Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsAn Anti-Inflammatory Migraine DietOther Dietary StrategiesMigraine and Diet ConnectionTriggersTreatmentWhen to See a Provider
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
An Anti-Inflammatory Migraine Diet
Other Dietary Strategies
Migraine and Diet Connection
Triggers
Treatment
When to See a Provider
Migraineis a debilitating neurological disorder estimated to affect more than 10% of the population worldwide.The development of a migraine attack is complex, involving a person’s genetic makeup and other factors. Several eating styles, such as the anti-inflammatory diet, a keto diet, the DASH diet, and others have been suggested to help prevent and manage migraines.
In studying the diet, researchers evaluated the meal plans of people with migraines and analyzed their diets using the the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII). The DII is a scoring system that classifies foods according to their inflammatory potential.
Scientists are able to analyze both the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory attributes of specific foods or dietary compounds, such as macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and flavonoids.
Diets that ranked high on the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) included more solid oils, fat, and sweets. They were also higher in calories. High DII diets included lower amounts of protein, carbohydrate, total fiber, potassium, magnesium, riboflavin, fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds, fish, and legumes.
Researchers can’t say for certain that specific foods “cause” a migraine or necessarily stop a migraine from occurring. They can only associate certain dietary patterns with a lower incidence of migraines.
However, in various studies, researchers have identified certain anti-inflammatory foods that may play a role in reducing migraine activity. They include:
Foods associated with an increased risk of migraines include:
You may notice that some foods land on both lists. There is significant variability in migraine triggers from one person to the next. For example, in some people, higher intakes of onion, garlic, and some spices (ginger, turmeric, thyme, oregano, rosemary, or pepper) might reduce inflammation but result in a migraine attack due to an odor sensitivity.
Because there is variation from person to person with regards to migraine activity, it is important to work with your healthcare provider to develop an individualized plan. You may be asked to keep afood diaryand monitor your headache activity.
Speak With a Healthcare ProviderOnly start a new diet under the care of a physician or nutritionist to avoid potentially harmful effects like vitamin or mineral deficits.
Speak With a Healthcare Provider
Only start a new diet under the care of a physician or nutritionist to avoid potentially harmful effects like vitamin or mineral deficits.
Other Dietary Strategies to Reduce Migraines
Since the exact relationship between migraine and diet remains unknown, there are no formally recommended eating patterns or diets to prevent or treat migraine.
Limited scientific evidence suggests that the following dietary interventions help reduce migraine attacks:
In addition to these eating plans, there are other dietary strategies that may help you manage your migraines.
What’s the Connection Between Migraine and Diet?
The connection between migraine and diet is multifactorial is still not fully understood.
What Is the Trigeminovascular System?
Even though it’s not fully proven, many experts suspect certain dietary products may directly or indirectly activate the trigeminovascular system, triggering the underlying inflammatory processes that lead to a migraine headache.
While numerous foods and drinks—for example,alcohol, chocolate, and processed meats—have been reported as migraine triggers, identifying personal dietary triggers can be challenging.
Foods and drinks contain multiple ingredients, making pinpointing the actual migraine-provoking agent tricky. Also, dietary triggers do not typically cause a migraine 100% of the time.
Moreover, the triggering of a migraine attack, in some cases, seems to depend not only on the type of food/drink but also on the amount or timing of intake. For example, some dietary products only provoke a migraine attack when combined with other triggers or when consumed excessively or withdrawn suddenly, as seen withcaffeine.
Another interestingparadox of caffeineis that while it may trigger a migraine, it’s also been effective in easing mild-to-moderate migraine headaches.Sorting out whether caffeine is helping or harming your migraine can be challenging.
Further complicating the migraine/diet connection is emerging research on the impact of nutrition on a person’sgut microbiome(the bacteria that live in the intestines).
Probiotic supplementation (altering your gut with live, healthy bacteria) has been found in some studies to reduce the number, severity, and duration of migraine attacks, although confirmatory studies are needed.
