Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat It IsPurposeHow to PrepareWhat to ExpectRecovery
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What It Is
Purpose
How to Prepare
What to Expect
Recovery
Arthroscopic surgery, also known simply as arthroscopy, is a minimally invasiveorthopedicprocedure used to diagnose and treat joint problems. It involves the use of a narrow scope, called an arthroscope, and specialized surgical tools to access a joint through tiny “keyhole” incisions. Because arthroscopic surgery requires smaller incisions thanopen surgery, recovery times tend to be shorter.
Arthroscopy has become an increasingly attractive alternative to traditional procedures, but may not be appropriate in all cases.
What Is Arthroscopic Surgery?
Arthroscopy is not one procedure, but rather a surgical approach that can be used for many different procedures used to diagnose a joint problem or treatacute and chronicjoint conditions. (Arthro-meaning “joint” and-scopymeaning to “study or examination.")
These procedures have been performed as early as 1912, but it was only in 1959 that the first production arthroscope (named theWatanabe 2after its inventor, Dr. Masaki Watanabe) was introduced.
Today, arthroscopic surgery is considered both commonplace and indispensable, enablingoutpatienttreatment where hospitalization was once needed. In fact, arthroscopic surgery is considered a fundamental part oforthopedic resident trainingand the standard of care for many joint problems.
The arthroscope that is used transmits live visuals to a monitor so that the surgeon can view the area to be operated on without actually seeing it directly. This only requires an incision about the size of a buttonhole, meaning arthroscopic procedures are not as complicated or risky as open procedures.
The tools used to perform arthroscopic procedures are also smaller and narrower than the scalpels and surgical equipment used in open surgery.
Contraindications
There are few absolute contraindications to arthroscopic surgery other than thoserelated to surgery in general.
Arthroscopic surgery should be delayed if there is local soft-tissue infection around the joint. Arthroscopic procedures are also often avoided if there is poor blood circulation that may impede healing (particularly in the lower extremities).
One absolute contraindication for arthroscopy is a severe degenerative joint disease, such as advancedosteoarthritis, in which the joint cartilage is fully denuded (stripped). The use of arthroscopy may cause more harm than good in such cases compared to open surgery.
Potential Risks
Arthroscopic surgery is generally considered safe with relatively few complications. With that said, arthroscopy is an indirect way of visualizing joints, and there is a potential for tissue and nerve injury as instruments are placed and moved within the joint space.
According to a 2018 review from the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS),7.9% of arthroscopic shoulder procedures end up with medical complications, ranging from mild nerve injury to frozen shoulder. Of these, 1% require revision surgery.
However, healthcare provider experience plays a large part in the risk of such injuries. The same research review found thatorthopedists who obtained AAOS board-certification for shoulder arthroscopy conducted procedures that resulted in far fewer surgical complications than those who chose not to seek this certification.
Are Endoscopy and Arthroscopy the Same?
Purpose of Arthroscopic Surgery
According to the AAOS, the six most commonly performed arthroscopic surgeries are:
Such procedures may be done to help diagnose or treat a variety of conditions, the most common of which are:
For example, while people with small- to medium-sized tears of tendons or ligaments tend to respond well to arthroscopic surgery, the rate of recovery is often higher in people with large tears and ruptures when open surgery is used.
There are pros and cons to both arthroscopic and open surgical approaches, and the best choice depends not only on prescribed treatment guidelines but healthcare provider experience.
Arthroscopic SurgerySmaller incision and scarLess loss of bloodGenerally faster recoveryLess risk of infectionMinimizes pain/need for pain medicationsAbout to be performed in outpatient settingsOpen SurgeryMore room to perform surgicallyEasier access to large or complex joint injuriesBetter suited for small, delicate, or complex jointsGenerally better suited for joint prothetic placementHigher recovery rates for major tears and injuries
Arthroscopic SurgerySmaller incision and scarLess loss of bloodGenerally faster recoveryLess risk of infectionMinimizes pain/need for pain medicationsAbout to be performed in outpatient settings
Smaller incision and scar
Less loss of blood
Generally faster recovery
Less risk of infection
Minimizes pain/need for pain medications
About to be performed in outpatient settings
Open SurgeryMore room to perform surgicallyEasier access to large or complex joint injuriesBetter suited for small, delicate, or complex jointsGenerally better suited for joint prothetic placementHigher recovery rates for major tears and injuries
More room to perform surgically
Easier access to large or complex joint injuries
Better suited for small, delicate, or complex joints
Generally better suited for joint prothetic placement
Higher recovery rates for major tears and injuries
Pre-Operative Evaluation
To decide whether arthroscopic surgery is appropriate and/or to map out a surgical plan, orthopedists will perform a number of preoperative tests. The diagnostic workup may include such imaging tests as:
The healthcare provider may also order blood tests to check for inflammation, infection, or evidence of autoimmune disease. These may include:
The healthcare provider may also performarthrocentesis, a procedure in which joint fluid is removed with a needle and syringe for examination under the microscope. In addition to spotting abnormalities, such as crystallization, the fluid can beculturedto determine if a bacterial infection is involved.
