Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsGenes and CancerPrevalenceBRCA2 TestingCancers Caused By MutationLowering Risk of DeathScreening and Treatment
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Genes and Cancer
Prevalence
BRCA2 Testing
Cancers Caused By Mutation
Lowering Risk of Death
Screening and Treatment
Many people are aware that BRCA2 gene mutations are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, but these mutations have also been linked with ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia.
While BRCA2 mutations are often linked together with BRCA1 mutations, there are many important differences. The two mutations confer different risks for breast and ovarian cancer and are also associated with different cancers in other regions of the body, including pancreatic cancer.
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Understanding the differences in these mutations is important in understanding your family history as well. Your healthcare provider may be more concerned if you have one close relative who had breast cancer and one who had pancreatic cancer than if you had two with breast cancer. Pancreatic cancer is less common than breast cancer, and when it occurs in association with breast cancer it raises a flag suggesting either a BRCA1 or a BRCA2 mutation may be present.
Let’s look at how exactly a BRCA2 mutation can increase cancer risk, the cancers associated with this mutation, who should be tested, and the options available to reduce cancer risk or at least detect these cancers as early as possible.
Definition
A quick review of genetics can make BRCA mutations easier to understand. OurDNAis made up of 46 chromosomes, 23 from our fathers and 23 from our mothers. Genes are sections of DNA found in chromosomes that code for specific functions. They are like a blueprint the body uses to make proteins. These proteins then have a wide array of functions ranging from the hemoglobin in your blood that binds oxygen, to protect you from cancer.
Mutations are areas of damaged genes. When the gene or blueprint is damaged, an abnormal protein can be made which doesn’t work like that normal protein. There are many different types of BRCA mutations. The “code” in genes is comprised of a series of letters (known as bases). Series of these letters tell your body to put different amino acids in order to make a protein. Not uncommonly a base is deleted (deletion mutations), sometimes one is added, and sometimes several of the bases are rearranged.
How Cancer Is Caused
The BRCA gene is a specific gene called atumor suppressor genewhich has the blueprint for proteins which help to protect us against developing cancer.
Damage (mutations and other genetic changes) occurs in the DNA of our cells every day. Most of the time, proteins (such as those coded for in BRCA tumor suppressor genes) repair the damage or eliminate the abnormal cell before it can go through the process of becoming cancer.
Having a BRCA mutation is relatively uncommon. BRCA1 mutations are found in roughly 0.2% of the population, or 1 in 500 people.
BRCA2 mutations are somewhat more common than BRCA1 mutations and are found in 0.45% of the population, or 1 in 222 people.
BRCA1 mutations are more common in those of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage, whereas BRCA2 mutations are more variable.
Who Should Be Tested?
At the current time, it’s not recommended that BRCA2 testing be performed for the general population. Instead, those who have a personal or family history of cancer may wish to consider testing if the pattern and types of cancer found suggest that the mutation may be present. People who may wish to considerBRCA testinginclude:
It’s important to note that there are a number ofnon-BRCA gene mutationsthat raise breast cancer risk (BRCA mutations are responsible for only 9% to 29% of hereditary breast cancers), and testing for many of these mutations may wish to be considered as well.
Having a BRCA2 mutation is different than BRCA1 mutations (which was what Angelina Jolie had and is spoken of often) and raises the risk of several different types of cancer. At the current time, however, our knowledge is still growing and this may change in time. Cancers which are more common in people with BRCA2 mutations include:
People who inherit two copies of a mutated BRCA2 gene, in addition to the cancers above, are more likely to develop solid tumors in childhood and acute myeloid leukemia.
Screening guidelines recommend that all people have a screening colonoscopy (or comparable testing) at the age of 50.
There are two different management approaches for people with BRCA2 mutations, both of which are designed to reduce the chance that a person will die from one of the cancers of risk:
Most approaches to a genetic predisposition to cancer include either screening or risk reduction, but there is one test that can do both. Colonoscopy can be used to detect colon cancer in the earliest stages. It can also be used to reduce the risk of a person getting cancer if a pre-cancerous polyp is found and removed before it becomes malignant.
Breast Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
A Word From Verywell
People who carry a BRCA mutation have an increased risk of developing several types of cancer, but having one of these mutations does not mean youwillget cancer. Currently, genetic testing for the BRCA gene is only recommended for those who have a personal or family history that suggest the mutation may be present.
