Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsOverview of Opioid AntagonistsWhat Is Naltrexone?Naltrexone for Pain ManagementDosing GuidelinesSide Effects and PrecautionsManaging Autoimmune ConditionsFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Overview of Opioid Antagonists
What Is Naltrexone?
Naltrexone for Pain Management
Dosing Guidelines
Side Effects and Precautions
Managing Autoimmune Conditions
Frequently Asked Questions
Naltrexone is Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved to treatalcohol use disorder (AUD)andopioid use disorder (OUD). It is available as an orally administered tablet and a long-acting injectable suspension.
Due to their mechanism of action (the way a drug works pharmacologically), opioid antagonists can help managechronic painand are less likely to lead to opioid dependence,abuse, or addiction.
Preliminary studies suggest naltrexone may provide benefits forchronic pain conditions(pain lasting longer than three months).
This article explains naltrexone’s effectiveness in treating various types of pain, such asmigraines,fibromyalgia, andneuropathy.
Additionally, this article will discuss the potential side effects of naltrexone, its dosing requirements, alternative uses, and more.
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This prevents the opioids from affecting your body.
Abusing Opioids
Opioids are highly addictive, mainly when used over long periods.
Commonly abused opioids include:
Commonly Prescribed Opiate Antagonists
Commonly prescribed opiate antagonists, besides naltrexone, include:
Understanding Narcan
The two most commonly prescribed medications opiate antagonists are naltrexone and Narcan.
Naltrexone and Narcan, however, are used in different settings and purposes.
Most notably, Narcan is FDA-approved to treat opioid overdose and reverse opioid-relatedrespiratory depression.
It is frequently used in emergencies and is available with a prescription and over-the-counter (OTC).
Nalmefene vs. Relistor
Like naloxone, nalmefene is FDA-approved to treat opioid overdose.
Relistor, conversely, is FDA-approved to treatopioid-induced constipation.
Additionally, Relistor may be used off-label (using a drug for a purpose that it has not been FDA-approved for) in combination withSuboxone (buprenorphine)for this purpose in those who are opioid-dependent and living with chronic pain.
FDA-Approved Uses
Opioid antagonists are FDA-approved for the following uses:
Naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, is FDA-approved for maintenance treatment of alcohol and OUDs in adults.
There are currently no FDA-approved indications for naltrexone use in the pediatric population.
Naltrexone is a promising treatment option because it is not an opioid, and it does not pose an addiction risk.
Forms of Administration
Naltrexone is a prescription-only medication and is administered as an oral tablet (available in generic form only) or an extended-release (ER) injection (administered as brand-name Vivitrol) that is administered once weekly.
Use In Other Products
Naltrexone is available in combination withContrave (bupropion)for weight loss.
Off-Label Uses
Naltrexone has been used off-label for pain treatment in children, but additional research is needed to determine safety in this population.
How Does It Work?
There are some differences in how naltrexone works compared to other opioid antagonists, however.
Notably, naltrexone has a longer duration of action, allowing it to be used for long-term treatment.
During 2021, an estimated 20.9% of American adults (51.6 million people) experienced chronic pain.
In comparison, 6.9% (17.1 million American adults) experienced high-impact chronic pain.
Pain management can be challenging, but medications can help.
The following examines studies that reviewed the efficacy (effectiveness) of naltrexone for pain management.
Efficacy of Low-Dose Naltrexone
Data from clinical trials indicates that low-dose naltrexone is associated with pain relief in some autoimmune, inflammatory, and pain conditions.
The extent of pain relief varies and has not been generalized. Data is limited, and results vary among individuals.
A recent study, however, reviewed the medical charts of people receiving care at a pain clinic who were prescribed low-dose naltrexone.
The study concluded that low-dose naltrexone was associated with pain relief in some autoimmune, inflammatory, and pain conditions.
Neuropathy was the most common pain-related diagnosis with improvement in pain. Those with fibromyalgia-related pain experienced a slight improvement in pain with notable improvements in overall symptoms and quality of life.
The study also found that symptoms may take several weeks to improve after starting therapy. Levels of pain improvement were variable and differed based on pain-related diagnosis.
Data evaluating the use of low-dose naltrexone for fibromyalgia is conflicting.
Some studies demonstrate improvement in pain, but additional research is needed.
Low-Dose vs. High-Dose Naltrexone
The mechanism of naltrexone differs based on the amount of the drug in the body. Naltrexone doses can have different impacts on the body.
Higher concentrations of naltrexone help with drug and alcohol addiction.
Low concentrations help reduce inflammation, making lower doses ideal for pain management.
At low doses, naltrexone blocks opioid receptors and promotes pain relief.
Studies assessing naltrexone for pain management specifically review it at low doses. There are no studies evaluating high-dose naltrexone for pain management.
The critical difference between low-dose and high-dose naltrexone as it relates to treating pain is the variance in the drug’s dose-dependent mechanism.
The dosage of naltrexone used to treat substance abuse is greater than the dose used for pain management.