When to See a Healthcare Provider About Joint Pain
If arthroscopic surgery is recommended, you will meet in advance with your orthopedist (also known as anorthopedic surgeon) to review the pre-operative test results and discuss the procedure in detail, including preparations and recovery.
Location
Depending on the condition being treated, arthroscopic surgery may be performed in the operating room of a hospital or a specialized orthopedic surgical center. Less complicated procedures can be performed in the orthopedist’s office usinglocal anesthesia.
Regardless, the procedure room will be equipped with a flexible or rigid arthroscope that has a light and a camera built in. Live images are fed to a video monitor via a cable. Specialized surgical tools—such as scissors, mallets, retractors, forceps, cutters, and punches—will also be available to the surgeon. Some of these are fed through the neck of the scope, while others are used separately.
What to Wear
Depending on the joint being treated, you may need to undress partially or completely. Dress in casual clothes that are easy to remove. A hospital gown will be provided if needed.
Food and Drink
If undergoingregionalorgeneral anesthesia, you will need to stop eating at midnight the night before the procedure. The same applies tomonitored anesthesia care (MAC), a form ofintravenous sedationused to relax you and induce “twilight sleep.”
There are no food or drink restrictions if only local anesthesia is used. With that said, MAC is sometimes used with local anesthesia and would require the same restrictions as regional or general anesthesia.
If you are unsure about any food/drink restrictions, ask your healthcare provider.
Medications
To prepare for surgery, the surgeon will review the list of medications that you take. Some of these may need to be temporarily stopped before and after surgery. These include drugs that promote bleeding, most especiallynonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)like aspirin,Aleve (naproxen), and Celebrex (celecoxib), or blood thinners suchwarfarinand Plavix (clopidogrel).
What to Bring
To register at the hospital or clinic, bring your driver’s license (or other form of government ID), your insurance card, and an approved form of payment ifcopay or coinsurancecosts are expected upfront. Leave all valuables at home.
While you should never drive or operate heavy machinery after undergoing general anesthesia, regional anesthesia, or MAC, it is best to err on the side of caution and have a friend or family member with you to drive you home no matter what type of anesthesia you receive. Even ifcarpal tunnel surgeryis performed under local anesthesia, the restriction of movement of your wrist can make driving hazardous.
Side Effects and Risks of General Anesthesia
Pre-Operative Lifestyle Changes
What to Expect on the Day of Surgery
On the morning of the procedure, you may need to wash and scrub with an antibacterial cleanser before leaving home.
Upon arrival, you will need to register, complete a medical information sheet, and sign a consent form stating that you understand the aims and risks of the procedure. You are then led to the back to undress and change into a hospital gown.
In addition to the orthopedic surgeon, the surgical team may include a surgical nurse,anesthesiologist, medical technician, and circulating nurse. In-office procedures may only require an orthopedist and assistant.
Before the Surgery
For procedures involving general anesthesia, regional anesthesia, or MAC, an intravenous (IV) line is inserted into a vein in your arm to deliver medications and fluids. Adhesive probes are then placed on the chest to monitor your heart rate on anelectrocardiogram (ECG) machine, while apulse oximeteris clamped to a finger to monitor yourblood oxygen saturation.
During the Surgery
After you are prepped for surgery, the appropriate anesthesia is administered, be it a local injection or intravenous.
You are then placed in the best position for the procedure you are having. This may be supine (upward-facing), prone (downward-facing), or lateral decubitus (sideway-facing). For elbow and wrist surgery, the joint is typically placed on an elevated platform called an arm table.
There are different types of instruments used in arthroscopic surgery, each of which are designed for a specific joint or joint condition. The tools used for wrist arthroscopy, for example, would be different than those used for hip arthroscopy.
