Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsHormones and Your HealthVitamins & MineralsHerbal SupplementsOther SupplementsFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Hormones and Your Health
Vitamins & Minerals
Herbal Supplements
Other Supplements
Frequently Asked Questions
Some supplements may help balance hormones if they provide nutrients required for hormone production. You may support hormone health with certain herbal supplements, probiotics, and supplements containing phytonutrients (plant-based biochemicals).
However, taking supplements supports hormone levels only if they fill a need. Supplements offer limited benefits if your diet provides all the nutrients you need and your endocrine system is healthy. Hormone imbalances can cause noticeable health changes, and treating them demands more than supplements, so talk with your healthcare provider about symptoms.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
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How Hormones Affect Your Health
Hormones are proteins or steroids that act as messengers in your body. Your blood transports hormones to specific receptors on tissues and organs. Once a hormone has found the right receptor, a reaction occurs.
Various glands throughout theendocrine systemmake hormones. Humans have over 50 different hormones, many of which you may have heard of, likeestrogen,testosterone,insulin,thyroidhormones, andgrowth hormone.
Hormones are key regulators of bodily processes throughout the lifecycle. They’re also potent, which means having too much or too little of a hormone may lead to noticeable changes in your body.
There are various signs and symptoms of ahormone imbalance. A healthcare provider can help you determine if an imbalance is present and if treatment is needed.
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Vitamins & Minerals for Hormone Balance
Manymicronutrients(vitamins and minerals) have been researched for their potential roles in treating hormone imbalances, but only some have shown promise.
A balanced diet contains all the vitamins and minerals your body needs. But, sometimes, supplements are warranted, especially if a hormone imbalance is present.
According to scientific evidence, the following vitamins and minerals may help hormones regain balance.
Magnesium
Magnesiumis a mineral essential to numerous systems in your body, including blood sugar control, blood pressure regulation, and hormone regulation.
One of the roles of magnesium is in the production and secretion of thyroid hormones. Serum magnesium is known to gradually decrease with age, especially in females. This may lead to disruptions in the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
In women withpolycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS), low levels of magnesium in the blood have been associated with insulin resistance. In one study, low magnesium was also correlated with increased testosterone levels in those with PCOS.
Vitamin D
Vitamin Dis considered both a vitamin and a steroid hormone. As a hormone, vitamin D is key to calcium absorption and many other important processes, including estrogen and testosterone synthesis.
In some studies, avitamin D deficiencyhas been linked to insulin resistance. Although the relationship between vitamin D and insulin is not completely understood, vitamin D is believed to prevent inflammation, a risk factor for insulin resistance.
Sunlight exposure and certain foods can increase vitamin D levels, but many people need to take avitamin D supplementto correct a deficiency.
Zinc
Zincis an essential mineral that affects many hormones, including insulin and thyroid hormones. Problems with growth and reproduction have been associated with zinc deficiency. Not getting enough zinc may also lead to the development of certain endocrine diseases.
It is known that zinc is key to the production of thyroid hormones, includingthyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)andthyrotropinreleasing hormone (TRH). Zinc also appears to play a role in the transport of thyroid hormones. However, the intricate relationship between zinc and thyroid hormones is not completely understood.
Zinc is also important to the regulation of insulin. As one review points out, insulin production and secretion are both inhibited when there isn’t enough zinc present. Accordingly,zinc supplementationhas been linked to improved blood sugar control in people withdiabetes.
B Vitamins
There are eight B vitamins, all of which are important to the formation of energy and red blood cells.Some B vitamins are also thought to be important to hormone balance.
Vitamins B2 (thiamine), B5 (pantothenicacid), and B6 (pyridoxine) all play a role in hormone synthesis and/or regulation. While thiamine is part of the regulation of thyroid hormones, pantothenic acid is needed to make certain steroid hormones and pyridoxine is key in melatonin formation.
Folic acid, another B vitamin, is known to increase levels ofprogesterone(a hormone) in those who menstruate. Increased progesterone levels may normalize irregular periods and promote monthly ovulation.
Although more research is needed, vitamin B12 supplementation may improve thyroid function for some. According to one study including 130 people, vitamin B12 deficiency was associated withHashimoto’sdisease(a type of autoimmunehypothyroidism). In the study, 46% of participants with Hashimoto thyroiditis also had a deficiency in vitamin B12.
Iodine
Iodineis a trace mineral found in certain types of salt and many foods. It is also an essential component of thyroid hormone synthesis.
Low levels of iodine could lead to low levels of T3 and T4. This disruption in thyroid hormone synthesis may also causehypothyroidism(an underactive thyroid).
