Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsBenefitsHow It WorksTypesFood SourcesSide EffectsDosageInteractions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Benefits
How It Works
Types
Food Sources
Side Effects
Dosage
Interactions
Citrulline(l-citrulline) is a nonessential amino acid that offers several benefits. For example, it helps the body eliminate harmful substances such asammonia, may haveantioxidanteffects, and acts as avasodilator, widening the blood vessels.It’s also promoted to improve athletic performance and enhance heart health, but research on effectiveness is limited.
Citrulline is made in the liver and intestine, consumed in foods such aswatermelonand cucumbers, and available as a dietary supplement.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
Verywell / Anastasia Tretiak
What Are the Benefits of Citrulline?
Citrulline is naturally produced in the body, even if you do not consume it. Upon ingestion, citrulline breaks down into l-arginine and stimulates the production of the natural compound nitric oxide.
By itself, nitric oxide supplementation is known to improve cardiac health, enhance exercise performance, reduce high blood pressure during pregnancy, reduce erectile dysfunction (ED), and improve healing and respiration.
L-arginine is supposed to be a therapeutic agent for improving immune function and lowering blood pressure.There is also evidence that it helps regulate metabolism and alleviate symptoms of type II diabetes.
In theory, taking citrulline supplements can help your body produce more of these essential compounds, ushering in the benefits they each have to offer. Here’s what researchers know about the benefits of citrulline so far:
May Improve Exercise Performance
Most research on citrulline supplementation has examined its effects on physical and athletic performance. However, very little scientific evidence supports its use for this purpose.
A meta-analysis of eight studies suggested that supplementing with 6 to 8 grams of citrulline malate (a type of citrulline supplement) 40 to 60 minutes before exercise increased repetitions with lower body resistance exercises compared with the placebo.
However, in another meta-analysis, citrulline malate supplementation did not improve muscle strength in healthy, resistance-trained adults. This systematic review included four studies and 138 assessments.
In short, citrulline may potentially help with certain aspects of physical performance, but the results are too inconsistent to make any recommendations for supplementation in athletes.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) states that current research does not offer strong enough evidence for taking citrulline or citrulline malate supplements for exercise or athletic performance.
May Reduce Blood Pressure
Citrulline may reduce blood pressure, but more research is needed. Citrulline is converted to arginine in the body, and arginine increases blood flow. Therefore, it is theorized that citrulline could help with blood pressure control.Studies have shown that short-term L-citrulline use can lower blood pressure in adults with hypertension (high blood pressure) and those with pre-hypertension. These studies suggest that pharmaceutical-grade L-citrulline helped promote heart health.A systematic review and meta-analysis found that L-citrulline supplementation may reducesystolic and possibly diastolic blood pressure, but only in studies that used doses greater than or equal to 6 grams/day.Yet another review and meta-analysis found no beneficial effect of citrulline on blood pressure.Your best bet for managing high blood pressure is to discuss a care plan with your healthcare provider that includes evidence-based practices for hypertension, like the DASH diet, weight management, and blood pressure medications. Always discuss any supplements you take with your healthcare provider.
May Improve Symptoms of Erectile Dysfunction
Few studies have specifically examined the effects of citrulline supplementation on erectile dysfunction. In one study, citrulline supplementation led to significant improvements in erection stability and firmness, as well as intercourse satisfaction in men with ED. However, citrulline supplements were taken in combination with the natural phenol transresveratrol.
Larger, long-term studies focused on citrulline alone are needed to further investigate its potential for treating ED.
Does Citrulline Affect Testosterone?The body converts citrulline into l-arginine then nitric oxide, two compounds that help stimulate testosterone production. It’s thought that citrulline supplementation could help build testosterone for this reason. However, more specific studies in humans are needed to prove any link.
Does Citrulline Affect Testosterone?
The body converts citrulline into l-arginine then nitric oxide, two compounds that help stimulate testosterone production. It’s thought that citrulline supplementation could help build testosterone for this reason. However, more specific studies in humans are needed to prove any link.
How Does Citrulline Work?
