Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsUsesSide EffectsPrecautionsDosageToxicityInteractionsHow to StoreSimilar SupplementsFrequently Asked QuestionsSources & What to Look For
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Uses
Side Effects
Precautions
Dosage
Toxicity
Interactions
How to Store
Similar Supplements
Frequently Asked Questions
Sources & What to Look For
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid that people often take in supplements for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities.Though research is ongoing, astaxanthin’s potent antioxidant properties may support the immune system and improve eye, skin, and brain health.
Carotenoids are a group of antioxidant pigments that give fruits and vegetables their colors. Astaxanthin is a reddish-orange pigment found in water algae and the fish (salmon) and shellfish (shrimp) that eat the algae.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
Uses of Astaxanthin
No supplement is intended to treat, cure, or prevent disease.
While more extensive research is necessary regarding effectiveness, astaxanthin is sometimes used to treat various health conditions.
Research is most robust for its effect on the following:
Supplemental Facts
Brain Health
Oxidative stress might have a huge role in several brain-related health conditions, such asAlzheimer’s disease (AD).
In general, oxidative stress is when there aren’t enough naturally occurring antioxidants in your body to attack unstable molecules known asfree radicals.
Free radicals can damage components (parts) within the body, including the hereditary materialDNA.
Per a review article, a clinical trial studied astaxanthin in a few healthy older adults.
In this clinical trial, older adults in the astaxanthin group had fewer errors in maze tests and experienced quicker reaction times in computer-based memory and thinking tests. These results suggest that astaxanthin may improve brain function.
In another clinical trial discussed in the review article, middle-aged study participants in the astaxanthin group performed better on word memory tests. However, there were no differences in performance between the astaxanthin and placebo groups (people given an intentionally ineffective drug) for participants over 54 years old.
Additionally, from the same review article, other studies showed that astaxanthin improved hand-eye coordination, information processing, and mental or physical fatigue (excessive tiredness).
Even with these encouraging results, it is still challenging to quantify astaxanthin’s effects.
This is because, in all but one study, astaxanthin was combined with another supplement called sesamin (a fat-reduction supplement from the bark of Fagara plants and sesame oil). This makes it difficult to determine which substance may have been responsible for the positive results.
Drawbacks in these trials include the small number of participants and the combined use of astaxanthin with sesamin. And results of one study suggested that astaxanthin didn’t help people older than 54 on word memory tests.
For these reasons, more rigorous and standardized research with higher quality and more extensive clinical trials is still needed.
Eye Health
Oxidative stress might play a role in several eye conditions, such ascataracts (cloudy vision)andage-related macular degeneration (AMD).
AMD is a vision-threatening condition that tends to affect people over 50—especially those older than 65.
In AMD, blood leaks into themacula, which is the center of theretinain the back of the eye. The macula helps you see fine details.
Per a review article, small studies showed that astaxanthin improved blood flow in different parts of the eye—like theretinain the back of the eye—when compared toplacebo(a substance with no medicine in it).
The article included other small clinical trials, which showed that astaxanthin improvedvisual sharpnessanddeep visioncompared to a placebo.
Although promising, many of these studies were small and sometimes reflected conflicting results.
Therefore, additional, rigorous research with higher quality and more extensive clinical trials is still necessary to better understand astaxanthin’s effects.
High Cholesterol
A review article included a small clinical trial that studied astaxanthin in people with mildly high cholesterol.
And in the study, the participants in the astaxanthin group experienced an increase inhigh-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol(“good cholesterol”) levels and a decrease intriglycerides.
The review article also mentioned another small study. And in this clinical trial, the astaxanthin study participants had a reduction inlow-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol(“bad cholesterol”) when compared to the placebo group.
Although the results are positive, there are few human studies. And the available human studies have been small and short-term.
Therefore, additional high-quality research with extensive and longer-term clinical trials is warranted.
Immune Support
According to a review article, there are a limited number of human studies on astaxanthin for the potential benefit of immune support.
But based on the few small clinical trials in humans, these results showed that astaxanthin increased the activity of theimmune system.
Since there are only a few small studies, additional higher-quality research with a larger group of people is warranted.
Skin Health
Per a review article, astaxanthin might support skin health with potential antioxidant effects, which may protect the skin fromUV-related oxidative stress.
The same review article also mentioned several small studies that supported astaxanthin for skin health.
When compared to a placebo, astaxanthin resulted in the following:
While these results are positive, further extensive research with more significant and higher-quality clinical trials is still warranted.