Low-Dose Naltrexone for Cancer
While data is limited, research is promising for low-dose naltrexone used for the treatment of the following cancer types:
In animal studies, low-dose naltrexone demonstrates a potential anti-tumor effect.
Additional research is needed to explore further the efficacy of naltrexone for cancer and cancer-related pain.
Standard naltrexone oral dosage dosing guidelines include the following:
AUD:
Narcotic addiction:
Onward, your healthcare provider may request that you divide up the weekly dose and take it according to one of the following schedules:
Like all medications, naltrexone carries the potential for side effects.
However, low-dose (the dosing given for most conditions treated) naltrexone is typically well-tolerated.
The following outlines the common versus rare, severe side effects of naltrexone.
Common Side Effects
Common side effects includevivid dreams,sleep disturbances,nausea, decreased appetite,dizziness, andheadache.
Pain, itching, or swelling at the injection site may occur with the injection formulation.
Severe Side Effects
Severe side effects may includeconfusion,hallucinations, andblurred vision.
The following preexisting conditions may disqualify someone from taking naltrexone:
Naltrexone may cause liver damage when taken in large doses. However, it is not likely that naltrexone will cause liver damage when taken in recommended doses.
Your healthcare provider can discuss your risk and determine whether naltrexone is an appropriate treatment option.
Safe Consumption Guidelines
You should not use other opioids or alcohol while taking naltrexone. However, no specific guidelines exist for how long you can safely take naltrexone.
However, studies show it may take up to three months to experience initial symptom improvement. Duration of treatment may vary based on the treatment plan.
It is essential to monitor for new or worsening depression and suicidal thoughts while taking this medication.
Potential for Interaction
Examples of specific medications that shouldn’t be taken alongside naltrexone include:
Being able to recognize signs and symptoms of autoimmuneconditionsis an integral part of managing chronic pain.
Symptoms that may indicate an underlying autoimmune condition include fatigue, fever, joint pain or swelling, and skin rashes.
Symptoms specific to multiple sclerosis may include vision problems, muscle weakness, numbness or tingling of the extremities, difficulty staying balanced, and dizziness.
There are several different types of arthritis, and symptoms can vary. A key feature of arthritis is pain, swelling, or stiffness around the joints.
Naltrexone may be able to manage autoimmune condition-related symptoms such as pain, but it cannot cure these conditions.
Your healthcare provider may do additional testing to rule out autoimmune conditions.
Summary
It is FDA-approved to treatalcohol use disorderandopioid dependenceIt is available in adults as an oral tablet and a long-acting injectable suspension.
Naltrexone is not FDA-approved for pain management, but it has been used off-label to treat chronic pain.
Naltrexone has been used to treat pain associated with fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and neuropathy.
Let your provider know if you have recently stopped using opioids. Do not stop taking naltrexone without discussing it with your healthcare provider.
Frequently Asked QuestionsNaltrexone should be stored in a secure, dry area at room temperature (68–77 degrees F).In general, do not store low-dose statins in an area susceptible to high levels of heat or moisture, such as a bathroom.Finally, if applicable, keep all medications out of reach of children and pets.Chronic pain is defined as ongoing pain that lasts longer than three months.Naltrexone is used off-label for pain management.It is FDA-approved to treat alcohol and opioid use disorders in adults.Research evaluating the use of naltrexone in pain disorders such as Crohn’s disease is limited, but available data suggests it is safe to take.Additional research is needed to assess its efficacy and place in therapy further.
Naltrexone should be stored in a secure, dry area at room temperature (68–77 degrees F).In general, do not store low-dose statins in an area susceptible to high levels of heat or moisture, such as a bathroom.Finally, if applicable, keep all medications out of reach of children and pets.
Naltrexone should be stored in a secure, dry area at room temperature (68–77 degrees F).
In general, do not store low-dose statins in an area susceptible to high levels of heat or moisture, such as a bathroom.
Finally, if applicable, keep all medications out of reach of children and pets.
Chronic pain is defined as ongoing pain that lasts longer than three months.Naltrexone is used off-label for pain management.It is FDA-approved to treat alcohol and opioid use disorders in adults.
Chronic pain is defined as ongoing pain that lasts longer than three months.Naltrexone is used off-label for pain management.
It is FDA-approved to treat alcohol and opioid use disorders in adults.
Research evaluating the use of naltrexone in pain disorders such as Crohn’s disease is limited, but available data suggests it is safe to take.Additional research is needed to assess its efficacy and place in therapy further.
Research evaluating the use of naltrexone in pain disorders such as Crohn’s disease is limited, but available data suggests it is safe to take.
Additional research is needed to assess its efficacy and place in therapy further.
