Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsBurning Feet at NightCausesHome RemediesWhen to See a ProviderDiagnosisTreatmentOutlook
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Burning Feet at Night
Causes
Home Remedies
When to See a Provider
Diagnosis
Treatment
Outlook
Burning feet syndrome, also known asGrierson-Gopalansyndrome, causes sensations of heat or burning in the feet that are often worse at night. It can also cause numbness, sharp or stabbing pain, a dull ache, skin redness, or pins-and-needles sensations in the feet.
This article discusses the causes of burning feet. It explains why burning feet syndrome is often worse at night and how to relieve the burning pain.
BSIP / Getty Images
Why Are Burning Feet Worse at Night?
Burning feet syndrome is often worse at night. Scientists aren’t sure why, but there are a few theories.
At night, there are fewer distractions to help take your mind off the pain. You may also have more stress at the end of the day, and stress is a well-documented contributor to pain.
Cooler temperatures may also play a role. The peripheral nerves activated in burning feet syndrome are responsible for sending temperature signals to the brain. However, the brain misinterprets the message from the damaged nerves, mistakenly translating cooler temperatures into “burning foot pain.“Cooler evening temperatures can also slow your heart rate and circulation, which may contribute to the pain.
Causes of Burning Feet
There are various health conditions and procedures that can cause burning feet.
Diabetic Neuropathy
High blood sugar damages nerves over time. As many as 50% of people with diabetes will develop nerve damage at some point.This is calleddiabetic neuropathy.
When a person with diabetes develops nerve damage, the symptoms begin in the feet and can include pain, tingling, and burning. Some people describe the sensation as similar to walking on bubble wrap. The type of nerve damage that affects the extremities, like hands and feet, isperipheral neuropathy.
What Is the Peripheral Nervous System?The nervous system acts as a messenger highway to and from the brain and the rest of the body. It uses nerves to communicate. The peripheral nervous system exists outside of the brain and spinal cord. Parts of the body in the peripheral nervous system include the spine, the roots and branches of spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.
What Is the Peripheral Nervous System?
The nervous system acts as a messenger highway to and from the brain and the rest of the body. It uses nerves to communicate. The peripheral nervous system exists outside of the brain and spinal cord. Parts of the body in the peripheral nervous system include the spine, the roots and branches of spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.
Peripheral Neuropathy
Heavy Alcohol Use
People who use alcohol in excess are at risk of developing nerve damage that can lead to the sensation of burning in the feet. This is calledalcoholic neuropathy. The reasons why this happens are unclear, but some researchers think oxidative stress may be to blame.
“Oxidative stress” is the term used to describe an overload of free radicals in the body. These molecules can react with other molecules and cause damage to the nerves.
Heavy alcohol use may also activate a type of immune cell in the spinal cord. When these cells are activated without cause, they can damage the nerves, leading to burning and painful sensations in the feet.
Amyloid Neuropathy
Amyloidneuropathy is a type of nerve disorder that develops when amyloid, a type of protein, is deposited into nerves. The affected nerves become damaged, and symptoms develop, such as numbness and balance problems, pins and needles, and nighttime feet burning.
Anemia
While burning feet isn’t one of the most common symptoms of anemia, studies show that iron deficiency can lead to peripheral neuropathy, which causes the burning feet sensation.
Is Anemia Serious?Anemia is usually mild and highly treatable, but if left untreated, it can sometimes lead to serious and life-threatening consequences. This is because all cells in the body will die without oxygen. This can lead to severe weakness, a poorly functioning immune system, and heart failure.
Is Anemia Serious?
Anemia is usually mild and highly treatable, but if left untreated, it can sometimes lead to serious and life-threatening consequences. This is because all cells in the body will die without oxygen. This can lead to severe weakness, a poorly functioning immune system, and heart failure.
Athlete’s Foot
Athlete’s footis a type of fungal infection that affects the feet. Typical symptoms include dry, flaky skin or whiteness on the soles of the feet and between the toes. It can also feel like burning.