Herbal Supplements for Hormone Balance
As the name implies, herbal supplements contain herbs from various parts of plants. These supplements typically contain one or more herbs thought to provide health benefits. Some herbal supplements, like those outlined below, are sometimes used to help with hormone balance
Ashwagandha
Ashwagandha(Withania somnifera) is a shrub and herbal supplement popular inAyurvedicmedicine, the ancient Indian medical system. It has many uses and may help balance hormones like cortisol and testosterone.
In a small study of 43 adult men who were overweight and had mild fatigue,ashwagandhaextract use for eight weeks was associated with significant increases in the steroid hormones DHEA and testosterone. Ashwagandha use also led to nonsignificant decreases in the stress hormonecortisol.
Another study on both males and females found that ashwagandha intake was correlated with reduced levels of morning cortisol compared with a placebo (an ineffective substance used to create a control group).
Participants took either 240 milligrams (mg) of a standardized ashwagandha extract or a placebo once daily for 60 days. According to the study, ashwagandha may act on thehypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axisand reduce the stress response.
Studies have also looked at ashwagandha for help with balancing hormones in women experiencingperimenopause.
One study compared the effects of ashwagandha to a placebo in 91 women in perimenopause. Those who took ashwagandha for eight weeks had significant increases inestradiol, a form of estrogen that is typically low in perimenopause. Participants who used ashwagandha also had significant decreases infollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)andluteinizing hormone (LH(which are both typically high in perimenopause) overall menopause symptoms.
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Black Cohosh Root
Black cohosh root (Actaea racemosaorCimicifuga racemosa) is an herbal remedy most commonly used to treat symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes.
It’s not known exactly howblack cohoshmay work to improve menopause symptoms, but the herb appears to bind to estrogen receptors and subsequently decrease the hormones LH and FSH. In one small study, black cohosh root was administered for eight weeks in early postmenopausal women. Compared to a placebo, black cohosh root improvedhot flashesas well as other physical and psychiatricsymptoms of menopause.
In general, research results on using black cohosh for menopause have been inconsistent. While black cohosh appears to affect hormones like estrogen, FSH, and LH, more research is needed to fully understand its role in menopause.
Chasteberry
Also known asvitex, chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus) is a medicinal plant that has been used for centuries. Chasteberry is often used to treat irregular periods, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), infertility, and other conditions that typically affect females.
A different but similar systematic review discussed the potential role of chasteberry in infertility treatment. According to this review, fruit from the chasteberry plant contains substances that bind to estrogen receptors and modulate the hormone.
While chasteberry is not recommended to treatinfertilityon its own, it may be helpful as a complementary treatment. However, more research is needed.
Licorice Root
Licorice may do more than just flavor candies and drinks.Licorice root(Glycyrrhiza glabra,Glycyrrhiza uralensis,Glycyrrhiza inflata) has been found to possess substances that may help with hormone imbalances and symptoms from menopause.
According to laboratory research, certain compounds in licorice root act similarly to estrogen and may even bind to estrogen receptors in the body. Other licorice root compounds have shown an ability to block estrogen.
These findings have led some researchers to consider licorice root to be aselective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). SERMs are a type of hormone therapy. Examples of SERMs includetamoxifenandraloxifene.
Topical forms of licorice root may help with symptoms of menopause, likevaginal atrophy. In one study, 70 postmenopausal women were randomized to receive either a placebo vaginal cream or one that contained 2% licorice root. The study showed that the licorice root cream contained herbal estrogens that decreased vaginal pH and, thus, the signs and symptoms of vaginal atrophy.
Maca
There is some evidence thatmaca(Lepidium meyenii) has an impact on reproductive hormones. However, research in this area is fairly limited, and new studies are warranted.
Maca has been found to decrease both FSH and LH in early postmenopausal women, which may help alleviate certain symptoms of menopause, includingsexual dysfunction. Although the exact mechanism of maca is unknown, some researchers believe it may target testosterone receptors.
Marjoram
Marjoram (Origanum majorana) is a perennial herb that has been used in folk and traditional medicines for a variety of health issues. Scientific evidence suggests that marjoram may help with hormone imbalances in people with PCOS.
In a pilot study, 25 participants with PCOS used either marjoram tea or a placebo tea for one month. Compared to the placebo tea, marjoram tea was shown to significantly reduce DHEA, a hormone that is typicallyelevated in PCOS. Marjoram tea was also found to decrease fasting insulin levels in the participants, but not significantly.
Very few other studies have looked at marjoram’s potential role in PCOS. While marjoram may be linked to improved hormone balance in those with PCOS, more research is needed.
Nigella Seeds
Seeds from theNigella sativa(N. sativa) plant containthymoquinone, a compound thought to protect the endocrine system from damage. This protection may also help restore hormone imbalances.
