Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsL-arginineDHEAGingko bilobaGinsengYohimbineHorny Goat WeedPropionyl L-CarnitineMED3000 (Eroxon)Treating ED Without Drugs
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
L-arginine
DHEA
Gingko biloba
Ginseng
Yohimbine
Horny Goat Weed
Propionyl L-Carnitine
MED3000 (Eroxon)
Treating ED Without Drugs
Still, these pills and products have become increasingly popular with consumers. Unlike Viagra and Cialis (tadalafil), they don’t require a prescription. They are also less expensive and often include natural ingredients.
If you are considering OTC erection pills or gels, it’s best to first review what is known about them, including their potential side effects and risks. Read on for a review of OTC, as well as ways to improve ED without them.
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L-Arginine
L-arginineis an amino acid—a building block of protein—that is found naturally in food. Among other things, it boosts the body’s production of nitric oxide (NO), a compound that helps dilate (widen) blood vessels. Without NO, the blood vessels in the penis cannot engorge with blood and achieve an erection.
Benefits
Even so, it is important to remember that people get plenty of L-arginine from their diet and that NO is only one of the components needed to achieve an erection.
Side Effects
While L-arginine supplements are generally considered safe, they can cause side effects like:
L-arginine should not be used in people withgoutas it can increase the risk of an attack. It can also cause airway inflammation and should not be used in people withchronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)orpoorly controlled asthma.
L-arginine can also cause a drop in blood pressure and should never be used in people who have had a recent heart attack. Similarly, it should be used with caution in people taking high blood pressure medications as it may trigger a steep and sudden drop in blood pressure (hypotension).
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA)is the most abundant steroid in the human body. It is used to create sex hormones liketestosterone, which plays an important role in erections. In the United States, DHEA is sold as a supplement under the assumption that it can aid with muscle building and athletic performance.
A 2018 review in theWorld Journal of Men’s Healthconcluded that DHEA may be of benefit to “healthy, middle-aged, and elderly” males with mild ED but is likely ineffective in those with moderate to severe ED.
The hormonal effects of DHEA can also cause significant side effects, such as:
Because DHEA boosts the production of not only testosterone but alsoestrogen, it may increase the risk of hormone-sensitive breast, ovarian, andprostate cancers.
Ginkgo Biloba
Ginkgo biloba, also known as the maidenhair tree, has been used for centuries as an herbal extract to treat a wide range of medical conditions, includinghypertension(high blood pressure).
By decreasing blood pressure, Ginkgo biloba can theoretically improve blood flow to the penis. Others contend that it has an aphrodisiac effect and can increase sexual desire (libido) in both males and females.
To date, the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) says that there is no solid evidence that ginkgo is beneficial for any health condition.
Ginkgo biloba may also cause side effects such as:
Because Ginkgo biloba can interfere with blood clotting, it should never be taken with blood thinners likewarfarinor if you have ableeding disorder.
Is it safe to buy erectile dysfunction pills online?You should notbuy ED pills onlineunless you have a prescription from a healthcare provider or are purchasing the pills from a reputable online pharmacy that provides you with a live telehealth appointment with a licensed physician.
Is it safe to buy erectile dysfunction pills online?
You should notbuy ED pills onlineunless you have a prescription from a healthcare provider or are purchasing the pills from a reputable online pharmacy that provides you with a live telehealth appointment with a licensed physician.
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)is a fragrant root used for culinary purposes as well as a herbal remedy in traditional Chinese medicine.
Ginseng is thought to boost the production of nitric oxide. It is also known to reduce blood pressure, which may improve blood flow to the penis. In addition, ginseng is thought to have mild stimulatory effects that may increase sexual arousal.
Even so, there is little evidence of a true effect for ED.
A 2021 review of studies published in theCochrane Database of Systematic Reviewconcluded that ginseng has a “trivial effect on erectile function” compared to aplacebo(sham drug), as well as a “trivial effect” on sexual satisfaction in males.
Generally considered safe for use, ginseng can nevertheless cause side effects like:
Ginseng should also be avoided if you are taking blood thinners and may interfere withimmunosuppressant drugslike prednisone and Imuran (azathioprine) used to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Yohimbine(Pausinystalia johimbe) is an herbal remedy made from the bark of an African tree of the same name. Yohimbine acts as an aphrodisiac in some mammals. While some people believe that it has a similar effect on humans, the evidence supporting the claim is weak.