28 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Mersch J, Jackson MA, Park M, et al.Cancers associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations other than breast and ovarian.Cancer. 2015 Jul;121(2):269-275. doi:10.1002/cncr.29041Wong W, Raufi AG, Safyan RA, Bates SE, Manji GA.BRCA mutations in pancreas cancer: spectrum, current management, challenges and future prospects.Cancer Manag Res. 2020 Apr;12:2731-2742. doi:10.2147/CMAR.S211151Mocci E, Milne RL, Méndez-Villamil EY, et al.Risk of pancreatic cancer in breast cancer families from the breast cancer family registry.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013 Mar;22(5):803-811. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-0195Cavanagh H, Rogers KMA.The role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in prostate, pancreatic and stomach cancers.Hered Cancer Clin Pract. 2015 Aug;13(1):16. doi:10.1186/s13053-015-0038-xCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.BRCA gene mutations.Thompson E, Rowley S, Mclnerney S, et al.Panel testing for familial breast cancer: calibrating the tension between research and clinical care.Journal of clinical oncology.2016;34(13):1455-14559. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.63.7454Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Jewish women and BRCA gene mutations.American Cancer Society.Breast cancer risk factors you cannot change.Ibrahim M, Yadav S, Ogunleye F, Zakalik D.Male BRCA mutation carriers: clinical characteristics and cancer spectrum.BMC Cancer. 2018 Feb;18(1):179. doi:10.1186/s12885-018-4098-yNational Cancer Institute.BRCA gene mutations: cancer risk and genetic testing.Castro E, Goh C, Olmos D, et al.Germline BRCA mutations are associated with higher risk of nodal involvement, distant metastasis, and poor survival outcomes in prostate cancer.JCO. 2013 May;31(14):1748-1757. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.43.1882Martinez-Useros J, Garcia-Foncillas J.The role of BRCA2 mutation status as diagnostic, predictive, and prognosis biomarker for pancreatic cancer.BioMed Research International. 2016 Dec;2016:1-8. doi:10.1155/2016/1869304Iqbal J, Nussenzweig A, Lubinski J, et al.The incidence of leukaemia in women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations: an international prospective cohort study.Br J Cancer. 2016 Mar;114(10):1160-1164. doi:10.1038/bjc.2016.58Wang Z, Wilson CL, Armstrong GT, et al.Association of germlinebrca2 mutations with the risk of pediatric or adolescent non–hodgkin lymphoma.JAMA Oncol. 2019 Jul;5(9):1362. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2203Gangarosa L.New guidelines for cancer screening in older patients.AMA Journal of Ethics. 2011 Nov;13(11):765-768. doi:10.1001/virtualmentor.2011.13.11.ccas3-1111Hawkes N.Cancer survival data emphasise importance of early diagnosis.BMJ. 2019 Jan;364(8185):l408. doi:10.1136/bmj.l408McCarthy A, Barlow W, Conant E, et al.Breast cancer with a poor prognosis diagnosed after screening mammography with negative results.JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(7):998. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.0352Al Rabadi L, Bergan R.A way forward for cancer chemoprevention: think local.Cancer Prev Res. 2017;10(1):14-35. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0194Sharma P, Burke C, Johnson D, Cash B.The importance of colonoscopy bowel preparation for the detection of colorectal lesions and colorectal cancer prevention.Endosc Int Open. 2020;8(5):673-683. doi:10.1055/a-1127-3144Chen Y, Chou S-HS, Blaschke EM, Specht MC, Lehman CD.Value of mammography for women 30–39 years old presenting with breast symptoms.American Journal of Roentgenology. 2018 Dec;211(6):1416-1424. doi:10.2214/AJR.18.19591Hassett MJ, Somerfield MR, Baker ER, et al.Management of male breast cancer: ASCO guideline.Journal of Clinical Oncology.2020;38(16):1849-1863. doi:10.1200/JCO.19.03120Sestak I.Preventative therapies for healthy women at high risk of breast cancer.CMAR. 2014 Oct;6(1)423-430. doi:10.2147/CMAR.S55219National Cancer Institute.Surgery to reduce the risk of breast cancer.National Cancer Institute.Oral contraceptives and cancer risk.Daly MB, Dresher CW, Yates MS, et al.Salpingectomy as a means to reduce ovarian cancer risk.Cancer Prev Res. 2015 Jan;8(5):342-348. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0293Siponen ET, Joensuu H, Leidenius MHK.Local recurrence of breast cancer after mastectomy and modern multidisciplinary treatment.Acta Oncologica. 