In the end, more investigation is required into the connection between migraine and diet. Targeted and individualized dietary strategies for migraine prevention can be devised through a better understanding of this connection.
More Migraine Triggers
Besides certain foods and drinks, it’s essential to understand that there is a wide range of other migraine triggers or provoking agents.
Emotional and physical stress is perhaps one of the most commonly reported migraine triggers.
Other common triggers include:
Migraine Treatment Options
While eating well and ensuring adequate hydration are vital components of a migraine treatment plan, medication, home remedies, and other lifestyle modifications are often needed to optimize your care.
Medication
Migraine headaches that are mild in severity can usually be eased with an over-the-counter painkiller likeTylenol(acetaminophen) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like Advil or Motrin (ibuprofen).
Take PrecautionDue to potential harm, not everyone can take Tylenol or NSAIDs like ibuprofen. Only take these drugs under the care of a healthcare provider.
Take Precaution
Due to potential harm, not everyone can take Tylenol or NSAIDs like ibuprofen. Only take these drugs under the care of a healthcare provider.
Moderate to severe migraine attacks often require aprescription drug, such as a triptan, like Imitrex (sumatriptan), or a combination NSAID/triptan likeTreximet(sumatriptan/naproxen).
Alternative options includeReyvow(lasmiditan) or a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) blocker, likeNurtec ODT(rimegepant).
Home Remedies/Lifestyle Modifications
In addition to medication, various home remedies can help soothe a migraine headache.
For example, if you are experiencing a migraine attack or prodrome, resting in a dark, quiet room and placing anice packon your neck can be helpful.
Theselifestyle modificationscan also help prevent migraine attacks:
When to See a Healthcare Provider
Talk with a healthcare provider orheadache specialistif you are interested in identifying dietary triggers and/or making changes to your diet.
They may guide you through an elimination diet in which you remove one suspect food at a time for two weeks to see if it reduces the intensity and frequency of your migraine attacks. Alternatively, they may refer you to anutritionistfor more comprehensive changes to your diet.
Be sure to see a healthcare provider if your migraine headaches are occurring more often, are lasting longer, are becoming more severe, or simply feel different from prior ones.
Also, see a healthcare provider if you are pregnant, postpartum, over age 60, or have a history of cancer or a weakened immune system and are experiencing new migraine headaches.
Seek Emergency Medical AttentionGo to an emergency room or call 911 if you are experiencing:A sudden, severe headache that develops within a few seconds or minutesA headache associated with fever/stiff neck, painful red eye, seizure, fainting, orstroke symptomsA headache after a head or neck injury/trauma
Seek Emergency Medical Attention
Go to an emergency room or call 911 if you are experiencing:A sudden, severe headache that develops within a few seconds or minutesA headache associated with fever/stiff neck, painful red eye, seizure, fainting, orstroke symptomsA headache after a head or neck injury/trauma
Go to an emergency room or call 911 if you are experiencing:
Summary
Migraine is a complex neurological disorder associated with a throbbing headache and associated symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and light/sound sensitivity. Environmental and lifestyle factors may trigger migraines, including specific dietary products like alcohol, caffeine, chocolate, aged cheeses, and processed meats.
The precise connection between migraine and diet has yet to be fully understood. However, avoiding or minimizing exposure to personal food/drink triggers for migraine prevention and eating a well-balanced diet is reasonable. Under the guidance of a healthcare provider, you may also consider adopting an anti-inflammatory diet.