Yohimbine is also popularly used as a dietary supplement for the treatment of ED, where it is thought to increase blood flow to the genitals of both males and females.
Some studies suggest that yohimbine may increase the likelihood of an erection when used alone or in combination with L-arginine. One review, however, suggests that while yohimbine can help improve erections in people with ED, it needs to be used with other treatments in order to restore sexual function.
Despite its possible benefits, yohimbine can cause potentially severe side effects, including:
The NCCIH does not endorse the use of yohimbine as it is associated with an increased risk of seizure and heart attacks. In some countries, yohimbine has been banned.
Horny goat weed(Epimedium grandiflorum) is a traditional herbal remedy that is thought to increase libido, promote fertility, and treat ED.
Because of this effect, some people refer to horny goat weed as “herbal Viagra.” Even so, studies have shown that horny goat weed is a very weak PDE5 inhibitor and that it is largely ineffective in treating people with ED.
Horny goat weed can also cause side effects like:
Horny goat weed should not be used if you are being treated forarrhythmia(irregular heartbeats) or are on high blood pressure medications or blood thinners.
L-carnitineis often used to enhance sports performance. It is available as an oral supplement in a few different forms, including propionyl L-carnitine, to boost the L-carnitine naturally made in the body.
Its benefits in treating peripheral artery disease, body mass issues in diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and other conditions are under study.Among them isPeyronie’s disease, which leads to ED due to curvature of the penis.
According to some sources, taking propionyl-L-carnitine alongside sildenafil (Viagra) could improve erectile function better than taking Viagra alone. There’s evidence to suggest that males who don’t respond well to Viagra use have naturally low levels of L-carnitine in their bodies, but more research is needed to understand the relationship and any benefits.
Potential side effects may be due to the dosage. At 3 grams or more per day, you may experience:
Taking propionyl-L-carnitine is not recommended for those with seizure disorders, and it may play a role in cardiovascular disease, among other conditions.
MED3000 (Eroxon Stimgel) contains water and alcohol ingredients that lead to the release of nitric oxide, causing vasodilation that improves blood flow to the penis. It is approved for use in males ages 22 and older.Research showed that two-thirds of those who used the gel were able to achieve an erection within 10 minutes, making it easy to use and allowing for more spontaneity in sex.
MED3000 (Eroxon Stimgel) appears to cause few side effects, with just 1% to 3% of users reporting headaches and nausea and no reports of adverse reactions from partners. A Phase 3 clinic trial that compared the gel with tadalafil (generic Cialis) found far fewer side effects.
Still, other concerns may include skin reactions (burning) and potential damage to condoms from the gel, though the manufacturer assures it is compatible with latex condoms.The studies did not focus on whether the gel is safe for oral sexual contact.
Managing Erectile Dysfunction Through Home Remedies
Treating ED Without Medications
If you are dealing with mild to moderate ED, you may want to embrace certain lifestyle changes to increase your chances of achieving and sustaining an erection without pills. Even if you are currently struggling with ED, making these changes can often reverse or ease the symptoms.
Another option is to purchase avacuum pumpandED ring(“cock ring”) which, respectively, draw blood into the penis and help keep it there.
Even if you still need a PDE5 inhibitor to achieve an erection, being fit, healthy, and active greatly will increase your response to drugs like Cialis and Viagra.
Summary
Over-the-counter supplements and herbal remedies for erectile dysfunction are available, but they’re not regulated in the United States and often lack evidence of long-term effectiveness or safety.
Products like ginseng, gingko biloba, or horny goat weed appear to have minimal effect in treating ED. And some manufacturers make untrue claims or misreport ingredients in their products, including those that purport to include Viagra or Cialis in the mix.
If you decide to try an herbal ED remedy, speak with your healthcare provider to see if it is safe, particularly if you have a chronic condition or take medications. You also may want to consider lifestyle changes that can reduce or prevent your challenges with ED.