2013 Sep;52(1):66-72. doi:10.3109/0284186X.2012.718793American Cancer Society.American Cancer Society recommendations for prostate cancer early detection.Aslanian HR, Lee JH, Canto MI.AGA clinical practice update on pancreas cancer screening in high-risk individuals: expert review.Gastroenterology. 2020 Jul;159(1):358-362. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.088Additional ReadingAmerican Society of Clinical Oncology Cancer.net. Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer.https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/hereditary-breast-and-ovarian-cancerLeao, R., Price, A., and R. James Hamilton.Germline BRCA Mutation in Male Carriers—Ripe for Precision Oncology.Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Disease.Maxwell, K., Domcheck, S., Nathanson, K. et al.Population Frequency of Germline BRCA1/2 Mutations.Journal of Clinical Oncology. 34(34):4183-4185.U.S. National Library of Medicine. Genetics Home Reference. BRCA2 gene.https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/BRCA2Warner, E.Screening BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers for Breast Cancer.Cancers. 10(12).pii:E477.National Cancer Institute. BRCA1 and BRCA2: Cancer Risk and Genetic Testing.https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet
28 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Mersch J, Jackson MA, Park M, et al.Cancers associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations other than breast and ovarian.Cancer. 2015 Jul;121(2):269-275. doi:10.1002/cncr.29041Wong W, Raufi AG, Safyan RA, Bates SE, Manji GA.BRCA mutations in pancreas cancer: spectrum, current management, challenges and future prospects.Cancer Manag Res. 2020 Apr;12:2731-2742. doi:10.2147/CMAR.S211151Mocci E, Milne RL, Méndez-Villamil EY, et al.Risk of pancreatic cancer in breast cancer families from the breast cancer family registry.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013 Mar;22(5):803-811. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-0195Cavanagh H, Rogers KMA.The role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in prostate, pancreatic and stomach cancers.Hered Cancer Clin Pract. 2015 Aug;13(1):16. doi:10.1186/s13053-015-0038-xCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.BRCA gene mutations.Thompson E, Rowley S, Mclnerney S, et al.Panel testing for familial breast cancer: calibrating the tension between research and clinical care.Journal of clinical oncology.2016;34(13):1455-14559. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.63.7454Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Jewish women and BRCA gene mutations.American Cancer Society.Breast cancer risk factors you cannot change.Ibrahim M, Yadav S, Ogunleye F, Zakalik D.Male BRCA mutation carriers: clinical characteristics and cancer spectrum.BMC Cancer. 2018 Feb;18(1):179. doi:10.1186/s12885-018-4098-yNational Cancer Institute.BRCA gene mutations: cancer risk and genetic testing.Castro E, Goh C, Olmos D, et al.Germline BRCA mutations are associated with higher risk of nodal involvement, distant metastasis, and poor survival outcomes in prostate cancer.JCO. 2013 May;31(14):1748-1757. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.43.1882Martinez-Useros J, Garcia-Foncillas J.The role of BRCA2 mutation status as diagnostic, predictive, and prognosis biomarker for pancreatic cancer.BioMed Research International. 2016 Dec;2016:1-8. doi:10.1155/2016/1869304Iqbal J, Nussenzweig A, Lubinski J, et al.The incidence of leukaemia in women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations: an international prospective cohort study.Br J Cancer. 2016 Mar;114(10):1160-1164. doi:10.1038/bjc.2016.58Wang Z, Wilson CL, Armstrong GT, et al.Association of germlinebrca2 mutations with the risk of pediatric or adolescent non–hodgkin lymphoma.JAMA Oncol. 2019 Jul;5(9):1362. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2203Gangarosa L.New guidelines for cancer screening in older patients.AMA Journal of Ethics. 2011 Nov;13(11):765-768. doi:10.1001/virtualmentor.2011.13.11.ccas3-1111Hawkes N.Cancer survival data emphasise importance of early diagnosis.BMJ. 2019 Jan;364(8185):l408. doi:10.1136/bmj.l408McCarthy A, Barlow W, Conant E, et al.Breast cancer with a poor prognosis diagnosed after screening mammography with negative results.JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(7):998. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.0352Al Rabadi L, Bergan R.A way forward for cancer chemoprevention: think local.Cancer Prev Res. 2017;10(1):14-35. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0194Sharma P, Burke C, Johnson D, Cash B.The importance of colonoscopy bowel preparation for the detection of colorectal lesions and colorectal cancer prevention.Endosc Int Open. 2020;8(5):673-683. doi:10.1055/a-1127-3144Chen Y, Chou S-HS, Blaschke EM, Specht MC, Lehman CD.Value of mammography for women 30–39 years old presenting with breast symptoms.American Journal of Roentgenology. 2018 Dec;211(6):1416-1424. doi:10.2214/AJR.18.19591Hassett MJ, Somerfield MR, Baker ER, et al.Management of male breast cancer: ASCO guideline.Journal of Clinical Oncology.2020;38(16):1849-1863. doi:10.1200/JCO.19.03120Sestak I.Preventative therapies for healthy women at high risk of breast cancer.CMAR. 2014 Oct;6(1)423-430. doi:10.2147/CMAR.S55219National Cancer Institute.Surgery to reduce the risk of breast cancer.National Cancer Institute.Oral contraceptives and cancer risk.Daly MB, Dresher CW, Yates MS, et al.Salpingectomy as a means to reduce ovarian cancer risk.Cancer Prev Res. 2015 Jan;8(5):342-348. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0293Siponen ET, Joensuu H, Leidenius MHK.Local recurrence of breast cancer after mastectomy and modern multidisciplinary treatment.Acta Oncologica. 2013 Sep;52(1):66-72. doi:10.3109/0284186X.2012.718793American Cancer Society.American Cancer Society recommendations for prostate cancer early detection.Aslanian HR, Lee JH, Canto MI.AGA clinical practice update on pancreas cancer screening in high-risk individuals: expert review.Gastroenterology. 2020 Jul;159(1):358-362. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.088Additional ReadingAmerican Society of Clinical Oncology Cancer.net. Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer.https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/hereditary-breast-and-ovarian-cancerLeao, R., Price, A., and R. James Hamilton.Germline BRCA Mutation in Male Carriers—Ripe for Precision Oncology.Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Disease.Maxwell, K., Domcheck, S., Nathanson, K. et al.Population Frequency of Germline BRCA1/2 Mutations.Journal of Clinical Oncology. 34(34):4183-4185.U.S. National Library of Medicine. Genetics Home Reference. BRCA2 gene.https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/BRCA2Warner, E.Screening BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers for Breast Cancer.Cancers. 10(12).pii:E477.National Cancer Institute. BRCA1 and BRCA2: Cancer Risk and Genetic Testing.https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Mersch J, Jackson MA, Park M, et al.Cancers associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations other than breast and ovarian.Cancer. 2015 Jul;121(2):269-275. doi:10.1002/cncr.29041Wong W, Raufi AG, Safyan RA, Bates SE, Manji GA.BRCA mutations in pancreas cancer: spectrum, current management, challenges and future prospects.Cancer Manag Res. 2020 Apr;12:2731-2742. doi:10.2147/CMAR.S211151Mocci E, Milne RL, Méndez-Villamil EY, et al.Risk of pancreatic cancer in breast cancer families from the breast cancer family registry.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013 Mar;22(5):803-811. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-0195Cavanagh H, Rogers KMA.The role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in prostate, pancreatic and stomach cancers.Hered Cancer Clin Pract. 2015 Aug;13(1):16. doi:10.1186/s13053-015-0038-xCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.BRCA gene mutations.Thompson E, Rowley S, Mclnerney S, et al.Panel testing for familial breast cancer: calibrating the tension between research and clinical care.Journal of clinical oncology.2016;34(13):1455-14559. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.63.7454Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Jewish women and BRCA gene mutations.American Cancer Society.Breast cancer risk factors you cannot change.Ibrahim M, Yadav S, Ogunleye F, Zakalik D.Male BRCA mutation carriers: clinical characteristics and cancer spectrum.BMC Cancer. 2018 Feb;18(1):179. doi:10.1186/s12885-018-4098-yNational Cancer Institute.BRCA gene mutations: cancer risk and genetic testing.Castro E, Goh C, Olmos D, et al.Germline BRCA mutations are associated with higher risk of nodal involvement, distant metastasis, and poor survival outcomes in prostate cancer.JCO. 2013 May;31(14):1748-1757. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.43.1882Martinez-Useros J, Garcia-Foncillas J.The role of BRCA2 mutation status as diagnostic, predictive, and prognosis biomarker for pancreatic cancer.BioMed Research International. 