Are There Signs That Pneumonia Is Improving?

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsCongestionRed HepatizationGrey HepatizationRecovery

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Table of Contents

Congestion

Red Hepatization

Grey Hepatization

Recovery

A bout of pneumonia happens in four stages. The names of each stage (congestion, red hepatization, grey hepatization, and resolution) refer to how the infection develops over time. Signs that pneumonia is improving usually occur in the last resolution stage. The exact symptoms may depend on your age, overall health, and the type of germ responsible (bacterial, viral, or fungal).

When symptoms decrease in frequency and severity, it can be a sign that pneumonia is improving. For example, your temperature returns to normal, you’re coughing up less mucus, you can breathe easier, and you have more energy. The infection typically resolves within one to two weeks.

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Fortunately, when pneumonia is detected and promptly treated during the congestion stage, it is less likely to result in complications. However, the severity of the infection depends on several factors, including your age, overall health, and whether the infection is bacterial or viral.

Symptoms

The congestion stage of pneumonia may start suddenly or gradually. Symptoms may be especially severe when pneumonia develops as a complication of another infection, such as influenza or COVID-19.

Symptoms in the congestion stage may include:

Some people may develophypoxia(reduced oxygen level in the body) in the early stages of the infection. Symptoms of hypoxia include:

In some cases, symptoms of hemoptysis (coughing up blood) may occur, even at the onset of the infection. This can be very alarming and warrants immediate medical attention in any case.

Children often experience many of the same symptoms as adults. However, in some cases, the only symptom a child has is rapid breathing. Children may also develop a lack of appetite, which can lead to dehydration.

Stage 1 Symptoms in the ElderlyIn older adults, typical symptoms (such as a fever or cough)may be absent, and instead, symptoms may be lower-than-normal temperature, feeling weak, and sudden confusion.

Stage 1 Symptoms in the Elderly

In older adults, typical symptoms (such as a fever or cough)may be absent, and instead, symptoms may be lower-than-normal temperature, feeling weak, and sudden confusion.

Management/Treating Symptoms

Once diagnosed, antibiotics should be started almost immediately. Blood cultures (blood tests done to see if bacteria are present in the blood) are often done. If the infection is found to be bacterial, then antibiotic treatment will likely be started right away.

Depending on the severity, hospital admission or intensive care unit (ICU) admission may be needed. This is especially true if a person has hypoxia or difficulty breathing.

In the hospital,pulse oximetryis usually used to monitor oxygen levels continually via a small pulse oximeter device placed on the finger. Intravenous (IV) fluids may also be needed. If oxygen saturation is below 92% on oximetry, oxygen therapy may be needed, even this early in the infection.

When antibiotics are started promptly following early signs of infection, the fever may resolve within 48 to 72 hours.

Complications

The most common complication of early pneumonia (that may necessitate hospitalization) is a low oxygen level. Depending on the severity, oxygen supplementation may be needed, as well as admission to the ICU.

After the initial 24 hours, symptoms of pneumonia may worsen as red blood cells and other immune cells rush to the lungs and alveoli to fight the infection.This stage, known as red hepatization, occurs about two to three days after the infection develops.

As red blood cells fill the lungs, they become flushed with red, instead of the normal pinkish-gray color. Reduced oxygen levels also cause the lungs to become dry and firm, much like a liver. The term “hepatization” refers to this liver-like appearance.

During red hepatization, symptoms are usually more severeeveniftreatment has been started. These can include:

In older adults, confusion or delirium may appear even despite oxygen therapy.

The Importance of Respiratory RateThe most useful sign as to severity at this stage is the respiratory rate (in people who do not have preexisting lung disease). A respiratory rate greater than 30 breaths per minute often means that hospitalization in intensive care is needed.

The Importance of Respiratory Rate

The most useful sign as to severity at this stage is the respiratory rate (in people who do not have preexisting lung disease). A respiratory rate greater than 30 breaths per minute often means that hospitalization in intensive care is needed.

Managing/Treating Symptoms

During this stage of the infection, antibiotics are continued (intravenously if in the hospital) or started if a person has not yet been evaluated. For those diagnosed early, blood cultures may come back from the lab indicating the particular bacteria responsible (if it is bacterial pneumonia).

Knowing the type of bacteria present may lead physicians to change your treatment to a more appropriate or specific antibiotic. Sensitivities (tests that determine which antibiotic is most effective for the bacteria isolated) may also be returned and further guide appropriate treatment.

Oxygen may be started at this point or continued in those who already have low oxygen levels. In some cases, oxygen alone may be insufficient. A first step may be to usenoninvasive positive pressure ventilationsuch as CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure).