There are arthroscopes that are larger or smaller; some have cameras that are angled or have special filters or attachment. Others, called needle arthroscopes, are equipped with retractable tools that can cut, shave, anchor, and suture damaged tissues. (An increasing number ofrotator cuff injuriesare repaired in this way.)
Your healthcare provider will choose the appropriate tools for your surgery, but the incisions used to access the area are similar regardless of the procedure being done. By definition, arthroscopy involves incisions of less than 3 centimeters (roughly 1 inch). Many procedures can be performed with incisions as small as 0.25 centimeters (1/4 inch) or even less.
A primary incision is made to insert the arthroscope to help guide the placement of tools. Sometimes, this incision is the only one that is needed.
In other cases, additional incisions are made to accommodate the various tools needed to repair,resect(cut out),release(sever), reduce (make smaller), ordebride(remove damaged tissue) the joint or joint space.
The total number of incisions depends on the joint and the aim of the surgery.
If the joint space is especially narrow, the surgeon may prep the site with an injection of saline fluid. This helps widen the space and provides a clearer view within the joint.
Next steps differ depending on the exact procedure being done. For example, where a surgeon would remove swollen tissue to treat impingement syndrome, they might work to surgically repair damaged tissue when performing an ankle arthroscopy.
Once the surgery is complete, the incisions are closed with either sutures or adhesive strips (called Steri-strips), and the joint is bandaged. A support—such as a splint, brace, walking boot, or cast—may be used to immobilize the joint and allow it to heal properly.
After Surgery
If general or regional anesthesia was used, you are taken to a recovery room and monitored until you are fully awake. This can take anywhere from 10 to 45 minutes. When steady enough to change into your clothes, you can leave.Pain medicationsmay be provided along with detailed wound care instructions.
People who have undergone in-office arthroscopy under local anesthesia can usually leave immediately after the procedure. Even so, arthroscopy is still considered surgery, and precautions may need to be taken. These may include joint immobilization, pain medications, and theuse of crutchesor other mobility devices.
Less extensive surgeries may only require over-the-counterTylenol (acetaminophen)to alleviate pain. More extensive procedures or those involving larger joints may require a short course of prescriptionopioid painkillers(usually for no more than three to five days).
In addition to pain management, consistent wound care is needed to avoid infection andwound dehiscence(an opening of the incision). This requires the dailychanging of the dressing, during which you should check forsigns of infection.
When to Call a Healthcare ProviderCall your surgeon if you experience any of the following after arthroscopic surgery:Uncontrolled bleedingIncreasing pain, redness, swelling, and heat at the surgical siteHigh fever (over 100.5 degrees F) and chillsA greenish-yellow discharge from the woundBroken sutures with a visibly open wound
When to Call a Healthcare Provider
Call your surgeon if you experience any of the following after arthroscopic surgery:Uncontrolled bleedingIncreasing pain, redness, swelling, and heat at the surgical siteHigh fever (over 100.5 degrees F) and chillsA greenish-yellow discharge from the woundBroken sutures with a visibly open wound
Call your surgeon if you experience any of the following after arthroscopic surgery:
How to Prevent Post-Operative Infections
Healing
One of the main advantages of arthroscopic surgery is that it limits damage to the soft-tissues surrounding the joint. Not only are bleeding, swelling, and inflammation minimized, but recovery tends to be shorter than with open surgery.
Once the joint no longer requires immobilization,range-of-motionand strengthening exercises can usually begin to restore flexibility and strength in the joint. It often helps to work with aphysical therapistwho can provide in-office therapies (likehydrotherapyandsoft tissue mobilization) and design an exercise and rehabilitation program you can perform at home.
You should also ensure regular follow-up visits with your orthopedist to monitor for any new or unexpected complications and ensure that your condition is improving as expected.
Physical Therapy Treatments for Knee Pain
Coping With Recovery
Even though you can usually return to normal activity faster with arthroscopic surgery, it can take many months before you are fully recovered and symptom-free. During this time, there are limitations to how much activity you should do.