Athlete’s foot is highly treatable and does not typically cause any serious health consequences.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT)
CMT is a hereditary nerve disease that affects nerves involved in muscle control. The disease progresses over time, leading to worsening symptoms.
One of the very first signs of CMT is burning in the feet.CMT can also lead to an extremely high arch over time due to the muscular imbalance or neuropathy.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapyis a type of cancer treatment. According to research, between 19% and 85% of people who undergo chemotherapy will experience the common side effect of peripheral neuropathy, which causes burning sensations throughout the body, including the feet.
Side Effects of Chemotherapy
Medication Use
Many medications can lead to peripheral neuropathy and burning feet. Medications that have been implicated in the development of peripheral neuropathy include:
Metformin and Peripheral NeuropathyWhile the drug metformin is used to help people with diabetes manage their disease, some research has found that it can lead to a deficiency in vitamin B12. Certain vitamin deficiencies can cause nerve damage, and that can lead to peripheral neuropathy and burning feet. That being said, if your healthcare provider has recommended metformin, follow their instructions unless directed otherwise.
Metformin and Peripheral Neuropathy
While the drug metformin is used to help people with diabetes manage their disease, some research has found that it can lead to a deficiency in vitamin B12. Certain vitamin deficiencies can cause nerve damage, and that can lead to peripheral neuropathy and burning feet. That being said, if your healthcare provider has recommended metformin, follow their instructions unless directed otherwise.
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP)
CIDP is a neurological disorder that develops when the roots of nerves become inflamed. The disorder is rare. Only about five to seven people in every 100,000 will develop CIDP.
In CIDP (and neuropathy as well), the protective coating of nerves, known as myelin, becomes damaged. This hinders proper communication between nerves. Symptoms typically develop on both sides of the body at the same time, so both feet are often affected.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
CRPSis a chronic pain condition that usually develops after an injury that causes nerve damage. It can also develop following surgery if the nerves are injured during the procedure.
CRPS is an extremely painful condition that requires early diagnosis, intervention, and physical therapy. The pain is typically described as burning, tingling, or as if the area of the body is being tightly squeezed. It can happen to any part of the body, including the feet.
Other Causes of CRPS
Erythromelalgia
Because the condition leads to damage of the nerves in the peripheral nervous system, it can be characterized as a type of peripheral neuropathy.
Gastric Bypass Complication
What to Expect 10 Years After Gastric Sleeve
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
What Triggers Guillain-Barre Syndrome?While the cause of the syndrome is unclear, it is often developed after a person experiences a viral infection. In some other cases, surgery can also trigger Guillain-Barre.
What Triggers Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
While the cause of the syndrome is unclear, it is often developed after a person experiences a viral infection. In some other cases, surgery can also trigger Guillain-Barre.
Heavy Metal Poisoning
When heavy metals build up in the tissues of the body, it can lead to toxicity. When this happens, symptoms begin to develop. The type of symptoms that occur differ depending on the type of metal that is causing the toxic response.
Peripheral neuropathy, which leads to burning feet, is most associated with arsenic, lead, and mercury.
Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidismis a condition that develops when the thyroid, the gland in the neck responsible for producing certain key hormones, is underactive.
While symptoms aren’t always present at the beginning stages of the disorder, they can include burning feet. This is because hypothyroidism has the ability to cause peripheral neuropathy.
Infectious Diseases
Various infectious diseases can lead to the development of burning feet, including:
Kidney Disease
The kidneys are designed to filter toxins out of the body. When they begin to malfunction, toxins build up, which can cause damage to the body.
When nerve damage develops because ofkidney disease, it is referred to as uremic neuropathy and can lead to burning sensations in the feet.
Nutritional Deficiency
Can Too Much of a Vitamin Cause Burning Feet?Having too much of a good thing can also lead to nerve damage that causes burning feet, as is the case with vitamin B6. Research has shown that people who have too high levels of the vitamin in their system may develop neuropathy that leads to burning, itching, or stinging in the limbs and feet.