2016 Dec;2016:1-8. doi:10.1155/2016/1869304Iqbal J, Nussenzweig A, Lubinski J, et al.The incidence of leukaemia in women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations: an international prospective cohort study.Br J Cancer. 2016 Mar;114(10):1160-1164. doi:10.1038/bjc.2016.58Wang Z, Wilson CL, Armstrong GT, et al.Association of germlinebrca2 mutations with the risk of pediatric or adolescent non–hodgkin lymphoma.JAMA Oncol. 2019 Jul;5(9):1362. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2203Gangarosa L.New guidelines for cancer screening in older patients.AMA Journal of Ethics. 2011 Nov;13(11):765-768. doi:10.1001/virtualmentor.2011.13.11.ccas3-1111Hawkes N.Cancer survival data emphasise importance of early diagnosis.BMJ. 2019 Jan;364(8185):l408. doi:10.1136/bmj.l408McCarthy A, Barlow W, Conant E, et al.Breast cancer with a poor prognosis diagnosed after screening mammography with negative results.JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(7):998. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.0352Al Rabadi L, Bergan R.A way forward for cancer chemoprevention: think local.Cancer Prev Res. 2017;10(1):14-35. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0194Sharma P, Burke C, Johnson D, Cash B.The importance of colonoscopy bowel preparation for the detection of colorectal lesions and colorectal cancer prevention.Endosc Int Open. 2020;8(5):673-683. doi:10.1055/a-1127-3144Chen Y, Chou S-HS, Blaschke EM, Specht MC, Lehman CD.Value of mammography for women 30–39 years old presenting with breast symptoms.American Journal of Roentgenology. 2018 Dec;211(6):1416-1424. doi:10.2214/AJR.18.19591Hassett MJ, Somerfield MR, Baker ER, et al.Management of male breast cancer: ASCO guideline.Journal of Clinical Oncology.2020;38(16):1849-1863. doi:10.1200/JCO.19.03120Sestak I.Preventative therapies for healthy women at high risk of breast cancer.CMAR. 2014 Oct;6(1)423-430. doi:10.2147/CMAR.S55219National Cancer Institute.Surgery to reduce the risk of breast cancer.National Cancer Institute.Oral contraceptives and cancer risk.Daly MB, Dresher CW, Yates MS, et al.Salpingectomy as a means to reduce ovarian cancer risk.Cancer Prev Res. 2015 Jan;8(5):342-348. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0293Siponen ET, Joensuu H, Leidenius MHK.Local recurrence of breast cancer after mastectomy and modern multidisciplinary treatment.Acta Oncologica. 2013 Sep;52(1):66-72. doi:10.3109/0284186X.2012.718793American Cancer Society.American Cancer Society recommendations for prostate cancer early detection.Aslanian HR, Lee JH, Canto MI.AGA clinical practice update on pancreas cancer screening in high-risk individuals: expert review.Gastroenterology. 2020 Jul;159(1):358-362. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.088
Mersch J, Jackson MA, Park M, et al.Cancers associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations other than breast and ovarian.Cancer. 2015 Jul;121(2):269-275. doi:10.1002/cncr.29041
Wong W, Raufi AG, Safyan RA, Bates SE, Manji GA.BRCA mutations in pancreas cancer: spectrum, current management, challenges and future prospects.Cancer Manag Res. 2020 Apr;12:2731-2742. doi:10.2147/CMAR.S211151
Mocci E, Milne RL, Méndez-Villamil EY, et al.Risk of pancreatic cancer in breast cancer families from the breast cancer family registry.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013 Mar;22(5):803-811. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-0195
Cavanagh H, Rogers KMA.The role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in prostate, pancreatic and stomach cancers.Hered Cancer Clin Pract. 2015 Aug;13(1):16. doi:10.1186/s13053-015-0038-x
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.BRCA gene mutations.
Thompson E, Rowley S, Mclnerney S, et al.Panel testing for familial breast cancer: calibrating the tension between research and clinical care.Journal of clinical oncology.2016;34(13):1455-14559. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.63.7454
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Jewish women and BRCA gene mutations.
American Cancer Society.Breast cancer risk factors you cannot change.
Ibrahim M, Yadav S, Ogunleye F, Zakalik D.Male BRCA mutation carriers: clinical characteristics and cancer spectrum.BMC Cancer. 2018 Feb;18(1):179. doi:10.1186/s12885-018-4098-y
National Cancer Institute.BRCA gene mutations: cancer risk and genetic testing.