GMVozd / Getty Images
Side Effects & Safety
As with many medications and natural products, astaxanthin supplements may have side effects.
Common Side Effects
Astaxanthin is generally safe with no side effects when taken with food.
The FDA has placed astaxanthin on the GRAS (generally recognized as safe) list.
But astaxanthin is only GRAS at 6 to 7 milligrams (mg) daily. It must also come from one of the following two organisms (living things):
However, common side effects of astaxanthin might typically include digestive system-related symptoms, such as diarrhea.
Severe Side Effects
Based on a review article, no severe side effects were seen—even at high doses. At high doses, however, some side effects may include:
Aside from these, a severe allergic reaction is a profound side effect possible with any medication or natural product.
If you’re having asevere allergic reaction, symptoms may include breathing difficulties, itchiness, and rash.
If any of your symptoms feel life-threatening, call 911 and get medical help right away.
A healthcare provider may advise against astaxanthin use if any of the following applies to you:
Severe allergic reaction: Avoid astaxanthin if you have a known allergy to it or its ingredients or parts. If you need clarification on whether it’s safe, ask a registered dietitian, pharmacist, or healthcare provider for more information.
Pregnancy: There is one study regarding the use of astaxanthin as a pretreatment to improve fertility treatment outcomes in people withendometriosis(a condition in which tissue similar to that lining the uterus grows outside the uterus).
Otherwise, there is little information about the effects and safety of astaxanthin inpregnantpeople and the unborn fetus. Pregnant people typically are not mentioned on product labels.
Reach out to a healthcare provider to discuss the benefits and risks of astaxanthin if pregnant.
Breastfeeding: There is limited information about the effects and safety of astaxanthin onbreastfeedingparents and nursing babies. Moreover, most astaxanthin product labels are unlikely to target breastfeeding parents.Before using astaxanthin, discuss its benefits and risks with a healthcare provider.
Adults over age 65: Older adults have participated in astaxanthin-related clinical trials.Still, caution should be used with astaxanthin in older adults, since this population traditionally has a higher likelihood of medication side effects.
Children: There is little information about the impact and safety of astaxanthin in children. Furthermore, since astaxanthin product labels target adults and not infants or children, the supplement is likely not intended for this age group.Consult with a healthcare provider if you’re considering astaxanthin for your child.
Animals: Too much astaxanthin may build up in the eyes and skin, causing the skin to look yellow or red.Before giving astaxanthin to animals, contact a veterinarian to discuss the benefits and risks.
Dosage: How Much Astaxanthin Should I Use?
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your individual needs.
While there are some studies on astaxanthin in humans, more research with high-quality clinical trials is still necessary.
For this reason, there are no guidelines on the appropriate dosage to use astaxanthin for any condition. But astaxanthin doses may be between 2 mg and 24 mg in different countries.
The specific dose may vary based on the dosage form and medical condition.
What Happens If I Use Too Much Astaxanthin?
As mentioned, astaxanthin is generally safe, causing no side effects when taken with food.
The FDA recognizes astaxanthin as safe at 6 mg or 7 mg doses taken daily. And there were no safety concerns at dosages above 11 mg per day.
Astaxanthin has a good safety profile at short-term daily doses of up to 100 mg and long-term daily doses between 8-12 mg. But if you take too much astaxanthin, side effects may includered-colored stool (poop)andfrequent bowel movements.
If you suspect you are experiencing life-threatening side effects from too much astaxanthin, seek immediate medical attention.
Astaxanthin might interact with the following medications:
It is essential to carefully read a supplement’s ingredient list and nutrition facts panel to know which ingredients and how much of each element is included. Please review the supplement label with your healthcare provider to discuss potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications.
How to Store Astaxanthin
Storage instructions may vary for different products. Carefully read the directions and packaging label on the container.
Most medicines' optimal storage condition is in a cool and dry place. You should also keep your medications tightly closed and out of the reach of children and pets, ideally locked in a cabinet or closet.
Discard after one year or as indicated on the packaging. Avoid putting unused and expired products down the drain or in the toilet. Visit the FDA website to learn where and how to discard all unused and expired medications.You may also be able to find disposal boxes in your area.
Ask a pharmacist or healthcare provider if you have any questions about how to dispose of your medications or natural products.
If you plan totravelwith astaxanthin, get familiar with your final destination’s regulations. The U.S. Embassy website might be a helpful resource.
Ask a healthcare provider how to travel with your medications or natural products if necessary.