Can Too Much of a Vitamin Cause Burning Feet?
Having too much of a good thing can also lead to nerve damage that causes burning feet, as is the case with vitamin B6. Research has shown that people who have too high levels of the vitamin in their system may develop neuropathy that leads to burning, itching, or stinging in the limbs and feet.
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosisis an inflammatory disease. It develops when inflammatory cells known as granulomas form in the organs of the body. The cause of the disease is unknown and some people that develop it may not exhibit any symptoms at all.
For people that do show symptoms, one can be burning feet because of how the disease affects the neurological system and the nerves of the peripheral nervous system.
Granuloma Symptoms and Related Conditions
Small Fiber Neuropathy
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Tarsal tunnel syndromedevelops when the posteriortibial nerve, which is the nerve that runs from just above the knee in the back of the leg down to the heel of the foot, gets damaged due to an injury or swelling. It can lead to pain and burning in the foot that radiates up the leg.
Home Remedies for Burning Feet
To reduce pain and burning sensations in your feet, you can take steps at home to improve circulation and blood flow.
Before you try these home remedies, talk to your healthcare provider to ensure they are safe for your condition.
When to See a Healthcare Provider for Burning Feet
Signs of an EmergencySeek emergency care if the pain is excruciating, comes on suddenly, or if you have diabetes and there is an infected wound on your foot.
Signs of an Emergency
Seek emergency care if the pain is excruciating, comes on suddenly, or if you have diabetes and there is an infected wound on your foot.
Diagnosing Burning Feet
Burning pain in the feet can have several causes, so it’s important to seek a diagnosis as soon as possible.
What a Physical Exam Can Indicate
Getting a physical exam can help to identify several things, such as:
During the physical exam, a complete medical history, your alcohol use history, and a medication list will also be gathered, along with all present symptoms and how long they have been going on.
Tests
Certain tests can be used to help identify the cause of burning feet. They include:
Other tests can be conducted to test nerve functionality, including a tuning fork vibration test and theSemmes–Weinstein monofilamentstest.
Getting a Biopsy: How to Prepare
Medical Treatments for Burning Feet
There is no specific treatment for burning feet. Instead, healthcare providers will aim to treat the underlying cause, including nerve damage.
Stop Ongoing Nerve Damage
If nerve damage is to blame, as is the case with diabetes or heavy alcohol consumption, the goal is to manage the conditions and refrain from damaging the nerves further.
Commonly Prescribed Medications for Burning Feet
Medications are sometimes used to treat the underlying cause of the symptoms. Some of these medications include:
What Type of Nerve Pain Medication Is Right for Me?
Best Home Remedies for Neuropathy in Feet
Many of the causes involve nerve damage, which can be permanent. However, the right treatment plan can prevent further nerve damage from occurring.
Summary
The sensation of burning in your feet can be mild or severe. In some cases, it can disrupt your life and become chronic. The most common cause of burning feet is diabetes; however, several others require various types of medical intervention.
If you experience burning in your feet that comes and goes, seek out your healthcare provider. They will help identify the cause and provide the proper treatment plan.