23 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Perzia BM, Dunaief JL, Dunaief DM.Chronic migraine reversal and prevention with the LIFE diet: a nutrient dense whole food plant-based diet (Wfpbd).BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(12):e243987Walter K.What is migraine?JAMA.2022;327(1):93. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.21857Khorsha F, Mirzababaei A, Ghodoosi N, et al.Association between diet and migraine characteristics: The role of Dietary Inflammatory Index.CJN. Published online December 22, 2020.Ghoreishy SM, Askari G, Mohammadi H, Campbell MS, Khorvash F, Arab A.Associations between potential inflammatory properties of the diet and frequency, duration, and severity of migraine headaches: a cross-sectional study.Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):2878Hindiyeh NA, Zhang N, Farrar M, Banerjee P, Lombard L, Aurora SK.The role of diet and nutrition in migraine triggers and treatment: a systematic literature review.Headache. 2020;60(7):1300-1316. doi:10.1111/head.13836Di Lorenzo C, Coppola G, Sirianni G, et al.Migraine improvement during short lasting ketogenesis: a proof-of-concept study.Eur J Neurol.2015;22(1):170-177. doi:10.1111/ene.12550Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Faurot KR, et al.Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine: randomized controlled trial.BMJ. 2021;374:n1448. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1448Mirzababaei A, Khorsha F, Togha M, Yekaninejad MS, Okhovat AA, Mirzaei K.Associations between adherence to dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet and migraine headache severity and duration among women.Nutr Neurosci. 2020;23(5):335-342. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2018.1503848von Luckner A, Riederer F.Magnesium in migraine prophylaxis-is there an evidence-based rationale? A systematic review.Headache. 2018;58(2):199-209. doi:10.1111/head.13217Khorsha F, Mirzababaei A, Togha M, Mirzaei K.Association of drinking water and migraine headache severity.J Clin Neurosci. 2020 Jul;77:81-84. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2020.05.034Turner DP, Smitherman TA, Penzien DB, Porter JA, Martin VT, Houle TT.Nighttime snacking, stress, and migraine activity.J Clin Neurosci. 2014;21(4):638-643. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2013.08.013Ashina M, Hansen JM, Do TP, et al.Migraine and the trigeminovascular system-40 years and counting.Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(8):795-804. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30185-1Nowaczewska M, Wiciński M, Kaźmierczak W.The ambiguous role of caffeine in migraine headache: from trigger to treatment.Nutrients. 2020;12(8):2259. doi:10.3390/nu12082259Martami F, Togha M, Seifishahpar M, et al.The effects of a multispecies probiotic supplement on inflammatory markers and episodic and chronic migraine characteristics: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.Cephalalgia. 2019;39(7):841-853. doi:10.1177/0333102418820102Stubberud A, Buse DC, Kristoffersen ES, Linde M, Tronvik E.Is there a causal relationship between stress and migraine? Current evidence and implications for management.J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):155. doi:10.1186/s10194-021-01369-6Kesserwani H.Migraine triggers: an overview of the pharmacology, biochemistry, atmospherics, and their effects on neural networks.Cureus. 2021;13(4):e14243. doi:10.7759/cureus.14243Maini K, Schuster NM.Headache and barometric pressure: a narrative review.Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(11):87. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0826-5Tiseo C, Vacca A, Felbush A, et al.Migraine and sleep disorders: a systematic review.J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):126. doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01192-5Imai N, Osanai A, Moriya A, Katsuki M, Kitamura E.Classification of odors associated with migraine attacks: a cross-sectional study.Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):8469. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35211-7Chai NC, Peterlin BL, Calhoun AH.Migraine and estrogen.Curr Opin Neurol. 2014;27(3):315-24. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000091Sprouse-blum AS, Gabriel AK, Brown JP, Yee MH.Randomized controlled trial: targeted neck cooling in the treatment of the migraine patient.Hawaii J Med Public Health. 2013;72(7):237-41Gazerani P.Migraine and diet.Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1658. doi:10.3390/nu12061658Phu Do T, Remmers A, Schytz HW et al.Red and orange flags for secondary headaches in clinical practice: SNNOOP10 list.Neurology.2019;92(3):134-144. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000006697