A Word From VerywellMany OTC erection products promise quick fixes similar to prescription medications, but without proper FDA approval or clinical validation, their safety and effectiveness remain questionable. It’s important for patients to be wary of claims on labels or marketing material. Natural or organic does not always mean safe or effective. Consult with a healthcare provider before trying any new treatment for erectile dysfunction. Together, you can discuss proven, safe options and tailor a treatment plan that best suits your health needs and lifestyle.—JAMIN BRAHMBHATT, MD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
A Word From Verywell
Many OTC erection products promise quick fixes similar to prescription medications, but without proper FDA approval or clinical validation, their safety and effectiveness remain questionable. It’s important for patients to be wary of claims on labels or marketing material. Natural or organic does not always mean safe or effective. Consult with a healthcare provider before trying any new treatment for erectile dysfunction. Together, you can discuss proven, safe options and tailor a treatment plan that best suits your health needs and lifestyle.—JAMIN BRAHMBHATT, MD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
Many OTC erection products promise quick fixes similar to prescription medications, but without proper FDA approval or clinical validation, their safety and effectiveness remain questionable. It’s important for patients to be wary of claims on labels or marketing material. Natural or organic does not always mean safe or effective. Consult with a healthcare provider before trying any new treatment for erectile dysfunction. Together, you can discuss proven, safe options and tailor a treatment plan that best suits your health needs and lifestyle.
—JAMIN BRAHMBHATT, MD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
25 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Barassi A, Corsi Romanelli MM, Pezzilli R, Damele CA, Vaccalluzzo L, Goi G,et al.Levels of l-arginine and l-citrulline in patients with erectile dysfunction of different etiology.Andrology. 2017;5(2):256-61. doi:10.1111/andr.12293Rhim HC, Kim MS, Park YJ, Choi WS, Park HK, Kim HG,et al.The potential role of arginine supplements on erectile dysfunction: a systemic review and meta-analysis[published correction appears in J Sex Med. 2020 Mar;17(3):560].J Sex Med. 2019;16(2):223-234. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.12.002Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Ghasemi A, Azizi F.The association of dietary L-arginine intake and serum nitric oxide metabolites in adults: a population based study.Nutrients. 2016 May;8(5):311. doi:10.3390/nu8050311MedlinePlus.DHEA.El-Sakka AI.Dehydroepiandrosterone and rrectile function: a review.World J Mens Health. 2018;36(3):183-191. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180005National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Gingko.Lim PHC.Asian herbals and aphrodisiacs used for managing ED.Transl Androl Urol.2017 Apr;6(2):167–75. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.04.04Asher GN, Corbett AH, Hawke RL.Common Herbal Dietary Supplement-Drug Interactions.Am Fam Physician. 2017 Jul 15;96(2):101-107. PMID: 28762712.Lee HW, Lee MS, Kim TH, Alraek T, Zaslawski C, Kim JW,et al.Ginseng for erectile dysfunction.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2017 May;2017(5):CD012654. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012654National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Asian ginseng.Wibowo ONSA, Soebadi DM, Soebadi MA.Yohimbine as a treatment for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Turk J Urol.2021 Oct;47(6):482–8. doi:10.5152/tud.2021.21206National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Yohimbine.Kuchakulla M, Narasimman M, Soni Y, Leong JY, Patel P, Ramasamy R.A systematic review and evidence-based analysis of ingredients in popular male testosterone and erectile dysfunction supplements.Int J Impot Res. 2021 Apr;33(3):311-317. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-0285-x.MedlinePlus.Horny goat weed.Mielgo-Ayuso J, Pietrantonio L, Viribay A, Calleja-González J, González-Bernal J, Fernández-Lázaro D.Effect of Acute and Chronic Oral l-Carnitine Supplementation on Exercise Performance Based on the Exercise Intensity: A Systematic Review.Nutrients. 2021 Dec 3;13(12):4359. doi:10.3390/nu13124359.Pennisi M, Lanza G, Cantone M, D’Amico E, Fisicaro F, Puglisi V,et al.Acetyl-l-carnitine in dementia and other cognitive disorders: a critical update.Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1389. doi:10.3390/nu12051389Lee HY, Pyun JH, Shim SR, Kim JH.Medical Treatment for Peyronie’s Disease: Systematic Review and Network Bayesian Meta-Analysis.World J Mens Health. 2023 Jun 15. doi:10.5534/wjmh.230016.Mostafa T, Rashed LA, Sabry DA, Osman I, Nabil N, Kareem F,et al.Serum L-carnitine and vitamin D levels may be low among oral sildenafil citrate non-responders.Int J Impot Res. 2019 Mar;31(2):85-91. doi:10.1038/s41443-018-0036-4.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Carnitine.Sawicka AK, Renzi G, Olek RA.The bright and the dark sides of L-carnitine supplementation: a systematic review.J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020 Sep 21;17(1):49. doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00377-2.Food and Drug Administration.FDA Roundup: June 13, 2023.Harvard Health Publishing.FDA approves new over-the-counter gel for erectile dysfunction.Eroxon.Frequently Asked Questions.Martin SA, Atlantis E, Lange K, Taylor AW, O’Loughlin P, Wittert GA,et al.Predictors of sexual dysfunction incidence and remission in men.J Sex Med. 2014 May;11(5):1136-47. doi:10.1111/jsm.12483U.S. Food and Drug Administraton.FDA warns consumers not to use unapproved erectile dyfunction products advertised on the radio.