37 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Feldman EL, Callaghan BC, Pop-Busui R, et al.Diabetic neuropathy.Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):42. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0097-9Ferini-Strambi L.Neuropathic pain and sleep: a review.Pain Ther. 2017;6(Suppl 1):19-23. doi:10.1007/s40122-017-0089-yHicks CW, Selvin E.Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy and lower extremity disease in diabetes.Curr Diab Rep. 2019;19(10):86. doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1212-8National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Peripheral neuropathy.Dudek I, Hajduga D, Sieńko C, et al.Alcohol-induced neuropathy in chronic alcoholism: Causes, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options.Curr Pathobiol Rep. 2020;8:87-97. doi:10.1007/s40139-020-00214-wTsuda M.Microglia in the spinal cord and neuropathic pain.J Diabetes Investig.2016;7(1):17-26. doi:10.1111/jdi.12379Johns Hopkins Medicine.Amyloidosis.American Society of Hematology.Anemia.Levi S, Taveggia C.Iron homeostasis in peripheral nervous system, still a black box?.Antioxid Redox Signal.2014;21(4):634-648. doi:10.1089/ars.2013.5813Muscular Dystrophy Association.Signs and symptoms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.Zajączkowska R, Kocot-Kępska M, Leppert W, Wrzosek A, Mika J, Wordliczek J.Mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.Int J Mol Sci.2019;20(6):1451. doi:10.3390/ijms20061451Jones MR, Urits I, Wolf J, et al.Drug-induced peripheral neuropathy: a narrative review.Curr Clin Pharmacol.2020;15(1):38-48. doi:10.2174/1574884714666190121154813Ahmed MA, Muntingh GL, Rheeder P.Perspectives on peripheral neuropathy as a consequence of metformin-induced Vvtamin B12 deficiency in T2DM.Int J Endocrinol.2017;2017:2452853. doi:10.1155/2017/2452853National Organization for Rare Disorders.Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Complex regional pain syndrome fact sheet.MedlinePlus.Erythromelalgia.National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Guillain-barre syndrome fact sheet.National Organization for Rare Disorders.Heavy metal poisoning.Gupta N, Arora M, Sharma R, Arora KS.Peripheral and central nervous system involvement in recently diagnosed cases of hypothyroidism: an electrophysiological study.Ann Med Health Sci Res.2016;6(5):261-266. doi:10.4103/amhsr.amhsr_39_16Arnold R, Issar T, Krishnan AV, Pussell BA.Neurological complications in chronic kidney disease.JRSM Cardiovasc Dis.2016;5:2048004016677687. doi:10.1177/2048004016677687Staff NP, Windebank AJ.Peripheral neuropathy due to vitamin deficiency, toxins, and medications.Continuum.2014;20(5):1293-3106. doi:10.1212/01.CON.0000455880.06675.5aBacharach R, Lowden M, Ahmed A.Pyridoxine toxicity small fiber neuropathy with dysautonomia: a case report.J Clin Neuromuscul Dis.2017;19(1):43-46. doi:10.1097/CND.0000000000000172MedlinePlus.Peripheral artery disease - legs.Sarcoidosis UK.Sarcoidosis and the nervous system.Johns Hopkins Medicine Neurology and Neurosurgery.Small fiber sensory neuropathy.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Tarsal tunnel syndrome.Holmes CJ, Hastings MK.The application of exercise training for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.J Clin Med.2021;10(21):5042. doi:10.3390/jcm10215042Vakilinia SR, Vaghasloo MA, Aliasl F, et al.Evaluation of the efficacy of warm salt water foot-bath on patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A randomized clinical trial.Complement Ther Med. 2020;49:102325. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102325Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Diabetes and nerve damage.Vollono L, Falconi M, Gaziano R, et al.Potential of curcumin in skin disorders.Nutrients. 2019;11(9):2169. doi:10.3390/nu11092169Fajrin FA, Nugroho AE, Nurrochmad A, Susilowati R.Ginger extract and its compound, 6-shogaol, attenuates painful diabetic neuropathy in mice via reducing TRPV1 and NMDAR2B expressions in the spinal cord.J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;249:112396. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112396Yorek MA.Is fish oil a potential treatment for diabetic peripheral neuropathy?Curr Diabetes Rev. 2018;14(4):339-349. doi:10.2174/1573399813666170522155327Schreiber AK, Nones CF, Reis RC, Chichorro JG, Cunha JM.Diabetic neuropathic pain: Physiopathology and treatment.World J Diabetes. 2015;6(3):432-44. doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i3.432Chatchawan U, Eungpinichpong W, Plandee P, Yamauchi J.Effects of Thai foot massage on balance performance in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy: a randomized parallel-controlled trial.Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2015;21:68-75. doi:10.12659/MSMBR.894163Johns Hopkins Medicine.Electromyography (EMG).Vegezzi E, Gastaldi M, Cortese A.Towards a standardised analysis of CSF in inflammatory neuropathies.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.2021;92(9):916. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2021-326418Robinson C, Dalal S, Chitneni A, et al.A look at commonly utilized serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) in chronic pain.Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(3):32309. doi:10.52965/001c.32309
37 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Feldman EL, Callaghan BC, Pop-Busui R, et al.Diabetic neuropathy.Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):42. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0097-9Ferini-Strambi L.Neuropathic pain and sleep: a review.Pain Ther. 2017;6(Suppl 1):19-23. doi:10.1007/s40122-017-0089-yHicks CW, Selvin E.Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy and lower extremity disease in diabetes.Curr Diab Rep. 2019;19(10):86. doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1212-8National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Peripheral neuropathy.Dudek I, Hajduga D, Sieńko C, et al.Alcohol-induced neuropathy in chronic alcoholism: Causes, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options.Curr Pathobiol Rep. 2020;8:87-97. doi:10.1007/s40139-020-00214-wTsuda M.Microglia in the spinal cord and neuropathic pain.J Diabetes Investig.2016;7(1):17-26. doi:10.1111/jdi.12379Johns Hopkins Medicine.Amyloidosis.American Society of Hematology.Anemia.Levi S, Taveggia C.Iron homeostasis in peripheral nervous system, still a black box?.Antioxid Redox Signal.2014;21(4):634-648. doi:10.1089/ars.2013.5813Muscular Dystrophy Association.Signs and symptoms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.Zajączkowska R, Kocot-Kępska M, Leppert W, Wrzosek A, Mika J, Wordliczek J.Mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.Int J Mol Sci.2019;20(6):1451. doi:10.3390/ijms20061451Jones MR, Urits I, Wolf J, et al.Drug-induced peripheral neuropathy: a narrative review.Curr Clin Pharmacol.2020;15(1):38-48. doi:10.2174/1574884714666190121154813Ahmed MA, Muntingh GL, Rheeder P.Perspectives on peripheral neuropathy as a consequence of metformin-induced Vvtamin B12 deficiency in T2DM.Int J Endocrinol.2017;2017:2452853. doi:10.1155/2017/2452853National Organization for Rare Disorders.Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Complex regional pain syndrome fact sheet.MedlinePlus.Erythromelalgia.National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Guillain-barre syndrome fact sheet.National Organization for Rare Disorders.Heavy metal poisoning.Gupta N, Arora M, Sharma R, Arora KS.Peripheral and central nervous system involvement in recently diagnosed cases of hypothyroidism: an electrophysiological study.Ann Med Health Sci Res.2016;6(5):261-266. doi:10.4103/amhsr.amhsr_39_16Arnold R, Issar T, Krishnan AV, Pussell BA.Neurological complications in chronic kidney disease.JRSM Cardiovasc Dis.2016;5:2048004016677687. doi:10.1177/2048004016677687Staff NP, Windebank AJ.Peripheral neuropathy due to vitamin deficiency, toxins, and medications.Continuum.2014;20(5):1293-3106. doi:10.1212/01.CON.0000455880.06675.5aBacharach R, Lowden M, Ahmed A.Pyridoxine toxicity small fiber neuropathy with dysautonomia: a case report.J Clin Neuromuscul Dis.2017;19(1):43-46. doi:10.1097/CND.0000000000000172MedlinePlus.Peripheral artery disease - legs.Sarcoidosis UK.Sarcoidosis and the nervous system.Johns Hopkins Medicine Neurology and Neurosurgery.Small fiber sensory neuropathy.