Astaxanthin may affect brain health, eye health, high cholesterol, immune support, and skin health.
Oher potentially similar supplements include:
Only combine multiple natural products once you first talk with a healthcare provider, pharmacist, or dietitian. Checking in can help you avoid possible harmful interactions and side effects and ensure you’re giving these supplements a fair trial at appropriate doses.
Frequently Asked QuestionsAstaxanthin supplements are available in a few different dosage forms—with capsules potentially being the most common.Yes. Manufacturers in the United States make astaxanthin supplements.To safely take herbal medications—like astaxanthin—inform your healthcare providers and pharmacists about all medications you take.This includes over-the-counter (OTC), herbal, natural medicines, and supplements.They can help prevent possible interactions and side effects. They can also ensure you’re given astaxanthin a fair trial at appropriate doses.
Astaxanthin supplements are available in a few different dosage forms—with capsules potentially being the most common.
Yes. Manufacturers in the United States make astaxanthin supplements.
To safely take herbal medications—like astaxanthin—inform your healthcare providers and pharmacists about all medications you take.This includes over-the-counter (OTC), herbal, natural medicines, and supplements.They can help prevent possible interactions and side effects. They can also ensure you’re given astaxanthin a fair trial at appropriate doses.
To safely take herbal medications—like astaxanthin—inform your healthcare providers and pharmacists about all medications you take.
This includes over-the-counter (OTC), herbal, natural medicines, and supplements.
They can help prevent possible interactions and side effects. They can also ensure you’re given astaxanthin a fair trial at appropriate doses.
Sources of Astaxanthin & What to Look For
There are a few different sources of astaxanthin.
Food Sources of Astaxanthin
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid and pigment (natural coloring) typically found in water-living organisms, such as lobster, shrimp, and salmon.
You may also find astaxanthin added to food.
Astaxanthin Supplements
Astaxanthin supplements are commonly available in capsule form.
Other dosage forms of astaxanthin, which may contain other ingredients, include:
You may be able to find vegetarian and vegan options.
The product that works for you will depend on personal preferences and your desired results. Each product may work a bit differently, depending on the form.
Summary
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid and pigment typically found in water-living organisms. Astaxanthin may have potential uses in brain health, eye health, high cholesterol, immune support, and skin health.
Before using astaxanthin, involve a registered dietitian, pharmacist, or healthcare provider in your decision-making process.
26 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Bjørklund G, Gasmi A, Lenchyk L, et al.The role of astaxanthin as a nutraceutical in health and age-related conditions.Molecules. 2022;27(21):7167. doi:10.3390/molecules27217167Donoso A, Gonzalez-Duran J, Agurto-Munoz A, et al.Therapeutic uses of natural astaxanthin: an evidence-based review focused on human clinical trials.Pharmacol Res. 2021;166:105479. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105479PubChem.Astaxanthin.Aneesh PA, Ajeeshkumar KK, Kumar Lekshmi RG, et al.Bioactivities of astaxanthin from natural sources, augmenting its biomedical potential: a review.Trends Food Sci Technol. 2022;125:81-90. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2022.05.004Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Tomita Y, et al.Astaxanthin, a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, augments antibody responses in cultures including T-helper cell clones and suboptimal doses of antigen.J Nutr. 1995;125(10):2483-92. doi:10.1093/jn/125.10.2483U.S. Department of Agriculture.FoodData Central: astaxanthin.National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplement label database: astaxanthin.Santiyanon N, Yeephu S.Interaction between warfarin and astaxanthin: a case report.J Cardiol Cases. 2019;19(5):173-175. doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2019.01.002Rostami S, Alyasin A, Saedi M, et al.Astaxanthin ameliorates inflammation, oxidative stress, and reproductive outcomes in endometriosis patients undergoing assisted reproduction: a randomized, triple-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.Front Endocrinol. 2023;14. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1144323National Cancer Institute.Oxidative stress.American Academy of Ophthalmology.What is macular degeneration?.Ambati RR, Phang SM, Ravi S, et al.Astaxanthin: sources, extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial applications–a review.Mar Drugs. 2014;12(1):128-52. doi:10.3390/md12010128Food and Drug Administration.GRAS notice for astaxanthin-rich carotenoid extracts fromParacoccus carotinifaciens.Brendler T, Williamson EM.Astaxanthin: How much is too much? A safety review.Phytother Res. 2019;33(12):3090-3111. doi:10.1002/ptr.6514Santiyanon N, Yeephu S.Interaction between warfarin and astaxanthin: a case report.J Cardiol Cases. 