Castro E, Goh C, Olmos D, et al.Germline BRCA mutations are associated with higher risk of nodal involvement, distant metastasis, and poor survival outcomes in prostate cancer.JCO. 2013 May;31(14):1748-1757. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.43.1882
Martinez-Useros J, Garcia-Foncillas J.The role of BRCA2 mutation status as diagnostic, predictive, and prognosis biomarker for pancreatic cancer.BioMed Research International. 2016 Dec;2016:1-8. doi:10.1155/2016/1869304
Iqbal J, Nussenzweig A, Lubinski J, et al.The incidence of leukaemia in women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations: an international prospective cohort study.Br J Cancer. 2016 Mar;114(10):1160-1164. doi:10.1038/bjc.2016.58
Wang Z, Wilson CL, Armstrong GT, et al.Association of germlinebrca2 mutations with the risk of pediatric or adolescent non–hodgkin lymphoma.JAMA Oncol. 2019 Jul;5(9):1362. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2203
Gangarosa L.New guidelines for cancer screening in older patients.AMA Journal of Ethics. 2011 Nov;13(11):765-768. doi:10.1001/virtualmentor.2011.13.11.ccas3-1111
Hawkes N.Cancer survival data emphasise importance of early diagnosis.BMJ. 2019 Jan;364(8185):l408. doi:10.1136/bmj.l408
McCarthy A, Barlow W, Conant E, et al.Breast cancer with a poor prognosis diagnosed after screening mammography with negative results.JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(7):998. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.0352
Al Rabadi L, Bergan R.A way forward for cancer chemoprevention: think local.Cancer Prev Res. 2017;10(1):14-35. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0194
Sharma P, Burke C, Johnson D, Cash B.The importance of colonoscopy bowel preparation for the detection of colorectal lesions and colorectal cancer prevention.Endosc Int Open. 2020;8(5):673-683. doi:10.1055/a-1127-3144
Chen Y, Chou S-HS, Blaschke EM, Specht MC, Lehman CD.Value of mammography for women 30–39 years old presenting with breast symptoms.American Journal of Roentgenology. 2018 Dec;211(6):1416-1424. doi:10.2214/AJR.18.19591
Hassett MJ, Somerfield MR, Baker ER, et al.Management of male breast cancer: ASCO guideline.Journal of Clinical Oncology.2020;38(16):1849-1863. doi:10.1200/JCO.19.03120
Sestak I.Preventative therapies for healthy women at high risk of breast cancer.CMAR. 2014 Oct;6(1)423-430. doi:10.2147/CMAR.S55219
National Cancer Institute.Surgery to reduce the risk of breast cancer.
National Cancer Institute.Oral contraceptives and cancer risk.
Daly MB, Dresher CW, Yates MS, et al.Salpingectomy as a means to reduce ovarian cancer risk.Cancer Prev Res. 2015 Jan;8(5):342-348. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0293
Siponen ET, Joensuu H, Leidenius MHK.Local recurrence of breast cancer after mastectomy and modern multidisciplinary treatment.Acta Oncologica. 2013 Sep;52(1):66-72. doi:10.3109/0284186X.2012.718793
American Cancer Society.American Cancer Society recommendations for prostate cancer early detection.
Aslanian HR, Lee JH, Canto MI.AGA clinical practice update on pancreas cancer screening in high-risk individuals: expert review.Gastroenterology. 2020 Jul;159(1):358-362. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.088
American Society of Clinical Oncology Cancer.net. Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer.https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/hereditary-breast-and-ovarian-cancerLeao, R., Price, A., and R. James Hamilton.Germline BRCA Mutation in Male Carriers—Ripe for Precision Oncology.Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Disease.Maxwell, K., Domcheck, S., Nathanson, K. et al.Population Frequency of Germline BRCA1/2 Mutations.Journal of Clinical Oncology. 34(34):4183-4185.U.S. National Library of Medicine. Genetics Home Reference. BRCA2 gene.https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/BRCA2Warner, E.Screening BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers for Breast Cancer.Cancers. 10(12).pii:E477.National Cancer Institute. BRCA1 and BRCA2: Cancer Risk and Genetic Testing.https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet
American Society of Clinical Oncology Cancer.net. Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer.https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/hereditary-breast-and-ovarian-cancer
Leao, R., Price, A., and R. James Hamilton.Germline BRCA Mutation in Male Carriers—Ripe for Precision Oncology.Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Disease.
Maxwell, K., Domcheck, S., Nathanson, K. et al.Population Frequency of Germline BRCA1/2 Mutations.Journal of Clinical Oncology. 34(34):4183-4185.
U.S. National Library of Medicine. Genetics Home Reference. BRCA2 gene.https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/BRCA2
Warner, E.Screening BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers for Breast Cancer.Cancers. 10(12).pii:E477.
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