Type of Arthroscopic SurgeryRecovery TimeChondromalacia repair4 to 5 monthsRotator cuff tear3 to 6 monthsShoulder impingement syndrome3 to 6 monthsMeniscus repair3 to 8 monthsACL repair6 to 9 monthsCarpal tunnel surgeryUp to 10 monthsIn the end, arthroscopy is traumatic to the body and can cause increased pain, stiffness, and risk of re-injury if not treated appropriately. Gradually increasing your activity levels can help to ensure these problems do not occur.A Word From VerywellArthroscopic surgery has gone from being an attractive alternative to open surgery to the standard of care for many types of joint problems. Even so, arthroscopic surgery is not a one-size-fits-all solution.If your healthcare provider advises against arthroscopic surgery for whatever reason, try to keep an open mind and ask as many questions as you need to understand why. If you remain in doubt, do not hesitate to seek asecond opinionfrom an orthopedic surgeon specializing in your condition.
In the end, arthroscopy is traumatic to the body and can cause increased pain, stiffness, and risk of re-injury if not treated appropriately. Gradually increasing your activity levels can help to ensure these problems do not occur.
A Word From Verywell
Arthroscopic surgery has gone from being an attractive alternative to open surgery to the standard of care for many types of joint problems. Even so, arthroscopic surgery is not a one-size-fits-all solution.
If your healthcare provider advises against arthroscopic surgery for whatever reason, try to keep an open mind and ask as many questions as you need to understand why. If you remain in doubt, do not hesitate to seek asecond opinionfrom an orthopedic surgeon specializing in your condition.
10 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.DeMaio M.Giants of orthopaedic surgery: Masaki Watanabe MD.Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(8):2443-8. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-3052-1Ross JR, Larson CM, Bedi A.Indications for hip arthroscopy.Sports Health. 2017;9(5):402-13. doi:10.1177/1941738117712675King C, Yung A.Outcome of treatment of osteoarthritis with arthroscopic debridement and autologous conditioned plasma.Malays Orthop J.2017;11(1):23-7. doi:10.5704/MOJ.1703.008Shin JJ, Popchak AJ, Musahl V, Irrgang JJ, Lin A.Complications after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: A review of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery database.J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev.2018;2(12):e093. doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-18-00093American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.Arthroscopy. OrthoInfo.Carr AJ, Cooper CD, Campbell MK, et al.Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of open and arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [the UK Rotator Cuff Surgery (UKUFF) randomised trial. In: Health Technology Assessment (No. 19.80).Grambart ST, Overley BD.Preoperative evaluation and testing for arthroscopy.Clin Podiatr Med Surg.2011;28(3):453-67. doi:10.1016/j.cpm.2011.04.007Nourissat G, Ciais G, Coudane H.Arthroscopy and obesity.Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2015;101(8 Suppl):S351-2. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2015.09.001Lavender C, Lycans D, Sina Adil SA, Berdis G.Single-incision rotator cuff repair with a needle arthroscope.Arthrosc Tech. 2020;9(4):e419-23. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2019.11.012Teng X, Xu J, Yuan H, He X, Chen H.Comparison of wrist arthroscopy, small incision surgery, and conventional surgery for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: A retrospective study at a single center.Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:4122-9. doi:10.12659/MSM.912912Additional ReadingCavanaugh JT, Killian SE.Rehabilitation following meniscal repair.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med.2012;5(1):46-58. doi:10.1007/s12178-011-9110-yLouie D, Earp B, Blazar P.Long-term outcomes of carpal tunnel release: A critical review of the literature.Hand (N Y). 2012;7(3):242-6. doi:10.1007/s11552-012-9429-xManaka T, Ito Y, Matsumoto I, Takaoka K, Nakamura H.Functional recovery period after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: is it predictable before surgery?.Clin Orthop Relat Res.2011;469(6):1660-6. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1689-6Nyland J, Mattocks A, Kibbe S, Kalloub A, Greene JW, Caborn DN.Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, rehabilitation, and return to play: 2015 update.Open Access J Sports Med. 2016;7:21-32. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S72332Spang III RC, Nasr MC, Mohamadi A, DeAngelis JP, Nazarian A, Ramappa AJ.Rehabilitation following meniscal repair: a systematic review.BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med.2018;4(1):e000212. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000212Tonotsuka H, Sugaya H, Takahashi N, Kawai N, Sugiyama H, Marumo K.Preoperative pain control in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: Does it matter?.Clin Orthop Surg.2019;11(2):192-199. doi:10.4055/cios.2019.11.2.192