Healthcare providers may also change the position of the body to the prone position (lying on the stomach) to maximize the surface area of the lungs available to absorb oxygen.

If low oxygen levels persist, or if there is evidence that organs are not getting enough oxygen (such as kidney dysfunction), anendotracheal tubemay be placed and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

Additional testing may be needed if complications are suspected.

Complications may appear at any point with a diagnosis of pneumonia, but red hepatization is often when people appear most ill.

Bacteremia

Bacteria that are present in the lungs may spread in the bloodstream (bacteremia) and then travel to other regions of the body. Withpneumococcalpneumonia, up to 25% to 30% of people will have bacteremia.

With bacteremia, bacteria can travel to and infect other organs, including:

Septicemia and Sepsis

Septicemia, also called blood poisoning, may occur at any stage. While bacteremia refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, septicemia refers to bacteria multiplying in the bloodstream. With septicemia, a person will appear extremely ill, often with a very rapid pulse and confusion.

In contrast to septicemia,sepsisrefers to the body’s response to bacteria in the bloodstream. This overwhelming response of the immune system is very critical. Even with medications to raise blood pressure (which is often very low) and counteract the intense inflammatory response, sepsis is often fatal. Significant research is focusing on ways to prevent sepsis from occurring.

Empyema

Since lobar pneumonia often extends to the lung lining (pleura), inflammation can result in the buildup of fluid between these membranes (pleural effusion). In some cases, pus may build up and accumulate between the pleural membranes, a complication known as anempyema.

The most common causes includeStreptococcus pneumoniae(the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia) andStaphylococcus. Symptoms are similar to pneumonia itself, with a cough, fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. If a significant pleural effusion is seen on imaging, further workup is often needed.

When an empyema is present, athoracentesisis often the next step. This involves inserting a long, thin needle through the skin and into the pleural space to obtain a sample of the fluid. The sample can then be looked at in the lab to visualize any bacteria present and to do a culture of the fluid.

If a large empyema is present, achest tubemay need to be placed. This involves inserting a somewhat larger tube into the pleural space that is connected and left in place to remove the fluid.

In children and infants, especially those who have pneumonia due toStaphylococcus aureus, an empyema may occur. Severe infections may also result in the collapse of the lung (pneumothorax) andpneumatoceles(air-filled cysts within the lungs).

What are the Last Stages of Pneumonia Before Death?

The third stage of pneumonia, known as grey hepatization, sets in about four to six days after the infection develops. During this stage, red blood cells begin to break up, causing the lungs to become greyish in color. The lungs will become drier and continue to have a liver-like consistency.

During grey hepatization, many of the same symptoms experienced in red hepatization will persist. Breathing may become especially difficult, necessitating additional oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation. Fits of coughing may become more severe and produce blood.

During grey hepatization, antibiotics (for bacterial pneumonia) will be continued. For those who are improving and in the hospital, intravenous antibiotics may be exchanged for oral antibiotics.

If complications have occurred, treatments to address these complications may continue, such as a chest tube to manage an empyema, and corticosteroids if an intense immune response is present.

Oxygen or other types of breathing assistance may continue, be stopped, or instead be initiated for the first time.

For those who are hospitalized, attention to other complications, such as dehydration, kidney dysfunction, and more, will require careful monitoring and management.

Signs of Worsening Pneumonia

Complications noted in the earlier stages of pneumonia may not occur until grey hepatization for some people, especially those who have not received treatment.

For those who have a severe infection, alung abscessmay form.

In addition to symptoms associated with pneumonia—such as fever and cough—other symptoms of a lung abscess can include:

An abscess itself can also lead to further complications, such as:

Treatment begins with broad-spectrum antibiotics (a lung abscess will usually require a change in antibiotics being used). If this is ineffective, the abscess may need to be drained (often with a long, narrow needle inserted through the skin).

What Are the Worst Days of Pneumonia?Pneumonia can be unpredictable and complications may occur at any time. In most cases, pneumonia peaks during the hepatization stages, in which the risk of hypoxia (low oxygen) and severe complications is particularly high. Research shows the mortality rate for people with pneumonia placed in the ICU (intensive care unit) is approximately 15% to 50%.

What Are the Worst Days of Pneumonia?

Pneumonia can be unpredictable and complications may occur at any time. In most cases, pneumonia peaks during the hepatization stages, in which the risk of hypoxia (low oxygen) and severe complications is particularly high. Research shows the mortality rate for people with pneumonia placed in the ICU (intensive care unit) is approximately 15% to 50%.

Resolution

Some people feel better and can return to their normal routines in 1 to 2 weeks. For others, it can take a month or longer. Most people continue to feel tired for about a month.