2019;19(5):173-175. doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2019.01.002Food and Drug Administration.Where and how to disposed of unused medicines.National Association Boards of Pharmacy.Drug disposal.USEmbassy.gov.Home.National Eye Institute.AREDS 2 supplements for age-related macular degeneration (AMD).National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.7 things to know about dietary supplements for cognitive function, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Echinacea.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Cardiovascular disease.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Grape seed extract.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Omega-3 supplements: in depth.National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.A guide to herbal remedies.Stachowiak B, Szulc P.Astaxanthin for the food industry.Molecules. 2021;26(9):2666. doi:10.3390/molecules26092666
26 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Bjørklund G, Gasmi A, Lenchyk L, et al.The role of astaxanthin as a nutraceutical in health and age-related conditions.Molecules. 2022;27(21):7167. doi:10.3390/molecules27217167Donoso A, Gonzalez-Duran J, Agurto-Munoz A, et al.Therapeutic uses of natural astaxanthin: an evidence-based review focused on human clinical trials.Pharmacol Res. 2021;166:105479. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105479PubChem.Astaxanthin.Aneesh PA, Ajeeshkumar KK, Kumar Lekshmi RG, et al.Bioactivities of astaxanthin from natural sources, augmenting its biomedical potential: a review.Trends Food Sci Technol. 2022;125:81-90. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2022.05.004Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Tomita Y, et al.Astaxanthin, a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, augments antibody responses in cultures including T-helper cell clones and suboptimal doses of antigen.J Nutr. 1995;125(10):2483-92. doi:10.1093/jn/125.10.2483U.S. Department of Agriculture.FoodData Central: astaxanthin.National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplement label database: astaxanthin.Santiyanon N, Yeephu S.Interaction between warfarin and astaxanthin: a case report.J Cardiol Cases. 2019;19(5):173-175. doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2019.01.002Rostami S, Alyasin A, Saedi M, et al.Astaxanthin ameliorates inflammation, oxidative stress, and reproductive outcomes in endometriosis patients undergoing assisted reproduction: a randomized, triple-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.Front Endocrinol. 2023;14. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1144323National Cancer Institute.Oxidative stress.American Academy of Ophthalmology.What is macular degeneration?.Ambati RR, Phang SM, Ravi S, et al.Astaxanthin: sources, extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial applications–a review.Mar Drugs. 2014;12(1):128-52. doi:10.3390/md12010128Food and Drug Administration.GRAS notice for astaxanthin-rich carotenoid extracts fromParacoccus carotinifaciens.Brendler T, Williamson EM.Astaxanthin: How much is too much? A safety review.Phytother Res. 2019;33(12):3090-3111. doi:10.1002/ptr.6514Santiyanon N, Yeephu S.Interaction between warfarin and astaxanthin: a case report.J Cardiol Cases. 2019;19(5):173-175. doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2019.01.002Food and Drug Administration.Where and how to disposed of unused medicines.National Association Boards of Pharmacy.Drug disposal.USEmbassy.gov.Home.National Eye Institute.AREDS 2 supplements for age-related macular degeneration (AMD).National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.7 things to know about dietary supplements for cognitive function, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Echinacea.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Cardiovascular disease.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Grape seed extract.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Omega-3 supplements: in depth.National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.A guide to herbal remedies.Stachowiak B, Szulc P.Astaxanthin for the food industry.Molecules. 2021;26(9):2666. doi:10.3390/molecules26092666
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Bjørklund G, Gasmi A, Lenchyk L, et al.The role of astaxanthin as a nutraceutical in health and age-related conditions.Molecules. 2022;27(21):7167. doi:10.3390/molecules27217167Donoso A, Gonzalez-Duran J, Agurto-Munoz A, et al.Therapeutic uses of natural astaxanthin: an evidence-based review focused on human clinical trials.Pharmacol Res. 2021;166:105479. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105479PubChem.Astaxanthin.Aneesh PA, Ajeeshkumar KK, Kumar Lekshmi RG, et al.Bioactivities of astaxanthin from natural sources, augmenting its biomedical potential: a review.Trends Food Sci Technol. 2022;125:81-90. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2022.05.004Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Tomita Y, et al.Astaxanthin, a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, augments antibody responses in cultures including T-helper cell clones and suboptimal doses of antigen.J Nutr. 1995;125(10):2483-92. doi:10.1093/jn/125.10.2483U.S. Department of Agriculture.FoodData Central: astaxanthin.National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplement label database: astaxanthin.Santiyanon N, Yeephu S.Interaction between warfarin and astaxanthin: a case report.J Cardiol Cases. 