25 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Barassi A, Corsi Romanelli MM, Pezzilli R, Damele CA, Vaccalluzzo L, Goi G,et al.Levels of l-arginine and l-citrulline in patients with erectile dysfunction of different etiology.Andrology. 2017;5(2):256-61. doi:10.1111/andr.12293Rhim HC, Kim MS, Park YJ, Choi WS, Park HK, Kim HG,et al.The potential role of arginine supplements on erectile dysfunction: a systemic review and meta-analysis[published correction appears in J Sex Med. 2020 Mar;17(3):560].J Sex Med. 2019;16(2):223-234. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.12.002Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Ghasemi A, Azizi F.The association of dietary L-arginine intake and serum nitric oxide metabolites in adults: a population based study.Nutrients. 2016 May;8(5):311. doi:10.3390/nu8050311MedlinePlus.DHEA.El-Sakka AI.Dehydroepiandrosterone and rrectile function: a review.World J Mens Health. 2018;36(3):183-191. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180005National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Gingko.Lim PHC.Asian herbals and aphrodisiacs used for managing ED.Transl Androl Urol.2017 Apr;6(2):167–75. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.04.04Asher GN, Corbett AH, Hawke RL.Common Herbal Dietary Supplement-Drug Interactions.Am Fam Physician. 2017 Jul 15;96(2):101-107. PMID: 28762712.Lee HW, Lee MS, Kim TH, Alraek T, Zaslawski C, Kim JW,et al.Ginseng for erectile dysfunction.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2017 May;2017(5):CD012654. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012654National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Asian ginseng.Wibowo ONSA, Soebadi DM, Soebadi MA.Yohimbine as a treatment for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Turk J Urol.2021 Oct;47(6):482–8. doi:10.5152/tud.2021.21206National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Yohimbine.Kuchakulla M, Narasimman M, Soni Y, Leong JY, Patel P, Ramasamy R.A systematic review and evidence-based analysis of ingredients in popular male testosterone and erectile dysfunction supplements.Int J Impot Res. 2021 Apr;33(3):311-317. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-0285-x.MedlinePlus.Horny goat weed.Mielgo-Ayuso J, Pietrantonio L, Viribay A, Calleja-González J, González-Bernal J, Fernández-Lázaro D.Effect of Acute and Chronic Oral l-Carnitine Supplementation on Exercise Performance Based on the Exercise Intensity: A Systematic Review.Nutrients. 2021 Dec 3;13(12):4359. doi:10.3390/nu13124359.Pennisi M, Lanza G, Cantone M, D’Amico E, Fisicaro F, Puglisi V,et al.Acetyl-l-carnitine in dementia and other cognitive disorders: a critical update.Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1389. doi:10.3390/nu12051389Lee HY, Pyun JH, Shim SR, Kim JH.Medical Treatment for Peyronie’s Disease: Systematic Review and Network Bayesian Meta-Analysis.World J Mens Health. 2023 Jun 15. doi:10.5534/wjmh.230016.Mostafa T, Rashed LA, Sabry DA, Osman I, Nabil N, Kareem F,et al.Serum L-carnitine and vitamin D levels may be low among oral sildenafil citrate non-responders.Int J Impot Res. 2019 Mar;31(2):85-91. doi:10.1038/s41443-018-0036-4.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Carnitine.Sawicka AK, Renzi G, Olek RA.The bright and the dark sides of L-carnitine supplementation: a systematic review.J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020 Sep 21;17(1):49. doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00377-2.Food and Drug Administration.FDA Roundup: June 13, 2023.Harvard Health Publishing.FDA approves new over-the-counter gel for erectile dysfunction.Eroxon.Frequently Asked Questions.Martin SA, Atlantis E, Lange K, Taylor AW, O’Loughlin P, Wittert GA,et al.Predictors of sexual dysfunction incidence and remission in men.J Sex Med. 2014 May;11(5):1136-47. doi:10.1111/jsm.12483U.S. Food and Drug Administraton.FDA warns consumers not to use unapproved erectile dyfunction products advertised on the radio.