Laboratory studies have found various potential benefits ofN. sativaseeds on hormones. In one study,essential oilfromN. sativaseeds increased T3 levels in rats with hypothyroidism.
Other laboratory research has shown thatN. sativamay act as a phytoestrogen, a plant compound that works similarly to estrogen.
Although these results are promising, it is unknown if the same results will occur in humans. While much can be learned from laboratory studies, human trials are necessary to determine whetherN. sativaseeds can help with hormone imbalances.
Rhodiola rosea
Rhodiola rosea(R. rosea) is a medicinal plant that has long been used in traditional medicine. In more recent history,R. roseahas been labeled as anadaptogen, which is a compound thought to help the body react to stress better.
As an adaptogen,R. roseahas been found to improve symptoms of both physical and mental stress, includingfatigue,depression, and general weakness.
While the exact mechanism for the anti-stress actions ofR. roseais not completely understood, some research suggests that the herb may suppress hormones that act on the HPA axis during times of stress.
As with other herbs on this list, more research is needed onR. roseato fully comprehend its role as an adaptogen and how that plays into hormone imbalances.
Other Supplements for Hormone Balance
Additional supplements on the market have varying levels of research that support their use for a hormone imbalance.
Diindolylmethane (DIM)
A type of phytonutrient that forms in your body after eating cruciferous vegetables,diindolylmethane(DIM) is thought to modify the hormone estrogen. This modification may be useful for certain types of cancer.
DIM is thought to alter certain enzyme pathways that change estrogen activity, which may reduce the risk ofbreast cancer. In studies, DIM has also shown anti-inflammatory effects that may contribute to its purported anticancer effects.
Very few human trials have tested DIM for its role in hormone balance or cancer prevention.
In one small human trial, women taking tamoxifen for breast cancer treatment or prevention were randomized to also take DIM or a placebo for one year. By the end of the study, those who took DIM experienced improved estrogen metabolism. DIM was also found to increase levels of sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), which has been associated with decreased breast cancer risk.
Large-scale studies should be completed to confirm these findings.
DHEA
DHEA can be converted to both testosterone and estrogen. It is also known to help reduce levels of the stress hormone cortisol.
Although controversial, DHEA has been proposed as a treatment for menopause. According to one review, clinical trials have shown that DHEA improves lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity, among other things. This has led researchers to believe that DHEA may help treat the hormone imbalances present in menopause and other conditions.
The same review also found evidence that DHEA may improve fertility for some. DHEA supplementation has been linked to better embryo health and improved ovarian reserve in those undergoingin vitro fertilization (IVF). However, more research is needed to fully support these findings.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acidsare found in certain foods and supplements and are important to your overall health.
There is evidence that omega-3 fatty acids play a role in insulin sensitivity and ovulation, two processes that rely on hormone balance to run properly. A systematic review of 15 studies concluded that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may improve both insulin resistance andlipidprofiles in people with PCOS.
Probiotics
The health of your gut is essential to many processes in your body, including hormone balance.Probioticsare living microorganisms often referred to as “good” bacteria that are often used to balance the gutmicrobiome. Probiotics may also help balance hormones.
Research shows that your gut microbiome interacts with your sex hormones, including testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen. Basically, the healthier your gut microbiome, the healthier your sex hormones.
However, due to the small number of available human trials on the subject, the researchers found it difficult to determine the effectiveness of probiotics in treating menopause and other hormone imbalances.
Overall, more research is needed on the use of probiotics for hormone balance.
Summary
While various vitamins, minerals, nutrients, herbs, and other substances may help, other measures may need to be taken to fix a hormone imbalance. If you are dealing with a hormone imbalance, talk with a healthcare provider about the best treatment option.
Frequently Asked QuestionsHormones can be proteins or steroids. However, most hormones are proteins. In humans, only sex hormones and hormones from the cortex of theadrenal glandsare steroids.Some hormones are vital to the metabolic process. These include insulin, glucagon, and thyroid hormones.Sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone also play an important role in yourmetabolism.There are many possible causes of a hormone imbalance. These may include physical or mental stress, certain medications,cancer, and trauma. Hormone imbalances can also occur during life transitions like puberty and menopause.If you have a hormone imbalance, you may experience signs such as fatigue, anxiety, irritability, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction.Other possible signs include acne, weight changes, and infertility. If you’re experiencing these or other signs of ahormone imbalance, talk with a healthcare provider.
Hormones can be proteins or steroids. However, most hormones are proteins. In humans, only sex hormones and hormones from the cortex of theadrenal glandsare steroids.
Some hormones are vital to the metabolic process. These include insulin, glucagon, and thyroid hormones.Sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone also play an important role in yourmetabolism.