2019;19(5):173-175. doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2019.01.002Rostami S, Alyasin A, Saedi M, et al.Astaxanthin ameliorates inflammation, oxidative stress, and reproductive outcomes in endometriosis patients undergoing assisted reproduction: a randomized, triple-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.Front Endocrinol. 2023;14. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1144323National Cancer Institute.Oxidative stress.American Academy of Ophthalmology.What is macular degeneration?.Ambati RR, Phang SM, Ravi S, et al.Astaxanthin: sources, extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial applications–a review.Mar Drugs. 2014;12(1):128-52. doi:10.3390/md12010128Food and Drug Administration.GRAS notice for astaxanthin-rich carotenoid extracts fromParacoccus carotinifaciens.Brendler T, Williamson EM.Astaxanthin: How much is too much? A safety review.Phytother Res. 2019;33(12):3090-3111. doi:10.1002/ptr.6514Santiyanon N, Yeephu S.Interaction between warfarin and astaxanthin: a case report.J Cardiol Cases. 2019;19(5):173-175. doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2019.01.002Food and Drug Administration.Where and how to disposed of unused medicines.National Association Boards of Pharmacy.Drug disposal.USEmbassy.gov.Home.National Eye Institute.AREDS 2 supplements for age-related macular degeneration (AMD).National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.7 things to know about dietary supplements for cognitive function, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Echinacea.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Cardiovascular disease.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Grape seed extract.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Omega-3 supplements: in depth.National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.A guide to herbal remedies.Stachowiak B, Szulc P.Astaxanthin for the food industry.Molecules. 2021;26(9):2666. doi:10.3390/molecules26092666
Bjørklund G, Gasmi A, Lenchyk L, et al.The role of astaxanthin as a nutraceutical in health and age-related conditions.Molecules. 2022;27(21):7167. doi:10.3390/molecules27217167
Donoso A, Gonzalez-Duran J, Agurto-Munoz A, et al.Therapeutic uses of natural astaxanthin: an evidence-based review focused on human clinical trials.Pharmacol Res. 2021;166:105479. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105479
PubChem.Astaxanthin.
Aneesh PA, Ajeeshkumar KK, Kumar Lekshmi RG, et al.Bioactivities of astaxanthin from natural sources, augmenting its biomedical potential: a review.Trends Food Sci Technol. 2022;125:81-90. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2022.05.004
Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Tomita Y, et al.Astaxanthin, a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, augments antibody responses in cultures including T-helper cell clones and suboptimal doses of antigen.J Nutr. 1995;125(10):2483-92. doi:10.1093/jn/125.10.2483
U.S. Department of Agriculture.FoodData Central: astaxanthin.
National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplement label database: astaxanthin.
Santiyanon N, Yeephu S.Interaction between warfarin and astaxanthin: a case report.J Cardiol Cases. 2019;19(5):173-175. doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2019.01.002
Rostami S, Alyasin A, Saedi M, et al.Astaxanthin ameliorates inflammation, oxidative stress, and reproductive outcomes in endometriosis patients undergoing assisted reproduction: a randomized, triple-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.Front Endocrinol. 2023;14. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1144323
National Cancer Institute.Oxidative stress.
American Academy of Ophthalmology.What is macular degeneration?.
Ambati RR, Phang SM, Ravi S, et al.Astaxanthin: sources, extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial applications–a review.Mar Drugs. 2014;12(1):128-52. doi:10.3390/md12010128
Food and Drug Administration.GRAS notice for astaxanthin-rich carotenoid extracts fromParacoccus carotinifaciens.
Brendler T, Williamson EM.Astaxanthin: How much is too much? A safety review.Phytother Res. 2019;33(12):3090-3111. doi:10.1002/ptr.6514
Food and Drug Administration.Where and how to disposed of unused medicines.
National Association Boards of Pharmacy.Drug disposal.
USEmbassy.gov.Home.
National Eye Institute.AREDS 2 supplements for age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.7 things to know about dietary supplements for cognitive function, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Echinacea.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Cardiovascular disease.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Grape seed extract.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Omega-3 supplements: in depth.
National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.A guide to herbal remedies.
Stachowiak B, Szulc P.Astaxanthin for the food industry.Molecules. 2021;26(9):2666. doi:10.3390/molecules26092666
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