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Barassi A, Corsi Romanelli MM, Pezzilli R, Damele CA, Vaccalluzzo L, Goi G,et al.Levels of l-arginine and l-citrulline in patients with erectile dysfunction of different etiology.Andrology. 2017;5(2):256-61. doi:10.1111/andr.12293Rhim HC, Kim MS, Park YJ, Choi WS, Park HK, Kim HG,et al.The potential role of arginine supplements on erectile dysfunction: a systemic review and meta-analysis[published correction appears in J Sex Med. 2020 Mar;17(3):560].J Sex Med. 2019;16(2):223-234. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.12.002Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Ghasemi A, Azizi F.The association of dietary L-arginine intake and serum nitric oxide metabolites in adults: a population based study.Nutrients. 2016 May;8(5):311. doi:10.3390/nu8050311MedlinePlus.DHEA.El-Sakka AI.Dehydroepiandrosterone and rrectile function: a review.World J Mens Health. 2018;36(3):183-191. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180005National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Gingko.Lim PHC.Asian herbals and aphrodisiacs used for managing ED.Transl Androl Urol.2017 Apr;6(2):167–75. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.04.04Asher GN, Corbett AH, Hawke RL.Common Herbal Dietary Supplement-Drug Interactions.Am Fam Physician. 2017 Jul 15;96(2):101-107. PMID: 28762712.Lee HW, Lee MS, Kim TH, Alraek T, Zaslawski C, Kim JW,et al.Ginseng for erectile dysfunction.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2017 May;2017(5):CD012654. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012654National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Asian ginseng.Wibowo ONSA, Soebadi DM, Soebadi MA.Yohimbine as a treatment for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Turk J Urol.2021 Oct;47(6):482–8. doi:10.5152/tud.2021.21206National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Yohimbine.Kuchakulla M, Narasimman M, Soni Y, Leong JY, Patel P, Ramasamy R.A systematic review and evidence-based analysis of ingredients in popular male testosterone and erectile dysfunction supplements.Int J Impot Res. 2021 Apr;33(3):311-317. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-0285-x.MedlinePlus.Horny goat weed.Mielgo-Ayuso J, Pietrantonio L, Viribay A, Calleja-González J, González-Bernal J, Fernández-Lázaro D.Effect of Acute and Chronic Oral l-Carnitine Supplementation on Exercise Performance Based on the Exercise Intensity: A Systematic Review.Nutrients. 2021 Dec 3;13(12):4359. doi:10.3390/nu13124359.Pennisi M, Lanza G, Cantone M, D’Amico E, Fisicaro F, Puglisi V,et al.Acetyl-l-carnitine in dementia and other cognitive disorders: a critical update.Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1389. doi:10.3390/nu12051389Lee HY, Pyun JH, Shim SR, Kim JH.Medical Treatment for Peyronie’s Disease: Systematic Review and Network Bayesian Meta-Analysis.World J Mens Health. 2023 Jun 15. doi:10.5534/wjmh.230016.Mostafa T, Rashed LA, Sabry DA, Osman I, Nabil N, Kareem F,et al.Serum L-carnitine and vitamin D levels may be low among oral sildenafil citrate non-responders.Int J Impot Res. 2019 Mar;31(2):85-91. doi:10.1038/s41443-018-0036-4.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Carnitine.Sawicka AK, Renzi G, Olek RA.The bright and the dark sides of L-carnitine supplementation: a systematic review.J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020 Sep 21;17(1):49. doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00377-2.Food and Drug Administration.FDA Roundup: June 13, 2023.Harvard Health Publishing.FDA approves new over-the-counter gel for erectile dysfunction.Eroxon.Frequently Asked Questions.Martin SA, Atlantis E, Lange K, Taylor AW, O’Loughlin P, Wittert GA,et al.Predictors of sexual dysfunction incidence and remission in men.J Sex Med. 2014 May;11(5):1136-47. doi:10.1111/jsm.12483U.S. Food and Drug Administraton.FDA warns consumers not to use unapproved erectile dyfunction products advertised on the radio.
