfunction.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition103, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 534–41. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.122010
Mondaini N, Cai T, Gontero P, et al.Regular moderate intake of red wine is linked to a better women’s sexual health.J Sex Med. 2009;6(10):2772-2777. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01393.x
Rhim HC, Kim MS, Park Y, Cho WS, Park HK, Kim HG, Kim A, Paick SH.The potential role of arginine supplements on erectile dysfunction: a systemic review and meta-analysis.The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2019;16(2): 223–234. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.12.002
Mandlik (Ingawale) DS, Namdeo AG.Pharmacological evaluation of Ashwagandha highlighting its healthcare claims, safety, and toxicity aspects.Journal of Dietary Supplements. 2021;18(2):183-226. doi:10.1080/19390211.2020.1741484
Moser A, Ballard SM, Jensen J, Averett P.The influence of cannabis on sexual functioning and satisfaction.J Cannabis Res. 2023;5(1):2. doi:10.1186/s42238-022-00169-2
Khanna A, Thomas J, John F, Maliakel B, Krishnakumar IM.Safety and influence of a novel extract of fenugreek on healthy young women: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study.Clin Phytosci. 2021;7(1):63. doi:10.1186/s40816-021-00296-y
Leung KW, Wong AS.Ginseng and male reproductive function.Spermatogenesis. 2013;3(3):e26391. doi:10.4161/spmg.26391
MedlinePlus.Horny goat weed.
Kotta S, Ansari SH, Ali J.Exploring scientifically proven herbal aphrodisiacs.Pharmacogn Rev. 2013;7(13):1-10. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.112832
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Yohimbe.
The Spruce Eats.What is a tea infusion?
Pharmacy Times.Natural supplements for improved libido.
National Institutes of Health.Carnitine.
Mazaheri Nia L, Iravani M, Abedi P, Cheraghian B.Effect of zinc on testosterone levels and sexual function of postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.J Sex Marital Ther. 2021;47(8):804-813. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2021.1957732
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