23 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Perzia BM, Dunaief JL, Dunaief DM.Chronic migraine reversal and prevention with the LIFE diet: a nutrient dense whole food plant-based diet (Wfpbd).BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(12):e243987Walter K.What is migraine?JAMA.2022;327(1):93. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.21857Khorsha F, Mirzababaei A, Ghodoosi N, et al.Association between diet and migraine characteristics: The role of Dietary Inflammatory Index.CJN. Published online December 22, 2020.Ghoreishy SM, Askari G, Mohammadi H, Campbell MS, Khorvash F, Arab A.Associations between potential inflammatory properties of the diet and frequency, duration, and severity of migraine headaches: a cross-sectional study.Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):2878Hindiyeh NA, Zhang N, Farrar M, Banerjee P, Lombard L, Aurora SK.The role of diet and nutrition in migraine triggers and treatment: a systematic literature review.Headache. 2020;60(7):1300-1316. doi:10.1111/head.13836Di Lorenzo C, Coppola G, Sirianni G, et al.Migraine improvement during short lasting ketogenesis: a proof-of-concept study.Eur J Neurol.2015;22(1):170-177. doi:10.1111/ene.12550Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Faurot KR, et al.Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine: randomized controlled trial.BMJ. 2021;374:n1448. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1448Mirzababaei A, Khorsha F, Togha M, Yekaninejad MS, Okhovat AA, Mirzaei K.Associations between adherence to dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet and migraine headache severity and duration among women.Nutr Neurosci. 2020;23(5):335-342. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2018.1503848von Luckner A, Riederer F.Magnesium in migraine prophylaxis-is there an evidence-based rationale? A systematic review.Headache. 2018;58(2):199-209. doi:10.1111/head.13217Khorsha F, Mirzababaei A, Togha M, Mirzaei K.Association of drinking water and migraine headache severity.J Clin Neurosci. 2020 Jul;77:81-84. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2020.05.034Turner DP, Smitherman TA, Penzien DB, Porter JA, Martin VT, Houle TT.Nighttime snacking, stress, and migraine activity.J Clin Neurosci. 2014;21(4):638-643. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2013.08.013Ashina M, Hansen JM, Do TP, et al.Migraine and the trigeminovascular system-40 years and counting.Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(8):795-804. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30185-1Nowaczewska M, Wiciński M, Kaźmierczak W.The ambiguous role of caffeine in migraine headache: from trigger to treatment.Nutrients. 2020;12(8):2259. doi:10.3390/nu12082259Martami F, Togha M, Seifishahpar M, et al.The effects of a multispecies probiotic supplement on inflammatory markers and episodic and chronic migraine characteristics: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.Cephalalgia. 2019;39(7):841-853. doi:10.1177/0333102418820102Stubberud A, Buse DC, Kristoffersen ES, Linde M, Tronvik E.Is there a causal relationship between stress and migraine? Current evidence and implications for management.J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):155. doi:10.1186/s10194-021-01369-6Kesserwani H.Migraine triggers: an overview of the pharmacology, biochemistry, atmospherics, and their effects on neural networks.Cureus. 2021;13(4):e14243. doi:10.7759/cureus.14243Maini K, Schuster NM.Headache and barometric pressure: a narrative review.Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(11):87. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0826-5Tiseo C, Vacca A, Felbush A, et al.Migraine and sleep disorders: a systematic review.J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):126. doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01192-5Imai N, Osanai A, Moriya A, Katsuki M, Kitamura E.Classification of odors associated with migraine attacks: a cross-sectional study.Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):8469. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35211-7Chai NC, Peterlin BL, Calhoun AH.Migraine and estrogen.Curr Opin Neurol. 2014;27(3):315-24. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000091Sprouse-blum AS, Gabriel AK, Brown JP, Yee MH.Randomized controlled trial: targeted neck cooling in the treatment of the migraine patient.Hawaii J Med Public Health. 2013;72(7):237-41Gazerani P.Migraine and diet.Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1658. doi:10.3390/nu12061658Phu Do T, Remmers A, Schytz HW et al.Red and orange flags for secondary headaches in clinical practice: SNNOOP10 list.Neurology.2019;92(3):134-144. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000006697