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Tarsal tunnel syndrome.Holmes CJ, Hastings MK.The application of exercise training for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.J Clin Med.2021;10(21):5042. doi:10.3390/jcm10215042Vakilinia SR, Vaghasloo MA, Aliasl F, et al.Evaluation of the efficacy of warm salt water foot-bath on patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A randomized clinical trial.Complement Ther Med. 2020;49:102325. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102325Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Diabetes and nerve damage.Vollono L, Falconi M, Gaziano R, et al.Potential of curcumin in skin disorders.Nutrients. 2019;11(9):2169. doi:10.3390/nu11092169Fajrin FA, Nugroho AE, Nurrochmad A, Susilowati R.Ginger extract and its compound, 6-shogaol, attenuates painful diabetic neuropathy in mice via reducing TRPV1 and NMDAR2B expressions in the spinal cord.J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;249:112396. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112396Yorek MA.Is fish oil a potential treatment for diabetic peripheral neuropathy?Curr Diabetes Rev. 2018;14(4):339-349. doi:10.2174/1573399813666170522155327Schreiber AK, Nones CF, Reis RC, Chichorro JG, Cunha JM.Diabetic neuropathic pain: Physiopathology and treatment.World J Diabetes. 2015;6(3):432-44. doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i3.432Chatchawan U, Eungpinichpong W, Plandee P, Yamauchi J.Effects of Thai foot massage on balance performance in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy: a randomized parallel-controlled trial.Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2015;21:68-75. doi:10.12659/MSMBR.894163Johns Hopkins Medicine.Electromyography (EMG).Vegezzi E, Gastaldi M, Cortese A.Towards a standardised analysis of CSF in inflammatory neuropathies.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.2021;92(9):916. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2021-326418Robinson C, Dalal S, Chitneni A, et al.A look at commonly utilized serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) in chronic pain.Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(3):32309. doi:10.52965/001c.32309
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Feldman EL, Callaghan BC, Pop-Busui R, et al.Diabetic neuropathy.Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):42. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0097-9Ferini-Strambi L.Neuropathic pain and sleep: a review.Pain Ther. 2017;6(Suppl 1):19-23. doi:10.1007/s40122-017-0089-yHicks CW, Selvin E.Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy and lower extremity disease in diabetes.Curr Diab Rep. 2019;19(10):86. doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1212-8National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Peripheral neuropathy.Dudek I, Hajduga D, Sieńko C, et al.Alcohol-induced neuropathy in chronic alcoholism: Causes, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options.Curr Pathobiol Rep. 2020;8:87-97. doi:10.1007/s40139-020-00214-wTsuda M.Microglia in the spinal cord and neuropathic pain.J Diabetes Investig.2016;7(1):17-26. doi:10.1111/jdi.12379Johns Hopkins Medicine.Amyloidosis.American Society of Hematology.Anemia.Levi S, Taveggia C.Iron homeostasis in peripheral nervous system, still a black box?.Antioxid Redox Signal.2014;21(4):634-648. doi:10.1089/ars.2013.5813Muscular Dystrophy Association.Signs and symptoms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.Zajączkowska R, Kocot-Kępska M, Leppert W, Wrzosek A, Mika J, Wordliczek J.Mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.Int J Mol Sci.2019;20(6):1451. doi:10.3390/ijms20061451Jones MR, Urits I, Wolf J, et al.Drug-induced peripheral neuropathy: a narrative review.Curr Clin Pharmacol.2020;15(1):38-48. doi:10.2174/1574884714666190121154813Ahmed MA, Muntingh GL, Rheeder P.Perspectives on peripheral neuropathy as a consequence of metformin-induced Vvtamin B12 deficiency in T2DM.Int J Endocrinol.2017;2017:2452853. doi:10.1155/2017/2452853National Organization for Rare Disorders.Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Complex regional pain syndrome fact sheet.MedlinePlus.Erythromelalgia.National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Guillain-barre syndrome fact sheet.National Organization for Rare Disorders.Heavy metal poisoning.Gupta N, Arora M, Sharma R, Arora KS.Peripheral and central nervous system involvement in recently diagnosed cases of hypothyroidism: an electrophysiological study.Ann Med Health Sci Res.2016;6(5):261-266. doi:10.4103/amhsr.amhsr_39_16Arnold R, Issar T, Krishnan AV, Pussell BA.Neurological complications in chronic kidney disease.JRSM Cardiovasc Dis.2016;5:2048004016677687. doi:10.1177/2048004016677687Staff NP, Windebank AJ.Peripheral neuropathy due to vitamin deficiency, toxins, and medications.Continuum.2014;20(5):1293-3106. doi:10.1212/01.CON.0000455880.06675.5aBacharach R, Lowden M, Ahmed A.Pyridoxine toxicity small fiber neuropathy with dysautonomia: a case report.J Clin Neuromuscul Dis.2017;19(1):43-46. doi:10.1097/CND.0000000000000172MedlinePlus.Peripheral artery disease - legs.Sarcoidosis UK.Sarcoidosis and the nervous system.Johns Hopkins Medicine Neurology and Neurosurgery.Small fiber sensory neuropathy.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Tarsal tunnel syndrome.Holmes CJ, Hastings MK.The application of exercise training for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.J Clin Med.2021;10(21):5042. doi:10.3390/jcm10215042Vakilinia SR, Vaghasloo MA, Aliasl F, et al.Evaluation of the efficacy of warm salt water foot-bath on patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A randomized clinical trial.Complement Ther Med. 2020;49:102325. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102325Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Diabetes and nerve damage.Vollono L, Falconi M, Gaziano R, et al.Potential of curcumin in skin disorders.Nutrients. 2019;11(9):2169. doi:10.3390/nu11092169Fajrin FA, Nugroho AE, Nurrochmad A, Susilowati R.Ginger extract and its compound, 6-shogaol, attenuates painful diabetic neuropathy in mice via reducing TRPV1 and NMDAR2B expressions in the spinal cord.J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;249:112396. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112396Yorek MA.Is fish oil a potential treatment for diabetic peripheral neuropathy?Curr Diabetes Rev. 2018;14(4):339-349. doi:10.2174/1573399813666170522155327Schreiber AK, Nones CF, Reis RC, Chichorro JG, Cunha JM.Diabetic neuropathic pain: Physiopathology and treatment.World J Diabetes. 2015;6(3):432-44. doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i3.432Chatchawan U, Eungpinichpong W, Plandee P, Yamauchi J.Effects of Thai foot massage on balance performance in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy: a randomized parallel-controlled trial.Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2015;21:68-75. doi:10.12659/MSMBR.894163Johns Hopkins Medicine.Electromyography (EMG).Vegezzi E, Gastaldi M, Cortese A.Towards a standardised analysis of CSF in inflammatory neuropathies.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.2021;92(9):916. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2021-326418Robinson C, Dalal S, Chitneni A, et al.A look at commonly utilized serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) in chronic pain.Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(3):32309. doi:10.52965/001c.32309
Feldman EL, Callaghan BC, Pop-Busui R, et al.Diabetic neuropathy.Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):42. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0097-9
Ferini-Strambi L.Neuropathic pain and sleep: a review.Pain Ther. 2017;6(Suppl 1):19-23. doi:10.1007/s40122-017-0089-y
Hicks CW, Selvin E.Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy and lower extremity disease in diabetes.Curr Diab Rep. 2019;19(10):86. doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1212-8
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Peripheral neuropathy.
Dudek I, Hajduga D, Sieńko C, et al.Alcohol-induced neuropathy in chronic alcoholism: Causes, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options.Curr Pathobiol Rep. 2020;8:87-97. doi:10.1007/s40139-020-00214-w
Tsuda M.Microglia in the spinal cord and neuropathic pain.J Diabetes Investig.2016;7(1):17-26. doi:10.1111/jdi.12379
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Amyloidosis.
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