10 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.DeMaio M.Giants of orthopaedic surgery: Masaki Watanabe MD.Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(8):2443-8. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-3052-1Ross JR, Larson CM, Bedi A.Indications for hip arthroscopy.Sports Health. 2017;9(5):402-13. doi:10.1177/1941738117712675King C, Yung A.Outcome of treatment of osteoarthritis with arthroscopic debridement and autologous conditioned plasma.Malays Orthop J.2017;11(1):23-7. doi:10.5704/MOJ.1703.008Shin JJ, Popchak AJ, Musahl V, Irrgang JJ, Lin A.Complications after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: A review of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery database.J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev.2018;2(12):e093. doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-18-00093American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.Arthroscopy. OrthoInfo.Carr AJ, Cooper CD, Campbell MK, et al.Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of open and arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [the UK Rotator Cuff Surgery (UKUFF) randomised trial. In: Health Technology Assessment (No. 19.80).Grambart ST, Overley BD.Preoperative evaluation and testing for arthroscopy.Clin Podiatr Med Surg.2011;28(3):453-67. doi:10.1016/j.cpm.2011.04.007Nourissat G, Ciais G, Coudane H.Arthroscopy and obesity.Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2015;101(8 Suppl):S351-2. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2015.09.001Lavender C, Lycans D, Sina Adil SA, Berdis G.Single-incision rotator cuff repair with a needle arthroscope.Arthrosc Tech. 2020;9(4):e419-23. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2019.11.012Teng X, Xu J, Yuan H, He X, Chen H.Comparison of wrist arthroscopy, small incision surgery, and conventional surgery for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: A retrospective study at a single center.Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:4122-9. doi:10.12659/MSM.912912Additional ReadingCavanaugh JT, Killian SE.Rehabilitation following meniscal repair.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med.2012;5(1):46-58. doi:10.1007/s12178-011-9110-yLouie D, Earp B, Blazar P.Long-term outcomes of carpal tunnel release: A critical review of the literature.Hand (N Y). 2012;7(3):242-6. doi:10.1007/s11552-012-9429-xManaka T, Ito Y, Matsumoto I, Takaoka K, Nakamura H.Functional recovery period after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: is it predictable before surgery?.Clin Orthop Relat Res.2011;469(6):1660-6. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1689-6Nyland J, Mattocks A, Kibbe S, Kalloub A, Greene JW, Caborn DN.Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, rehabilitation, and return to play: 2015 update.Open Access J Sports Med. 2016;7:21-32. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S72332Spang III RC, Nasr MC, Mohamadi A, DeAngelis JP, Nazarian A, Ramappa AJ.Rehabilitation following meniscal repair: a systematic review.BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med.2018;4(1):e000212. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000212Tonotsuka H, Sugaya H, Takahashi N, Kawai N, Sugiyama H, Marumo K.Preoperative pain control in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: Does it matter?.Clin Orthop Surg.2019;11(2):192-199. doi:10.4055/cios.2019.11.2.192
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
DeMaio M.Giants of orthopaedic surgery: Masaki Watanabe MD.Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(8):2443-8. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-3052-1Ross JR, Larson CM, Bedi A.Indications for hip arthroscopy.Sports Health. 2017;9(5):402-13. doi:10.1177/1941738117712675King C, Yung A.Outcome of treatment of osteoarthritis with arthroscopic debridement and autologous conditioned plasma.Malays Orthop J.2017;11(1):23-7. doi:10.5704/MOJ.1703.008Shin JJ, Popchak AJ, Musahl V, Irrgang JJ, Lin A.Complications after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: A review of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery database.J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev.2018;2(12):e093. doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-18-00093American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.Arthroscopy. OrthoInfo.Carr AJ, Cooper CD, Campbell MK, et al.Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of open and arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [the UK Rotator Cuff Surgery (UKUFF) randomised trial. In: Health Technology Assessment (No. 19.80).Grambart ST, Overley BD.Preoperative evaluation and testing for arthroscopy.Clin Podiatr Med Surg.2011;28(3):453-67. doi:10.1016/j.cpm.2011.04.007Nourissat G, Ciais G, Coudane H.Arthroscopy and obesity.Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2015;101(8 Suppl):S351-2. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2015.09.001Lavender C, Lycans D, Sina Adil SA, Berdis G.Single-incision rotator cuff repair with a needle arthroscope.Arthrosc Tech. 2020;9(4):e419-23. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2019.11.012Teng X, Xu J, Yuan H, He X, Chen H.Comparison of wrist arthroscopy, small incision surgery, and conventional surgery for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: A retrospective study at a single center.Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:4122-9. doi:10.12659/MSM.912912
DeMaio M.Giants of orthopaedic surgery: Masaki Watanabe MD.Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(8):2443-8. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-3052-1
Ross JR, Larson CM, Bedi A.Indications for hip arthroscopy.Sports Health. 2017;9(5):402-13. doi:10.1177/1941738117712675
King C, Yung A.Outcome of treatment of osteoarthritis with arthroscopic debridement and autologous conditioned plasma.Malays Orthop J.2017;11(1):23-7. doi:10.5704/MOJ.1703.008
Shin JJ, Popchak AJ, Musahl V, Irrgang JJ, Lin A.Complications after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: A review of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery database.J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev.2018;2(12):e093. doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-18-00093
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.Arthroscopy. OrthoInfo.