In children, it can take two to three weeks for mild pneumonia to resolve, or up to eight weeks for pneumonia that is severe.

Thisrecoverystage includes:

At this point in the infection, the immune system works to repair the damage to the lungs. This includes the release of enzymes that break down damaged tissue so that it can be reabsorbed. An influx of cells called macrophages will travel through the lungs and “eat” (phagocytize) debris and white cells containing bacteria.

Leftover debris in the lungs that can’t be eliminated in this way is usually coughed up.

Since debris in the lungs that can’t otherwise be removed is coughed up, a cough productive of sputum is very common at this stage. Knowing that the body is continuing to repair damage that was done during the infection can help explain the fatigue often present (and why rest is still important).

If untreated (and even in some cases with treatment), respiratory symptoms may worsen, When treatment is started early, however, and no serious complications have occurred, symptoms usually improve significantly (except for the cough).

If scar tissue develops in the pleura (pleural adhesions), pain with a deep breath may occur and may last for quite some time.

Antibiotics are usually continued for at least 10 days. If antibiotics were previously given intravenously, they may be changed to oral tablets. For those who were hospitalized, many can be discharged (if not discharged already).

For those who continue to worsen, oxygen or mechanical ventilation may need to be started at this time. In some cases, oxygen therapy will be needed long-term. On the other hand, those who were on supplemental oxygen, but whose condition is improving, can start to be weaned off of oxygen therapy.

Complications discussed at other stages may occur later in the infection, especially lung abscesses.

The repair process may result in scar tissue in the lung linings (pleural adhesions) that may affect care in the future. For example, it could cause problems with pleural effusions or lung cancer surgery down the road.

Roughly 10% to 15% of people will have a recurrent episode of pneumonia within two years of the infection.

For some people, lung damage may persist, requiring long-term oxygen supplementation. Severe pneumonia may also worsen underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

How Can You Tell if Pneumonia Is Getting Better or Worse?Most people with pneumonia start to feel better within a few days of starting treatment with antibiotics. It is a good sign that you are recovering if your temperature returns to normal within seven days. You should be coughing less, breathing better, and feeling less chest pressure as time goes on. Contact your healthcare provider if this isn’t the case.

How Can You Tell if Pneumonia Is Getting Better or Worse?

Most people with pneumonia start to feel better within a few days of starting treatment with antibiotics. It is a good sign that you are recovering if your temperature returns to normal within seven days. You should be coughing less, breathing better, and feeling less chest pressure as time goes on. Contact your healthcare provider if this isn’t the case.

Summary

The body works hard to repair the lungs during the resolution stage, but there may still be long-term lung damage. Many people with pneumonia require supplemental oxygen at various stages of the infection; for some, oxygen therapy will be needed long-term.

A Word From VerywellWhile pathologists have accurately described the four stages of pneumonia as discussed here, clinicians taking care of patients focus more on the patient’s progressing symptoms and vital signs as they work to provide the antibiotics and ongoing supportive care needed to help the body fight off the underlying infection and inflammation. For the clinician, the “stages” of pneumonia are more likely to take the form of “worsening, stabilizing, and resolving."—RICHARD N. FOGOROS, MD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD

A Word From Verywell

While pathologists have accurately described the four stages of pneumonia as discussed here, clinicians taking care of patients focus more on the patient’s progressing symptoms and vital signs as they work to provide the antibiotics and ongoing supportive care needed to help the body fight off the underlying infection and inflammation. For the clinician, the “stages” of pneumonia are more likely to take the form of “worsening, stabilizing, and resolving."—RICHARD N. FOGOROS, MD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD

While pathologists have accurately described the four stages of pneumonia as discussed here, clinicians taking care of patients focus more on the patient’s progressing symptoms and vital signs as they work to provide the antibiotics and ongoing supportive care needed to help the body fight off the underlying infection and inflammation. For the clinician, the “stages” of pneumonia are more likely to take the form of “worsening, stabilizing, and resolving.”