There are many possible causes of a hormone imbalance. These may include physical or mental stress, certain medications,cancer, and trauma. Hormone imbalances can also occur during life transitions like puberty and menopause.
If you have a hormone imbalance, you may experience signs such as fatigue, anxiety, irritability, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction.Other possible signs include acne, weight changes, and infertility. If you’re experiencing these or other signs of ahormone imbalance, talk with a healthcare provider.
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Z, Gong R, Luo G, et al.Association between vitamin D3 levels and insulin resistance: a large sample cross-sectional study.Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):119. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04109-7Lejman-Larysz K, Golara A, Baranowska M, et al.Influence of vitamin D on the incidence of metabolic syndrome and hormonal balance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.Nutrients. 2023;15(13):2952. doi:10.3390/nu15132952Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci SB.Review: The role of zinc in the endocrine system.Pak J Pharm Sci. 2019;32(1):231-239.Severo JS, Morais JBS, de Freitas TEC, et al.The role of zinc in thyroid hormones metabolism.Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2019;89(1-2):80-88. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000262Poudel RR, Bhusal Y, Tharu B, Kafle NK.Role of zinc in insulin regulation and diabetes.JOSH-Diabetes. 2017;5(2):83-87.MedlinePlus.B vitamins.Kennedy DO.B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy–a review.Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68. doi:10.3390/nu8020068Cueto HT, Riis AH, Hatch EE, et al.Folic acid supplement use and menstrual cycle characteristics: a cross-sectional study of Danish pregnancy planners.Ann Epidemiol. 2015;25(10):723-729.e1. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.05.008Aktaş HŞ.Vitamin B12 and vitamin D levels in patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism and their correlation with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies.Med Princ Pract. 2020;29(4):364-370. doi:10.1159/000505094National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements.Iodine.Sorrenti S, Baldini E, Pironi D, et al.Iodine: Its role in thyroid hormone biosynthesis and beyond.Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4469. doi:10.3390/nu13124469National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Ashwagandha.Lopresti AL, Drummond PD, Smith SJ.A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study examining the hormonal and vitality effects of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in aging, overweight males.Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(2):1557988319835985. doi:10.1177/1557988319835985Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Malvi H, Kodgule R.An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(37):e17186. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000017186Gopal S, Ajgaonkar A, Kanchi P, et al.Effect of an ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) root extract on climacteric symptoms in women during perimenopause: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2021;47(12):4414-4425. doi:10.1111/jog.15030National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Black cohosh.Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Shahnazi M, Nahaee J, Bayatipayan S.Efficacy of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosaL.) in treating early symptoms of menopause: a randomized clinical trial.Chin Med. 2013;8(1):20. doi:10.1186/1749-8546-8-20National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Chasteberry.van Die MD, Burger HG, Teede HJ, Bone KM.Vitex agnus-castusextracts for female reproductive disorders: a systematic review of clinical trials.Planta Med. 2013;79(7):562-575. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1327831Rafieian-Kopaei M, Movahedi M.Systematic review of premenstrual, postmenstrual and infertility disorders of Vitex Agnus Castus.Electron Physician. 2017;9(1):3685-3689. doi:10.19082/3685National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Licorice root.Boonmuen N, Gong P, Ali Z, et al.Licorice root components in dietary supplements are selective estrogen receptor modulators with a spectrum of estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities.Steroids. 2016;105:42-49. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2015.11.006Sadeghi M, Namjouyan F, Cheraghian B, Abbaspoor Z.Impact of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) vaginal cream on vaginal signs and symptoms of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: a randomized double blind controlled trial.J Tradit Complement Med. 2019;10(2):110-115. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.02.005Johnson A, Roberts L, Elkins G.Complementary and alternative medicine for menopause.J Evid Based Integr Med. 2019;24:2515690X19829380. doi:10.1177/2515690X19829380Dording CM, Schettler PJ, Dalton ED, et al.A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of maca root as treatment for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction in women.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:949036. doi:10.1155/2015/949036Bina F, Rahimi R.Sweet marjoram.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(1):175-185. doi:10.1177/2156587216650793Haj-Husein I, Tukan S, Alkazaleh F.The effect of marjoram (Origanum majorana) tea on the hormonal profile of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomised controlled pilot study.J Hum Nutr Diet. 2016;29(1):105-111. doi:10.1111/jhn.12290Wani JA, Tsagkaris C, Majid S, et al.Therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa on hormonal dysfunctions.Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications. Black Seeds (Nigella Sativa). 2022;217-238. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-824462-3.00001-9Avci G, Ulutas E, Ozdemir V, Kivrak I, Bulbul A.The positive effect of black seed (Nigella sativaL.) essential oil on thyroid hormones in rats with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.J Food Biochem. 2022;46(4):e13801. doi:10.1111/jfbc.13801Parhizkar S, Latiff LA, Parsa A.Effect ofNigella sativaon reproductive system in experimental menopause rat model.Avicenna J Phytomed. 2016;6(1):95-103.Ivanova Stojcheva E, Quintela JC.The effectiveness ofRhodiola roseaL. preparations in alleviating various aspects of life-stress symptoms and stress-induced conditions-encouraging clinical evidence.Molecules. 2022;27(12):3902. doi:10.3390/molecules27123902Xia N, Li J, Wang H, Wang J, Wang Y.Schisandra chinensisandRhodiola roseaexert an anti-stress effect on the HPA axis and reduce hypothalamic c-Fos expression in rats subjected to repeated stress.Exp Ther Med. 2016;11(1):353-359. doi:10.3892/etm.2015.2882Vermillion Maier ML, Siddens LK, Uesugi SL, et al.3,3'-Diindolylmethane exhibits significant metabolism after oral dosing in humans.Drug Metab Dispos. 2021;49(8):694-705. doi:10.1124/dmd.120.000346Thomson CA, Ho E, Strom MB.Chemopreventive properties of 3,3′-diindolylmethane in breast cancer: evidence from experimental and human studies.Nutr Rev. 2016;74(7):432-443. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuw010Thomson CA, Chow HHS, Wertheim BC, et al.A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of diindolylmethane for breast cancer biomarker modulation in patients taking tamoxifen.Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2017;165(1):97-107. doi:10.1007/s10549-017-4292-7MedlinePlus.DHEA.Tang J, Chen LR, Chen KH.The utilization of dehydroepiandrosterone as a sexual hormone precursor in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: an overview.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;15(1):46. doi:10.3390/ph15010046Yang K, Zeng L, Bao T, Ge J.Effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acid for polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018;16(1):27. doi:10.1186/s12958-018-0346-xLu L, Li X, Lv L, Xu Y, Wu B, Huang C.Associations between omega-3 fatty acids and insulin resistance and body composition in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Front Nutr. 2022;9:1016943. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1016943National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements.Omega-3 fatty acids.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Probiotics: what you need to know.He S, Li H, Yu Z, et al.The gut microbiome and sex hormone-related diseases.Front Microbiol. 2021;12:711137. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.711137Barrea L, Verde L, Auriemma RS, et al.Probiotics and prebiotics: any role in menopause-related diseases?.Curr Nutr Rep. 2023;12(1):83-97. doi:10.1007/s13668-023-00462-3Zhang D, Wei Y, Huang Q, et al.Important hormones regulating lipid metabolism.Molecules. 2022;27(20):7052. Published 2022 Oct 19. doi:10.3390/molecules27207052VandeVord PJ, Sajja VS, Ereifej E, Hermundstad A, Mao S, Hadden TJ.Chronic hormonal imbalance and adipose redistribution is associated with hypothalamic neuropathology following blast exposure.J Neurotrauma. 2016;33(1):82-88. doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3786
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Cancer Institute.Characteristics of hormones.MedlinePlus.Hormones.United States Environmental Protection Agency.Overview of the endocrine system.Kolanu BR, Vadakedath S, Boddula V, Kandi V.Activities of serum magnesium and thyroid hormones in pre-, peri-, and post-menopausal women.Cureus. 2020;12(1):e6554. doi:10.7759/cureus.6554Luo X, Cai WY, Ma HL, et al.Associations of serum magnesium with insulin resistance and testosterone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:683040. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.683040Pickering G, Mazur A, Trousselard M, et al.Magnesium status and stress: the vicious circle concept revisited.Nutrients. 2020;12(12):3672. doi:10.3390/nu12123672Demer LL, Hsu JJ, Tintut Y.Steroid hormone vitamin D: implications for cardiovascular disease.Circ Res. 2018;122(11):1576-1585. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.311585Xu Z, Gong R, Luo G, et al.Association between vitamin D3 levels and insulin resistance: a large sample cross-sectional study.Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):119. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04109-7Lejman-Larysz K, Golara A, Baranowska M, et al.Influence of vitamin D on the incidence of metabolic syndrome and hormonal balance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.Nutrients. 2023;15(13):2952. doi:10.3390/nu15132952Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci SB.Review: The role of zinc in the endocrine system.Pak J Pharm Sci. 2019;32(1):231-239.Severo JS, Morais JBS, de Freitas TEC, et al.The role of zinc in thyroid hormones metabolism.Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2019;89(1-2):80-88. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000262Poudel RR, Bhusal Y, Tharu B, Kafle NK.Role of zinc in insulin regulation and diabetes.JOSH-Diabetes. 2017;5(2):83-87.MedlinePlus.B vitamins.Kennedy DO.B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy–a review.Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68. doi:10.3390/nu8020068Cueto HT, Riis AH, Hatch EE, et al.Folic acid supplement use and menstrual cycle characteristics: a cross-sectional study of Danish pregnancy planners.Ann Epidemiol. 2015;25(10):723-729.e1. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.05.008Aktaş HŞ.Vitamin B12 and vitamin D levels in patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism and their correlation with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies.Med Princ Pract. 2020;29(4):364-370. doi:10.1159/000505094National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements.Iodine.Sorrenti S, Baldini E, Pironi D, et al.Iodine: Its role in thyroid hormone biosynthesis and beyond.Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4469. doi:10.3390/nu13124469National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Ashwagandha.Lopresti AL, Drummond PD, Smith SJ.A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study examining the hormonal and vitality effects of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in aging, overweight males.Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(2):1557988319835985. doi:10.1177/1557988319835985Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Malvi H, Kodgule R.An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(37):e17186. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000017186Gopal S, Ajgaonkar A, Kanchi P, et al.Effect of an ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) root extract on climacteric symptoms in women during perimenopause: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2021;47(12):4414-4425. doi:10.1111/jog.15030National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Black cohosh.Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Shahnazi M, Nahaee J, Bayatipayan S.Efficacy of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosaL.) in treating early symptoms of menopause: a randomized clinical trial.Chin Med. 2013;8(1):20. doi:10.1186/1749-8546-8-20National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Chasteberry.van Die MD, Burger HG, Teede HJ, Bone KM.Vitex agnus-castusextracts for female reproductive disorders: a systematic review of clinical trials.Planta Med. 2013;79(7):562-575. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1327831Rafieian-Kopaei M, Movahedi M.Systematic review of premenstrual, postmenstrual and infertility disorders of Vitex Agnus Castus.Electron Physician. 2017;9(1):3685-3689. doi:10.19082/3685National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Licorice root.Boonmuen N, Gong P, Ali Z, et al.Licorice root components in dietary supplements are selective estrogen receptor modulators with a spectrum of estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities.Steroids. 2016;105:42-49. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2015.11.006Sadeghi M, Namjouyan F, Cheraghian B, Abbaspoor Z.Impact of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) vaginal cream on vaginal signs and symptoms of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: a randomized double blind controlled trial.J Tradit Complement Med. 2019;10(2):110-115. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.02.005Johnson A, Roberts L, Elkins G.Complementary and alternative medicine for menopause.J Evid Based Integr Med. 2019;24:2515690X19829380. doi:10.1177/2515690X19829380Dording CM, Schettler PJ, Dalton ED, et al.A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of maca root as treatment for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction in women.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:949036. doi:10.1155/2015/949036Bina F, Rahimi R.Sweet marjoram.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(1):175-185. doi:10.1177/2156587216650793Haj-Husein I, Tukan S, Alkazaleh F.The effect of marjoram (Origanum majorana) tea on the hormonal profile of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomised controlled pilot study.J Hum Nutr Diet. 2016;29(1):105-111. doi:10.1111/jhn.12290Wani JA, Tsagkaris C, Majid S, et al.Therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa on hormonal dysfunctions.Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications. Black Seeds (Nigella Sativa). 2022;217-238. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-824462-3.00001-9Avci G, Ulutas E, Ozdemir V, Kivrak I, Bulbul A.The positive effect of black seed (Nigella sativaL.) essential oil on thyroid hormones in rats with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.J Food Biochem. 2022;46(4):e13801. doi:10.1111/jfbc.13801Parhizkar S, Latiff LA, Parsa A.Effect ofNigella sativaon reproductive system in experimental menopause rat model.Avicenna J Phytomed. 2016;6(1):95-103.Ivanova Stojcheva E, Quintela JC.The effectiveness ofRhodiola roseaL. preparations in alleviating various aspects of life-stress symptoms and stress-induced conditions-encouraging clinical evidence.Molecules. 2022;27(12):3902. doi:10.3390/molecules27123902Xia N, Li J, Wang H, Wang J, Wang Y.Schisandra chinensisandRhodiola roseaexert an anti-stress effect on the HPA axis and reduce hypothalamic c-Fos expression in rats subjected to repeated stress.Exp Ther Med. 2016;11(1):353-359. doi:10.3892/etm.2015.2882Vermillion Maier ML, Siddens LK, Uesugi SL, et al.3,3'-Diindolylmethane exhibits significant metabolism after oral dosing in humans.Drug Metab Dispos. 2021;49(8):694-705. doi:10.1124/dmd.120.000346Thomson CA, Ho E, Strom MB.Chemopreventive properties of 3,3′-diindolylmethane in breast cancer: evidence from experimental and human studies.Nutr Rev. 2016;74(7):432-443. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuw010Thomson CA, Chow HHS, Wertheim BC, et al.A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of diindolylmethane for breast cancer biomarker modulation in patients taking tamoxifen.Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2017;165(1):97-107. doi:10.1007/s10549-017-4292-7MedlinePlus.DHEA.Tang J, Chen LR, Chen KH.The utilization of dehydroepiandrosterone as a sexual hormone precursor in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: an overview.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;15(1):46. doi:10.3390/ph15010046Yang K, Zeng L, Bao T, Ge J.Effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acid for polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018;16(1):27. doi:10.1186/s12958-018-0346-xLu L, Li X, Lv L, Xu Y, Wu B, Huang C.Associations between omega-3 fatty acids and insulin resistance and body composition in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Front Nutr. 2022;9:1016943. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1016943National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements.Omega-3 fatty acids.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Probiotics: what you need to know.He S, Li H, Yu Z, et al.The gut microbiome and sex hormone-related diseases.Front Microbiol. 2021;12:711137. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.711137Barrea L, Verde L, Auriemma RS, et al.Probiotics and prebiotics: any role in menopause-related diseases?.Curr Nutr Rep. 2023;12(1):83-97. doi:10.1007/s13668-023-00462-3Zhang D, Wei Y, Huang Q, et al.Important hormones regulating lipid metabolism.Molecules. 2022;27(20):7052. Published 2022 Oct 19. doi:10.3390/molecules27207052VandeVord PJ, Sajja VS, Ereifej E, Hermundstad A, Mao S, Hadden TJ.Chronic hormonal imbalance and adipose redistribution is associated with hypothalamic neuropathology following blast exposure.J Neurotrauma. 2016;33(1):82-88. doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3786
National Cancer Institute.Characteristics of hormones.
MedlinePlus.Hormones.
United States Environmental Protection Agency.Overview of the endocrine system.
Kolanu BR, Vadakedath S, Boddula V, Kandi V.Activities of serum magnesium and thyroid hormones in pre-, peri-, and post-menopausal women.Cureus. 2020;12(1):e6554. doi:10.7759/cureus.6554
Luo X, Cai WY, Ma HL, et al.Associations of serum magnesium with insulin resistance and testosterone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:683040. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.683040
Pickering G, Mazur A, Trousselard M, et al.Magnesium status and stress: the vicious circle concept revisited.Nutrients. 2020;12(12):3672. doi:10.3390/nu12123672
Demer LL, Hsu JJ, Tintut Y.Steroid hormone vitamin D: implications for cardiovascular disease.Circ Res. 2018;122(11):1576-1585. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.311585
Xu Z, Gong R, Luo G, et al.Association between vitamin D3 levels and insulin resistance: a large sample cross-sectional study.Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):119. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04109-7
Lejman-Larysz K, Golara A, Baranowska M, et al.Influence of vitamin D on the incidence of metabolic syndrome and hormonal balance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.Nutrients. 2023;15(13):2952. doi:10.3390/nu15132952
Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci SB.Review: The role of zinc in the endocrine system.Pak J Pharm Sci. 2019;32(1):231-239.
Severo JS, Morais JBS, de Freitas TEC, et al.The role of zinc in thyroid hormones metabolism.Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2019;89(1-2):80-88. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000262
Poudel RR, Bhusal Y, Tharu B, Kafle NK.Role of zinc in insulin regulation and diabetes.JOSH-Diabetes. 2017;5(2):83-87.
MedlinePlus.B vitamins.
Kennedy DO.B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy–a review.Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68. doi:10.3390/nu8020068
Cueto HT, Riis AH, Hatch EE, et al.Folic acid supplement use and menstrual cycle characteristics: a cross-sectional study of Danish pregnancy planners.Ann Epidemiol. 2015;25(10):723-729.e1. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.05.008
Aktaş HŞ.Vitamin B12 and vitamin D levels in patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism and their correlation with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies.Med Princ Pract. 2020;29(4):364-370. doi:10.1159/000505094
National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements.Iodine.
Sorrenti S, Baldini E, Pironi D, et al.Iodine: Its role in thyroid hormone biosynthesis and beyond.Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4469. doi:10.3390/nu13124469
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Ashwagandha.
Lopresti AL, Drummond PD, Smith SJ.A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study examining the hormonal and vitality effects of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in aging, overweight males.Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(2):1557988319835985. doi:10.1177/1557988319835985
Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Malvi H, Kodgule R.An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(37):e17186. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000017186
Gopal S, Ajgaonkar A, Kanchi P, et al.Effect of an ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) root extract on climacteric symptoms in women during perimenopause: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2021;47(12):4414-4425. doi:10.1111/jog.15030
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Black cohosh.
Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Shahnazi M, Nahaee J, Bayatipayan S.Efficacy of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosaL.) in treating early symptoms of menopause: a randomized clinical trial.Chin Med. 2013;8(1):20. doi:10.1186/1749-8546-8-20
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Chasteberry.
van Die MD, Burger HG, Teede HJ, Bone KM.Vitex agnus-castusextracts for female reproductive disorders: a systematic review of clinical trials.Planta Med. 2013;79(7):562-575. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1327831
Rafieian-Kopaei M, Movahedi M.Systematic review of premenstrual, postmenstrual and infertility disorders of Vitex Agnus Castus.Electron Physician. 2017;9(1):3685-3689. doi:10.19082/3685
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Licorice root.
Boonmuen N, Gong P, Ali Z, et al.Licorice root components in dietary supplements are selective estrogen receptor modulators with a spectrum of estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities.Steroids. 2016;105:42-49. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2015.11.006
Sadeghi M, Namjouyan F, Cheraghian B, Abbaspoor Z.Impact of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) vaginal cream on vaginal signs and symptoms of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: a randomized double blind controlled trial.J Tradit Complement Med. 2019;10(2):110-115. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.02.005
Johnson A, Roberts L, Elkins G.Complementary and alternative medicine for menopause.J Evid Based Integr Med. 2019;24:2515690X19829380. doi:10.1177/2515690X19829380
Dording CM, Schettler PJ, Dalton ED, et al.A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of maca root as treatment for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction in women.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:949036. doi:10.1155/2015/949036
Bina F, Rahimi R.Sweet marjoram.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(1):175-185. doi:10.1177/2156587216650793
Haj-Husein I, Tukan S, Alkazaleh F.The effect of marjoram (Origanum majorana) tea on the hormonal profile of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomised controlled pilot study.J Hum Nutr Diet. 2016;29(1):105-111. doi:10.1111/jhn.12290
Wani JA, Tsagkaris C, Majid S, et al.Therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa on hormonal dysfunctions.Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications. Black Seeds (Nigella Sativa). 2022;217-238. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-824462-3.00001-9
Avci G, Ulutas E, Ozdemir V, Kivrak I, Bulbul A.The positive effect of black seed (Nigella sativaL.) essential oil on thyroid hormones in rats with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.J Food Biochem. 2022;46(4):e13801. doi:10.1111/jfbc.13801
Parhizkar S, Latiff LA, Parsa A.Effect ofNigella sativaon reproductive system in experimental menopause rat model.Avicenna J Phytomed. 2016;6(1):95-103.
Ivanova Stojcheva E, Quintela JC.The effectiveness ofRhodiola roseaL. preparations in alleviating various aspects of life-stress symptoms and stress-induced conditions-encouraging clinical evidence.Molecules. 2022;27(12):3902. doi:10.3390/molecules27123902
Xia N, Li J, Wang H, Wang J, Wang Y.Schisandra chinensisandRhodiola roseaexert an anti-stress effect on the HPA axis and reduce hypothalamic c-Fos expression in rats subjected to repeated stress.Exp Ther Med. 2016;11(1):353-359. doi:10.3892/etm.2015.2882
Vermillion Maier ML, Siddens LK, Uesugi SL, et al.3,3'-Diindolylmethane exhibits significant metabolism after oral dosing in humans.Drug Metab Dispos. 2021;49(8):694-705. doi:10.1124/dmd.120.000346
Thomson CA, Ho E, Strom MB.Chemopreventive properties of 3,3′-diindolylmethane in breast cancer: evidence from experimental and human studies.Nutr Rev. 2016;74(7):432-443. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuw010
Thomson CA, Chow HHS, Wertheim BC, et al.A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of diindolylmethane for breast cancer biomarker modulation in patients taking tamoxifen.Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2017;165(1):97-107. doi:10.1007/s10549-017-4292-7
MedlinePlus.DHEA.
Tang J, Chen LR, Chen KH.The utilization of dehydroepiandrosterone as a sexual hormone precursor in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: an overview.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;15(1):46. doi:10.3390/ph15010046
Yang K, Zeng L, Bao T, Ge J.Effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acid for polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018;16(1):27. doi:10.1186/s12958-018-0346-x
Lu L, Li X, Lv L, Xu Y, Wu B, Huang C.Associations between omega-3 fatty acids and insulin resistance and body composition in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Front Nutr. 2022;9:1016943. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1016943
National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements.Omega-3 fatty acids.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Probiotics: what you need to know.
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