Types of Citrulline
Dietary supplements containing citrulline can be found in two formulations:
One gram of citrulline malate provides 566 mg of citrulline, compared to one gram (1000 mg) of pure citrulline.Malic acidis an organic compound that gives many fruits their tart taste. It is combined with citrulline to help your body absorb it better.
Citrulline is also added to supplement powders marketed for workouts and weight lifting, which contain many different ingredients. Some products containcreatineor caffeine and large amounts of specific vitamins and minerals.
These organizations evaluate and report on a product’s safety, purity, and potency level.
Supplement FactsActive ingredient(s):CitrullineAlternate name(s):2-amino-5-(carbamoylamino) pentanoic acid, Citrulline malate, L-citrulline, L-citrulline malateSuggested dose:No standard doseSafety considerations: Mostly considered safe; avoid if pregnant or nursing
Supplement Facts
Active ingredient(s):CitrullineAlternate name(s):2-amino-5-(carbamoylamino) pentanoic acid, Citrulline malate, L-citrulline, L-citrulline malateSuggested dose:No standard doseSafety considerations: Mostly considered safe; avoid if pregnant or nursing
What Foods Are Rich in Citrulline?
The best source of citrulline is watermelon. One cup of watermelon contains 365 mg of citrulline.Other sources of citrulline include:
What Are the Side Effects of Citrulline?
Although citrulline side effects are uncommon, mild symptoms may include:
Can You Take Citrulline if You’re Pregnant or Breastfeeding?Similar to most supplements, there is not enough data on the safety of citrulline in pregnant or breastfeeding people. For this reason, it’s best to avoid taking citrulline supplements if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any new supplements to be safe.
Can You Take Citrulline if You’re Pregnant or Breastfeeding?
Similar to most supplements, there is not enough data on the safety of citrulline in pregnant or breastfeeding people. For this reason, it’s best to avoid taking citrulline supplements if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any new supplements to be safe.
Dosage: How Much Citrulline Should I Take?
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your individual needs.
There is no standard recommended dose for citrulline. Studies have used either citrulline or citrulline malate in differing amounts.
Is it Safe to Take Citrulline Everyday?
In studies, 2 to 5 grams of L-citrulline per day has been used for exercise performance enhancement. Studies have shown that doses of 3 to 6 grams per day of L-citrulline and 8 grams of citrulline malate can be taken with no side effects.
Overall, using up to 9 grams for one day or 6 grams/per day for up to 16 days caused few safety concerns.
Supplements may have interactions with prescribed medications. Before starting citrulline, tell your healthcare provider or pharmacist about any other medicines you take or plan to take, including over-the-counter (OTC) nonprescription products, vitamins, herbs, supplements, and plant-based medicines.
The following drugs may interact with citrulline supplements:
Other prescription medications could interact with citrulline. Always discuss your supplement use with a healthcare provider.
Summary
Citrulline is a non-essential amino acid. The body produces citrulline on its own, but it can also be found in foods, like watermelon, and supplement forms.
There has been a lot of interest in citrulline supplementation for improved athletic performance. Despite this, the evidence does not support its routine use for athletes. Currently, there are no standard recommendations for the use of citrulline supplements.