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Perzia BM, Dunaief JL, Dunaief DM.Chronic migraine reversal and prevention with the LIFE diet: a nutrient dense whole food plant-based diet (Wfpbd).BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(12):e243987Walter K.What is migraine?JAMA.2022;327(1):93. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.21857Khorsha F, Mirzababaei A, Ghodoosi N, et al.Association between diet and migraine characteristics: The role of Dietary Inflammatory Index.CJN. Published online December 22, 2020.Ghoreishy SM, Askari G, Mohammadi H, Campbell MS, Khorvash F, Arab A.Associations between potential inflammatory properties of the diet and frequency, duration, and severity of migraine headaches: a cross-sectional study.Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):2878Hindiyeh NA, Zhang N, Farrar M, Banerjee P, Lombard L, Aurora SK.The role of diet and nutrition in migraine triggers and treatment: a systematic literature review.Headache. 2020;60(7):1300-1316. doi:10.1111/head.13836Di Lorenzo C, Coppola G, Sirianni G, et al.Migraine improvement during short lasting ketogenesis: a proof-of-concept study.Eur J Neurol.2015;22(1):170-177. doi:10.1111/ene.12550Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Faurot KR, et al.Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine: randomized controlled trial.BMJ. 2021;374:n1448. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1448Mirzababaei A, Khorsha F, Togha M, Yekaninejad MS, Okhovat AA, Mirzaei K.Associations between adherence to dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet and migraine headache severity and duration among women.Nutr Neurosci. 2020;23(5):335-342. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2018.1503848von Luckner A, Riederer F.Magnesium in migraine prophylaxis-is there an evidence-based rationale? A systematic review.Headache. 2018;58(2):199-209. doi:10.1111/head.13217Khorsha F, Mirzababaei A, Togha M, Mirzaei K.Association of drinking water and migraine headache severity.J Clin Neurosci. 2020 Jul;77:81-84. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2020.05.034Turner DP, Smitherman TA, Penzien DB, Porter JA, Martin VT, Houle TT.Nighttime snacking, stress, and migraine activity.J Clin Neurosci. 2014;21(4):638-643. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2013.08.013Ashina M, Hansen JM, Do TP, et al.Migraine and the trigeminovascular system-40 years and counting.Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(8):795-804. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30185-1Nowaczewska M, Wiciński M, Kaźmierczak W.The ambiguous role of caffeine in migraine headache: from trigger to treatment.Nutrients. 2020;12(8):2259. doi:10.3390/nu12082259Martami F, Togha M, Seifishahpar M, et al.The effects of a multispecies probiotic supplement on inflammatory markers and episodic and chronic migraine characteristics: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.Cephalalgia. 2019;39(7):841-853. doi:10.1177/0333102418820102Stubberud A, Buse DC, Kristoffersen ES, Linde M, Tronvik E.Is there a causal relationship between stress and migraine? Current evidence and implications for management.J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):155. doi:10.1186/s10194-021-01369-6Kesserwani H.Migraine triggers: an overview of the pharmacology, biochemistry, atmospherics, and their effects on neural networks.Cureus. 2021;13(4):e14243. doi:10.7759/cureus.14243Maini K, Schuster NM.Headache and barometric pressure: a narrative review.Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(11):87. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0826-5Tiseo C, Vacca A, Felbush A, et al.Migraine and sleep disorders: a systematic review.J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):126. doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01192-5Imai N, Osanai A, Moriya A, Katsuki M, Kitamura E.Classification of odors associated with migraine attacks: a cross-sectional study.Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):8469. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35211-7Chai NC, Peterlin BL, Calhoun AH.Migraine and estrogen.Curr Opin Neurol. 2014;27(3):315-24. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000091Sprouse-blum AS, Gabriel AK, Brown JP, Yee MH.Randomized controlled trial: targeted neck cooling in the treatment of the migraine patient.Hawaii J Med Public Health. 2013;72(7):237-41Gazerani P.Migraine and diet.Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1658. doi:10.3390/nu12061658Phu Do T, Remmers A, Schytz HW et al.Red and orange flags for secondary headaches in clinical practice: SNNOOP10 list.Neurology.2019;92(3):134-144. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000006697
Perzia BM, Dunaief JL, Dunaief DM.Chronic migraine reversal and prevention with the LIFE diet: a nutrient dense whole food plant-based diet (Wfpbd).BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(12):e243987
Walter K.What is migraine?JAMA.2022;327(1):93. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.21857
Khorsha F, Mirzababaei A, Ghodoosi N, et al.Association between diet and migraine characteristics: The role of Dietary Inflammatory Index.CJN. Published online December 22, 2020.