Barassi A, Corsi Romanelli MM, Pezzilli R, Damele CA, Vaccalluzzo L, Goi G,et al.Levels of l-arginine and l-citrulline in patients with erectile dysfunction of different etiology.Andrology. 2017;5(2):256-61. doi:10.1111/andr.12293
Rhim HC, Kim MS, Park YJ, Choi WS, Park HK, Kim HG,et al.The potential role of arginine supplements on erectile dysfunction: a systemic review and meta-analysis[published correction appears in J Sex Med. 2020 Mar;17(3):560].J Sex Med. 2019;16(2):223-234. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.12.002
Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Ghasemi A, Azizi F.The association of dietary L-arginine intake and serum nitric oxide metabolites in adults: a population based study.Nutrients. 2016 May;8(5):311. doi:10.3390/nu8050311
MedlinePlus.DHEA.
El-Sakka AI.Dehydroepiandrosterone and rrectile function: a review.World J Mens Health. 2018;36(3):183-191. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180005
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Gingko.
Lim PHC.Asian herbals and aphrodisiacs used for managing ED.Transl Androl Urol.2017 Apr;6(2):167–75. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.04.04
Asher GN, Corbett AH, Hawke RL.Common Herbal Dietary Supplement-Drug Interactions.Am Fam Physician. 2017 Jul 15;96(2):101-107. PMID: 28762712.
Lee HW, Lee MS, Kim TH, Alraek T, Zaslawski C, Kim JW,et al.Ginseng for erectile dysfunction.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2017 May;2017(5):CD012654. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012654
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Asian ginseng.
Wibowo ONSA, Soebadi DM, Soebadi MA.Yohimbine as a treatment for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Turk J Urol.2021 Oct;47(6):482–8. doi:10.5152/tud.2021.21206
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Yohimbine.
Kuchakulla M, Narasimman M, Soni Y, Leong JY, Patel P, Ramasamy R.A systematic review and evidence-based analysis of ingredients in popular male testosterone and erectile dysfunction supplements.Int J Impot Res. 2021 Apr;33(3):311-317. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-0285-x.
MedlinePlus.Horny goat weed.
Mielgo-Ayuso J, Pietrantonio L, Viribay A, Calleja-González J, González-Bernal J, Fernández-Lázaro D.Effect of Acute and Chronic Oral l-Carnitine Supplementation on Exercise Performance Based on the Exercise Intensity: A Systematic Review.Nutrients. 2021 Dec 3;13(12):4359. doi:10.3390/nu13124359.
Pennisi M, Lanza G, Cantone M, D’Amico E, Fisicaro F, Puglisi V,et al.Acetyl-l-carnitine in dementia and other cognitive disorders: a critical update.Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1389. doi:10.3390/nu12051389
Lee HY, Pyun JH, Shim SR, Kim JH.Medical Treatment for Peyronie’s Disease: Systematic Review and Network Bayesian Meta-Analysis.World J Mens Health. 2023 Jun 15. doi:10.5534/wjmh.230016.
Mostafa T, Rashed LA, Sabry DA, Osman I, Nabil N, Kareem F,et al.Serum L-carnitine and vitamin D levels may be low among oral sildenafil citrate non-responders.Int J Impot Res. 2019 Mar;31(2):85-91. doi:10.1038/s41443-018-0036-4.
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Carnitine.
Sawicka AK, Renzi G, Olek RA.The bright and the dark sides of L-carnitine supplementation: a systematic review.J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020 Sep 21;17(1):49. doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00377-2.
Food and Drug Administration.FDA Roundup: June 13, 2023.
Harvard Health Publishing.FDA approves new over-the-counter gel for erectile dysfunction.
Eroxon.Frequently Asked Questions.
Martin SA, Atlantis E, Lange K, Taylor AW, O’Loughlin P, Wittert GA,et al.Predictors of sexual dysfunction incidence and remission in men.J Sex Med. 2014 May;11(5):1136-47. doi:10.1111/jsm.12483
U.S. Food and Drug Administraton.FDA warns consumers not to use unapproved erectile dyfunction products advertised on the radio.
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