Carr AJ, Cooper CD, Campbell MK, et al.Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of open and arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [the UK Rotator Cuff Surgery (UKUFF) randomised trial. In: Health Technology Assessment (No. 19.80).
Grambart ST, Overley BD.Preoperative evaluation and testing for arthroscopy.Clin Podiatr Med Surg.2011;28(3):453-67. doi:10.1016/j.cpm.2011.04.007
Nourissat G, Ciais G, Coudane H.Arthroscopy and obesity.Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2015;101(8 Suppl):S351-2. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2015.09.001
Lavender C, Lycans D, Sina Adil SA, Berdis G.Single-incision rotator cuff repair with a needle arthroscope.Arthrosc Tech. 2020;9(4):e419-23. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2019.11.012
Teng X, Xu J, Yuan H, He X, Chen H.Comparison of wrist arthroscopy, small incision surgery, and conventional surgery for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: A retrospective study at a single center.Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:4122-9. doi:10.12659/MSM.912912
Cavanaugh JT, Killian SE.Rehabilitation following meniscal repair.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med.2012;5(1):46-58. doi:10.1007/s12178-011-9110-yLouie D, Earp B, Blazar P.Long-term outcomes of carpal tunnel release: A critical review of the literature.Hand (N Y). 2012;7(3):242-6. doi:10.1007/s11552-012-9429-xManaka T, Ito Y, Matsumoto I, Takaoka K, Nakamura H.Functional recovery period after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: is it predictable before surgery?.Clin Orthop Relat Res.2011;469(6):1660-6. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1689-6Nyland J, Mattocks A, Kibbe S, Kalloub A, Greene JW, Caborn DN.Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, rehabilitation, and return to play: 2015 update.Open Access J Sports Med. 2016;7:21-32. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S72332Spang III RC, Nasr MC, Mohamadi A, DeAngelis JP, Nazarian A, Ramappa AJ.Rehabilitation following meniscal repair: a systematic review.BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med.2018;4(1):e000212. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000212Tonotsuka H, Sugaya H, Takahashi N, Kawai N, Sugiyama H, Marumo K.Preoperative pain control in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: Does it matter?.Clin Orthop Surg.2019;11(2):192-199. doi:10.4055/cios.2019.11.2.192
Cavanaugh JT, Killian SE.Rehabilitation following meniscal repair.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med.2012;5(1):46-58. doi:10.1007/s12178-011-9110-y
Louie D, Earp B, Blazar P.Long-term outcomes of carpal tunnel release: A critical review of the literature.Hand (N Y). 2012;7(3):242-6. doi:10.1007/s11552-012-9429-x
Manaka T, Ito Y, Matsumoto I, Takaoka K, Nakamura H.Functional recovery period after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: is it predictable before surgery?.Clin Orthop Relat Res.2011;469(6):1660-6. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1689-6
Nyland J, Mattocks A, Kibbe S, Kalloub A, Greene JW, Caborn DN.Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, rehabilitation, and return to play: 2015 update.Open Access J Sports Med. 2016;7:21-32. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S72332
Spang III RC, Nasr MC, Mohamadi A, DeAngelis JP, Nazarian A, Ramappa AJ.Rehabilitation following meniscal repair: a systematic review.BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med.2018;4(1):e000212. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000212
Tonotsuka H, Sugaya H, Takahashi N, Kawai N, Sugiyama H, Marumo K.Preoperative pain control in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: Does it matter?.Clin Orthop Surg.2019;11(2):192-199. doi:10.4055/cios.2019.11.2.192
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