Ghoreishy SM, Askari G, Mohammadi H, Campbell MS, Khorvash F, Arab A.Associations between potential inflammatory properties of the diet and frequency, duration, and severity of migraine headaches: a cross-sectional study.Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):2878
Hindiyeh NA, Zhang N, Farrar M, Banerjee P, Lombard L, Aurora SK.The role of diet and nutrition in migraine triggers and treatment: a systematic literature review.Headache. 2020;60(7):1300-1316. doi:10.1111/head.13836
Di Lorenzo C, Coppola G, Sirianni G, et al.Migraine improvement during short lasting ketogenesis: a proof-of-concept study.Eur J Neurol.2015;22(1):170-177. doi:10.1111/ene.12550
Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Faurot KR, et al.Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine: randomized controlled trial.BMJ. 2021;374:n1448. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1448
Mirzababaei A, Khorsha F, Togha M, Yekaninejad MS, Okhovat AA, Mirzaei K.Associations between adherence to dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet and migraine headache severity and duration among women.Nutr Neurosci. 2020;23(5):335-342. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2018.1503848
von Luckner A, Riederer F.Magnesium in migraine prophylaxis-is there an evidence-based rationale? A systematic review.Headache. 2018;58(2):199-209. doi:10.1111/head.13217
Khorsha F, Mirzababaei A, Togha M, Mirzaei K.Association of drinking water and migraine headache severity.J Clin Neurosci. 2020 Jul;77:81-84. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2020.05.034
Turner DP, Smitherman TA, Penzien DB, Porter JA, Martin VT, Houle TT.Nighttime snacking, stress, and migraine activity.J Clin Neurosci. 2014;21(4):638-643. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2013.08.013
Ashina M, Hansen JM, Do TP, et al.Migraine and the trigeminovascular system-40 years and counting.Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(8):795-804. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30185-1
Nowaczewska M, Wiciński M, Kaźmierczak W.The ambiguous role of caffeine in migraine headache: from trigger to treatment.Nutrients. 2020;12(8):2259. doi:10.3390/nu12082259
Martami F, Togha M, Seifishahpar M, et al.The effects of a multispecies probiotic supplement on inflammatory markers and episodic and chronic migraine characteristics: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.Cephalalgia. 2019;39(7):841-853. doi:10.1177/0333102418820102
Stubberud A, Buse DC, Kristoffersen ES, Linde M, Tronvik E.Is there a causal relationship between stress and migraine? Current evidence and implications for management.J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):155. doi:10.1186/s10194-021-01369-6
Kesserwani H.Migraine triggers: an overview of the pharmacology, biochemistry, atmospherics, and their effects on neural networks.Cureus. 2021;13(4):e14243. doi:10.7759/cureus.14243
Maini K, Schuster NM.Headache and barometric pressure: a narrative review.Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(11):87. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0826-5
Tiseo C, Vacca A, Felbush A, et al.Migraine and sleep disorders: a systematic review.J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):126. doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01192-5
Imai N, Osanai A, Moriya A, Katsuki M, Kitamura E.Classification of odors associated with migraine attacks: a cross-sectional study.Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):8469. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35211-7
Chai NC, Peterlin BL, Calhoun AH.Migraine and estrogen.Curr Opin Neurol. 2014;27(3):315-24. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000091
Sprouse-blum AS, Gabriel AK, Brown JP, Yee MH.Randomized controlled trial: targeted neck cooling in the treatment of the migraine patient.Hawaii J Med Public Health. 2013;72(7):237-41
Gazerani P.Migraine and diet.Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1658. doi:10.3390/nu12061658
Phu Do T, Remmers A, Schytz HW et al.Red and orange flags for secondary headaches in clinical practice: SNNOOP10 list.Neurology.2019;92(3):134-144. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000006697
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