—RICHARD N. FOGOROS, MD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD

19 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.Pneumonia - Recovery.Torres A, Cilloniz C, Niederman M, et al.Pneumonia.Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021 Apr;7(1):1-28. doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00259-0American Lung Association.What causes pneumonia?.American Lung Association.Pneumonia symptoms and diagnosis.National Library of Medicine.Symptoms and signs of hypoxia, Table 11.2b.Children’s Hospital Colorado.Pneumonia in children.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.What is pneumonia?Yale Medicine.Pulse oximetry.Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper KL, et al (Eds.).Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. McGraw-Hill Education.Pahal P, Rajasurya V, Sharma S.Typical Bacterial Pneumonia. [Updated 2023 Jul 31]. StatPearls Publishing.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pneumococcal disease. Clinical features.Polat G, Anil Ugan R, Cadirci E, Halici Z.Sepsis and septic shock: Current treatment strategies and new approaches.Eurasian J Med. 2017 Feb;49(1):53-58. doi:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2017.17062Godfrey MS, Bramley KT, Detterbeck F.Medical and surgical management of empyema.Semin Respir Crit Care Med.2019;40(3):361-374. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1694699Mercanzin E, Bonaffini P, Barletta A, et al.Pneumonia-related pneumatoceles in infants: CT assessment and image-guided treatment.BJR Case Rep. 2021 Dec;8(2):1-5. doi:10.1259/bjrcr.20210191Polat G, Anil Ugan R, Cadirci E, Halici Z.Sepsis and septic shock: Current treatment strategies and new approaches.Eurasian J Med. 2017 Feb;49(1):53-58. doi:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2017.17062Merck Manual Professional Version.Lung abscess.Kuhajda I, Zarogoulidis K, Tsirgogianni I, et al.Lung abscess-etiology, diagnostic and treatment options.Annals of Translational Medicine. 2015. 3(13):183. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.07.08Li G, Cook D, Thabane L, et al.Risk factors for mortality in patients admitted to intensive care units with pneumonia.Respir Res. 2016 Jul;17(80):1-9. doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0397-5Alberta.Pneumonia in children: Care instructions.Additional ReadingBroaddus VC, Mason RJ, Ernst JD, et al.Murray & Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia,Cilloniz , Gabarrus A, Almirall J, et al.Bacteraemia in outpatients with community-acquired pneumonia.Eur Respir J.2016;47(2):654-7. doi:10.1183/13993003.01308-2015Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, et al.Time Course of Lung Changes at Chest CT during Recovery from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).Radiology. 2020;295(3):715-721. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200370

19 Sources

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.Pneumonia - Recovery.Torres A, Cilloniz C, Niederman M, et al.Pneumonia.Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021 Apr;7(1):1-28. doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00259-0American Lung Association.What causes pneumonia?.American Lung Association.Pneumonia symptoms and diagnosis.National Library of Medicine.Symptoms and signs of hypoxia, Table 11.2b.Children’s Hospital Colorado.Pneumonia in children.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.What is pneumonia?Yale Medicine.Pulse oximetry.Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper KL, et al (Eds.).Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. McGraw-Hill Education.Pahal P, Rajasurya V, Sharma S.Typical Bacterial Pneumonia. [Updated 2023 Jul 31]. StatPearls Publishing.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pneumococcal disease. Clinical features.Polat G, Anil Ugan R, Cadirci E, Halici Z.Sepsis and septic shock: Current treatment strategies and new approaches.Eurasian J Med. 2017 Feb;49(1):53-58. doi:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2017.17062Godfrey MS, Bramley KT, Detterbeck F.Medical and surgical management of empyema.Semin Respir Crit Care Med.2019;40(3):361-374. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1694699Mercanzin E, Bonaffini P, Barletta A, et al.Pneumonia-related pneumatoceles in infants: CT assessment and image-guided treatment.BJR Case Rep. 2021 Dec;8(2):1-5. doi:10.1259/bjrcr.20210191Polat G, Anil Ugan R, Cadirci E, Halici Z.Sepsis and septic shock: Current treatment strategies and new approaches.Eurasian J Med. 2017 Feb;49(1):53-58. doi:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2017.17062Merck Manual Professional Version.Lung abscess.Kuhajda I, Zarogoulidis K, Tsirgogianni I, et al.Lung abscess-etiology, diagnostic and treatment options.Annals of Translational Medicine. 2015. 3(13):183. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.07.08Li G, Cook D, Thabane L, et al.Risk factors for mortality in patients admitted to intensive care units with pneumonia.Respir Res. 2016 Jul;17(80):1-9. doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0397-5Alberta.Pneumonia in children: Care instructions.Additional ReadingBroaddus VC, Mason RJ, Ernst JD, et al.Murray & Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia,Cilloniz , Gabarrus A, Almirall J, et al.Bacteraemia in outpatients with community-acquired pneumonia.Eur Respir J.2016;47(2):654-7. doi:10.1183/13993003.01308-2015Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, et al.Time Course of Lung Changes at Chest CT during Recovery from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).Radiology. 2020;295(3):715-721. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200370