18 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Qazi H, Ahmed W.Citrulline. In:Industrial Application of Functional Foods, Ingredients and Nutraceuticals,2023.Gough LA, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR, et al.A critical review of citrulline malate supplementation and exercise performance.Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121(12):3283-3295. doi: 10.1007/s00421-021-04774-6Gough LA, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR, et al.A critical review of citrulline malate supplementation and exercise performance.Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121(12):3283-3295. doi: 10.1007/s00421-021-04774-6Kiani A, Bonetti G, Medori M, et al.Dietary supplements for improving nitric-oxide synthesis.J Prev Med Hyg. 2022 Oct;63(2):239-245. doi:10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2S3.2766McRae M.Therapeutic benefits of l-Arginine: An umbrella review of meta-analysis.J Chiropr Med. 2016 Sep;15(3):184-189. doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2016.06.002Szlas A, Kurek J, Krejpcio Z.The potential of L-arginine in prevention and treatment of disturbed carbohydrate and lipid metabolism—a review.Nutrients. 2022 Feb;14(5):961. doi:10.3390/nu14050961Aguiar AF, Casonatto J.Effects of citrulline malate supplementation on muscle strength in resistance-trained adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Diet Suppl. 2022;19(6):772-790. doi:10.1080/19390211.2021.1939473Gonzalez AM, Trexler ET.Effects of citrulline supplementation on exercise performance in humans: a review of the current literature.J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(5):1480-1495. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000003426National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplements for exercise and athletic performance.Allerton TD, Proctor DN, Stephens JM, Dugas TR, Spielmann G, Irving BA.L-citrulline supplementation: Impact on cardiometabolic health.Nutrients. 2018;10(7) doi:10.3390/nu10070921Barkhidarian B, Khorshidi M, Shab-Bidar S, Hashemi B.Effects of L-citrulline supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Avicenna J Phytomed. 2019;9(1):10-20.Mirenayat MS, Moradi S, Mohammadi H, Rouhani MH.Effect of l-citrulline supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(11):98. doi:10.1007/s11906-018-0898-3Barassi A, Romanelli C, Pezzilli R, et al.Levels of l-arginine and l-citrulline in patients with erectile dysfunction of different etiology.Andrology. 2017 Mar;5(2):256-261. doi:10.1111/andr.12293Shirai M, Hiramatsu I, Aoki Y, Shimoyama H, et al.Oral l-citrulline and transresveratrol supplementation improves erectile function in men with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover pilot study.Sex Med. 2018;6(4):291-296. doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2018.07.001Kataoka T, Kimura K.Testosterone and erectile dysfunction: A review of evidence from basic research. In:Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases. 2018 May;1(1):1-358. doi:10.5772/intechopen.72935Assefa A, Hur OS, Ro NY, et al.Fruit morphology, citrulline, and arginine levels in diverse watermelon (Citrillus lanatus) germplasm collections.Plants (Basel). 2020 Aug;9(9):1054. doi:10.3390/plants9091054Johnson S.L-citrulline. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee Meeting 2017, November 20.Mirenayat MS, Moradi S, Mohammadi H, Rouhani MH.Effect of l-citrulline supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(11):98. doi: 10.1007/s11906-018-0898-3Additional ReadingEleutério RMN, Nascimento FO, Araújo TG, et al.Double-blind clinical trial of arginine supplementation in the treatment of adult patients with sickle cell anaemia.Adv Hematol. 2019;2019:4397150. doi:10.1155/2019/4397150
18 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Qazi H, Ahmed W.Citrulline. In:Industrial Application of Functional Foods, Ingredients and Nutraceuticals,2023.Gough LA, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR, et al.A critical review of citrulline malate supplementation and exercise performance.Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121(12):3283-3295. doi: 10.1007/s00421-021-04774-6Gough LA, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR, et al.A critical review of citrulline malate supplementation and exercise performance.Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121(12):3283-3295. doi: 10.1007/s00421-021-04774-6Kiani A, Bonetti G, Medori M, et al.Dietary supplements for improving nitric-oxide synthesis.J Prev Med Hyg. 2022 Oct;63(2):239-245. doi:10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2S3.2766McRae M.Therapeutic benefits of l-Arginine: An umbrella review of meta-analysis.J Chiropr Med. 2016 Sep;15(3):184-189. doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2016.06.002Szlas A, Kurek J, Krejpcio Z.The potential of L-arginine in prevention and treatment of disturbed carbohydrate and lipid metabolism—a review.Nutrients. 2022 Feb;14(5):961. doi:10.3390/nu14050961Aguiar AF, Casonatto J.Effects of citrulline malate supplementation on muscle strength in resistance-trained adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Diet Suppl. 2022;19(6):772-790. doi:10.1080/19390211.2021.1939473Gonzalez AM, Trexler ET.Effects of citrulline supplementation on exercise performance in humans: a review of the current literature.J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(5):1480-1495. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000003426National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplements for exercise and athletic performance.Allerton TD, Proctor DN, Stephens JM, Dugas TR, Spielmann G, Irving BA.L-citrulline supplementation: Impact on cardiometabolic health.Nutrients. 2018;10(7) doi:10.3390/nu10070921Barkhidarian B, Khorshidi M, Shab-Bidar S, Hashemi B.Effects of L-citrulline supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Avicenna J Phytomed. 2019;9(1):10-20.Mirenayat MS, Moradi S, Mohammadi H, Rouhani MH.Effect of l-citrulline supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(11):98. doi:10.1007/s11906-018-0898-3Barassi A, Romanelli C, Pezzilli R, et al.Levels of l-arginine and l-citrulline in patients with erectile dysfunction of different etiology.Andrology. 2017 Mar;5(2):256-261. doi:10.1111/andr.12293Shirai M, Hiramatsu I, Aoki Y, Shimoyama H, et al.Oral l-citrulline and transresveratrol supplementation improves erectile function in men with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover pilot study.Sex Med. 2018;6(4):291-296. doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2018.07.001Kataoka T, Kimura K.Testosterone and erectile dysfunction: A review of evidence from basic research. In:Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases. 2018 May;1(1):1-358. doi:10.5772/intechopen.72935Assefa A, Hur OS, Ro NY, et al.Fruit morphology, citrulline, and arginine levels in diverse watermelon (Citrillus lanatus) germplasm collections.Plants (Basel). 2020 Aug;9(9):1054. doi:10.3390/plants9091054Johnson S.L-citrulline. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee Meeting 2017, November 20.Mirenayat MS, Moradi S, Mohammadi H, Rouhani MH.Effect of l-citrulline supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(11):98. doi: 10.1007/s11906-018-0898-3Additional ReadingEleutério RMN, Nascimento FO, Araújo TG, et al.Double-blind clinical trial of arginine supplementation in the treatment of adult patients with sickle cell anaemia.Adv Hematol. 2019;2019:4397150. doi:10.1155/2019/4397150
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Qazi H, Ahmed W.Citrulline. In:Industrial Application of Functional Foods, Ingredients and Nutraceuticals,2023.Gough LA, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR, et al.A critical review of citrulline malate supplementation and exercise performance.Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121(12):3283-3295. doi: 10.1007/s00421-021-04774-6Gough LA, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR, et al.A critical review of citrulline malate supplementation and exercise performance.Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121(12):3283-3295. doi: 10.1007/s00421-021-04774-6Kiani A, Bonetti G, Medori M, et al.Dietary supplements for improving nitric-oxide synthesis.J Prev Med Hyg. 2022 Oct;63(2):239-245. doi:10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2S3.2766McRae M.Therapeutic benefits of l-Arginine: An umbrella review of meta-analysis.J Chiropr Med. 2016 Sep;15(3):184-189. doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2016.06.002Szlas A, Kurek J, Krejpcio Z.The potential of L-arginine in prevention and treatment of disturbed carbohydrate and lipid metabolism—a review.Nutrients. 2022 Feb;14(5):961. doi:10.3390/nu14050961Aguiar AF, Casonatto J.Effects of citrulline malate supplementation on muscle strength in resistance-trained adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Diet Suppl. 2022;19(6):772-790. doi:10.1080/19390211.2021.1939473Gonzalez AM, Trexler ET.Effects of citrulline supplementation on exercise performance in humans: a review of the current literature.J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(5):1480-1495. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000003426National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplements for exercise and athletic performance.Allerton TD, Proctor DN, Stephens JM, Dugas TR, Spielmann G, Irving BA.L-citrulline supplementation: Impact on cardiometabolic health.Nutrients. 2018;10(7) doi:10.3390/nu10070921Barkhidarian B, Khorshidi M, Shab-Bidar S, Hashemi B.Effects of L-citrulline supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Avicenna J Phytomed. 2019;9(1):10-20.Mirenayat MS, Moradi S, Mohammadi H, Rouhani MH.Effect of l-citrulline supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(11):98. doi:10.1007/s11906-018-0898-3Barassi A, Romanelli C, Pezzilli R, et al.Levels of l-arginine and l-citrulline in patients with erectile dysfunction of different etiology.Andrology. 2017 Mar;5(2):256-261. doi:10.1111/andr.12293Shirai M, Hiramatsu I, Aoki Y, Shimoyama H, et al.Oral l-citrulline and transresveratrol supplementation improves erectile function in men with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover pilot study.Sex Med. 2018;6(4):291-296. doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2018.07.001Kataoka T, Kimura K.Testosterone and erectile dysfunction: A review of evidence from basic research. In:Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases. 2018 May;1(1):1-358. doi:10.5772/intechopen.72935Assefa A, Hur OS, Ro NY, et al.Fruit morphology, citrulline, and arginine levels in diverse watermelon (Citrillus lanatus) germplasm collections.Plants (Basel). 2020 Aug;9(9):1054. doi:10.3390/plants9091054Johnson S.L-citrulline. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee Meeting 2017, November 20.Mirenayat MS, Moradi S, Mohammadi H, Rouhani MH.Effect of l-citrulline supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(11):98. doi: 10.1007/s11906-018-0898-3
Qazi H, Ahmed W.Citrulline. In:Industrial Application of Functional Foods, Ingredients and Nutraceuticals,2023.
Gough LA, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR, et al.A critical review of citrulline malate supplementation and exercise performance.Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121(12):3283-3295. doi: 10.1007/s00421-021-04774-6
Kiani A, Bonetti G, Medori M, et al.Dietary supplements for improving nitric-oxide synthesis.J Prev Med Hyg. 2022 Oct;63(2):239-245. doi:10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2S3.2766
McRae M.Therapeutic benefits of l-Arginine: An umbrella review of meta-analysis.J Chiropr Med. 2016 Sep;15(3):184-189. doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2016.06.002
Szlas A, Kurek J, Krejpcio Z.The potential of L-arginine in prevention and treatment of disturbed carbohydrate and lipid metabolism—a review.Nutrients. 2022 Feb;14(5):961. doi:10.3390/nu14050961
Aguiar AF, Casonatto J.Effects of citrulline malate supplementation on muscle strength in resistance-trained adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Diet Suppl. 2022;19(6):772-790. doi:10.1080/19390211.2021.1939473
Gonzalez AM, Trexler ET.Effects of citrulline supplementation on exercise performance in humans: a review of the current literature.J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(5):1480-1495. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000003426
National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplements for exercise and athletic performance.
Allerton TD, Proctor DN, Stephens JM, Dugas TR, Spielmann G, Irving BA.L-citrulline supplementation: Impact on cardiometabolic health.Nutrients. 2018;10(7) doi:10.3390/nu10070921
Barkhidarian B, Khorshidi M, Shab-Bidar S, Hashemi B.Effects of L-citrulline supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Avicenna J Phytomed. 2019;9(1):10-20.
Mirenayat MS, Moradi S, Mohammadi H, Rouhani MH.Effect of l-citrulline supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(11):98. doi:10.1007/s11906-018-0898-3
Barassi A, Romanelli C, Pezzilli R, et al.Levels of l-arginine and l-citrulline in patients with erectile dysfunction of different etiology.Andrology. 2017 Mar;5(2):256-261. doi:10.1111/andr.12293
Shirai M, Hiramatsu I, Aoki Y, Shimoyama H, et al.Oral l-citrulline and transresveratrol supplementation improves erectile function in men with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover pilot study.Sex Med. 2018;6(4):291-296. doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2018.07.001
Kataoka T, Kimura K.Testosterone and erectile dysfunction: A review of evidence from basic research. In:Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases. 2018 May;1(1):1-358. doi:10.5772/intechopen.72935
Assefa A, Hur OS, Ro NY, et al.Fruit morphology, citrulline, and arginine levels in diverse watermelon (Citrillus lanatus) germplasm collections.Plants (Basel). 2020 Aug;9(9):1054. doi:10.3390/plants9091054
Johnson S.L-citrulline. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee Meeting 2017, November 20.
Mirenayat MS, Moradi S, Mohammadi H, Rouhani MH.Effect of l-citrulline supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(11):98. doi: 10.1007/s11906-018-0898-3
Eleutério RMN, Nascimento FO, Araújo TG, et al.Double-blind clinical trial of arginine supplementation in the treatment of adult patients with sickle cell anaemia.Adv Hematol. 2019;2019:4397150. doi:10.1155/2019/4397150
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