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.Pneumonia - Recovery.Torres A, Cilloniz C, Niederman M, et al.Pneumonia.Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021 Apr;7(1):1-28. doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00259-0American Lung Association.What causes pneumonia?.American Lung Association.Pneumonia symptoms and diagnosis.National Library of Medicine.Symptoms and signs of hypoxia, Table 11.2b.Children’s Hospital Colorado.Pneumonia in children.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.What is pneumonia?Yale Medicine.Pulse oximetry.Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper KL, et al (Eds.).Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. McGraw-Hill Education.Pahal P, Rajasurya V, Sharma S.Typical Bacterial Pneumonia. [Updated 2023 Jul 31]. StatPearls Publishing.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pneumococcal disease. Clinical features.Polat G, Anil Ugan R, Cadirci E, Halici Z.Sepsis and septic shock: Current treatment strategies and new approaches.Eurasian J Med. 2017 Feb;49(1):53-58. doi:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2017.17062Godfrey MS, Bramley KT, Detterbeck F.Medical and surgical management of empyema.Semin Respir Crit Care Med.2019;40(3):361-374. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1694699Mercanzin E, Bonaffini P, Barletta A, et al.Pneumonia-related pneumatoceles in infants: CT assessment and image-guided treatment.BJR Case Rep. 2021 Dec;8(2):1-5. doi:10.1259/bjrcr.20210191Polat G, Anil Ugan R, Cadirci E, Halici Z.Sepsis and septic shock: Current treatment strategies and new approaches.Eurasian J Med. 2017 Feb;49(1):53-58. doi:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2017.17062Merck Manual Professional Version.Lung abscess.Kuhajda I, Zarogoulidis K, Tsirgogianni I, et al.Lung abscess-etiology, diagnostic and treatment options.Annals of Translational Medicine. 2015. 3(13):183. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.07.08Li G, Cook D, Thabane L, et al.Risk factors for mortality in patients admitted to intensive care units with pneumonia.Respir Res. 2016 Jul;17(80):1-9. doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0397-5Alberta.Pneumonia in children: Care instructions.

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.Pneumonia - Recovery.

Torres A, Cilloniz C, Niederman M, et al.Pneumonia.Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021 Apr;7(1):1-28. doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00259-0

American Lung Association.What causes pneumonia?.

American Lung Association.Pneumonia symptoms and diagnosis.

National Library of Medicine.Symptoms and signs of hypoxia, Table 11.2b.

Children’s Hospital Colorado.Pneumonia in children.

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.What is pneumonia?

Yale Medicine.Pulse oximetry.

Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper KL, et al (Eds.).Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. McGraw-Hill Education.

Pahal P, Rajasurya V, Sharma S.Typical Bacterial Pneumonia. [Updated 2023 Jul 31]. StatPearls Publishing.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pneumococcal disease. Clinical features.

Polat G, Anil Ugan R, Cadirci E, Halici Z.Sepsis and septic shock: Current treatment strategies and new approaches.Eurasian J Med. 2017 Feb;49(1):53-58. doi:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2017.17062

Godfrey MS, Bramley KT, Detterbeck F.Medical and surgical management of empyema.Semin Respir Crit Care Med.2019;40(3):361-374. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1694699

Mercanzin E, Bonaffini P, Barletta A, et al.Pneumonia-related pneumatoceles in infants: CT assessment and image-guided treatment.BJR Case Rep. 2021 Dec;8(2):1-5. doi:10.1259/bjrcr.20210191

Merck Manual Professional Version.Lung abscess.

Kuhajda I, Zarogoulidis K, Tsirgogianni I, et al.Lung abscess-etiology, diagnostic and treatment options.Annals of Translational Medicine. 2015. 3(13):183. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.07.08

Li G, Cook D, Thabane L, et al.Risk factors for mortality in patients admitted to intensive care units with pneumonia.Respir Res. 2016 Jul;17(80):1-9. doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0397-5

Alberta.Pneumonia in children: Care instructions.

Broaddus VC, Mason RJ, Ernst JD, et al.Murray & Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia,Cilloniz , Gabarrus A, Almirall J, et al.Bacteraemia in outpatients with community-acquired pneumonia.Eur Respir J.2016;47(2):654-7. doi:10.1183/13993003.01308-2015Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, et al.Time Course of Lung Changes at Chest CT during Recovery from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).Radiology. 2020;295(3):715-721. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200370

Broaddus VC, Mason RJ, Ernst JD, et al.Murray & Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia,

Cilloniz , Gabarrus A, Almirall J, et al.Bacteraemia in outpatients with community-acquired pneumonia.Eur Respir J.2016;47(2):654-7. doi:10.1183/13993003.01308-2015

Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, et al.Time Course of Lung Changes at Chest CT during Recovery from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).Radiology. 2020;295(3):715-721. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200370

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