34 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.MedlinePlus.Naltrexone.MedlinePlus.Naltrexone injection.DailyMed.Label: naltrexone hydrochloride tablet, film coated.Dara P, Farooqui Z, Mwale F, Choe C, van Wijnen AJ, Im HJ.Opiate antagonists for chronic pain: a review on the benefits of low-dose naltrexone in arthritis versus non-arthritic diseases.Biomedicines.2023;11(6):1620. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11061620McKenzie-Brown AM, Boorman DW, Ibanez KR, Agwu E, Singh V.Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) for chronic pain at a single institution: a case series.J Pain Res.2023;16:1993–1998. doi:0.2147/JPR.S389957Bested K, Jensen LM, Andresen T, et al.Low-dose naltrexone for treatment of pain in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.PAIN Reports.2023;8(4):e1080. doi:10.1097/PR9.0000000000001080American Society of Anesthesiologists.What are opioids?Pathan H, Williams J.Basic opioid pharmacology: an update.Br J Pain. 2012;6(1):11-16. doi:10.1177/2049463712438493DailyMed.Label: codeine sulfate tablet.DailyMed.Label: fentanyl citrate injection, solution.DailyMed.Label: Hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen tablet.DailyMed.Label: oxycodone hydrochloride tablet.DailyMed.Label: Naloxone hydrochloride injection, solution.DailyMed.Label: nalmefene hydrochloride injection, solution.DailyMed.Label: Relistor - methylnaltrexone bromide injection, solution.MedlinePlus.How naloxone saves lives in opioid overdose.DailyMed.Label: Narcan- naloxone hydrochloride nasal spray.Chen KY, Chen L, Mao J.Buprenorphine-naloxone therapy in pain management.Anesthesiology.2014;120(5):1262–1274. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000170DailyMed.Label: Suboxone - buprenorphine hydrochloride, naloxone hydrochloride film, soluble.Stancil SL, Abdel-Rahman S, Wagner J.Developmental considerations for the use of naltrexone in children and adolescents.JPPT.2021;26(7):675–695. doi:0.5863/1551-6776-26.7.675Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Naltrexone.DailyMed.Label: Vivitrol- naltrexone kit.DailyMed.Label: Contrave extended-release - naltrexone hydrochloride and bupropion hydrochloride tablet, extended release.Stancil SL, Abdel-Rahman S, Wagner J.Developmental considerations for the use of naltrexone in children and adolescents.J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2021;26(7):675-695. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-26.7.675Rikard SM, Strahan AE, Schmit KM, Guy GP Jr.Chronic pain among adults - United States, 2019-2021.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(15):379-385. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7215a1Younger J, Parkitny L, McLain D.The use of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) as a novel anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic pain.Clinical rheumatology.2014;33(4):451–459. doi:10.1007/s10067-014-2517-2StatPearls.Naltrexone.Li Z, You Y, Griffin N, Feng J, Shan F.Low-dose naltrexone (LDN): promising treatment in immune-related diseases and cancer therapy.International immunopharmacology.2018;61:178-184. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.020Toljan K, Vrooman B.Low-dose naltrexone (LDN)-review of therapeutic utilization.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland).2018;6(4):82. doi:10.3390/medsci6040082MedlinePlus.Autoimmune diseases.National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Multiple sclerosis.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Arthritis types.Patten DK, Schultz BG, Berlau DJ.The safety and efficacy of low‐dose naltrexone in the management of chronic pain and inflammation in multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, Crohn’s disease, and other chronic pain disorders.Pharmacotherapy.2018;38(3):382-389. doi:10.1002/phar.2086Raffaeli W, Tenti M, Corraro A, Malafoglia V, Ilari S, Balzani E, Bonci A.Chronic pain: what does it mean? A review on the use of the term chronic pain in clinical practice.J Pain Res. 2021;14:827-835. doi:10.2147/JPR.S303186
34 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.MedlinePlus.Naltrexone.MedlinePlus.Naltrexone injection.DailyMed.Label: naltrexone hydrochloride tablet, film coated.Dara P, Farooqui Z, Mwale F, Choe C, van Wijnen AJ, Im HJ.Opiate antagonists for chronic pain: a review on the benefits of low-dose naltrexone in arthritis versus non-arthritic diseases.Biomedicines.2023;11(6):1620. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11061620McKenzie-Brown AM, Boorman DW, Ibanez KR, Agwu E, Singh V.Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) for chronic pain at a single institution: a case series.J Pain Res.2023;16:1993–1998. doi:0.2147/JPR.S389957Bested K, Jensen LM, Andresen T, et al.Low-dose naltrexone for treatment of pain in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.PAIN Reports.2023;8(4):e1080. doi:10.1097/PR9.0000000000001080American Society of Anesthesiologists.What are opioids?Pathan H, Williams J.Basic opioid pharmacology: an update.Br J Pain. 2012;6(1):11-16. doi:10.1177/2049463712438493DailyMed.Label: codeine sulfate tablet.DailyMed.Label: fentanyl citrate injection, solution.DailyMed.Label: Hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen tablet.DailyMed.Label: oxycodone hydrochloride tablet.DailyMed.Label: Naloxone hydrochloride injection, solution.DailyMed.Label: nalmefene hydrochloride injection, solution.DailyMed.Label: Relistor - methylnaltrexone bromide injection, solution.MedlinePlus.How naloxone saves lives in opioid overdose.DailyMed.Label: Narcan- naloxone hydrochloride nasal spray.Chen KY, Chen L, Mao J.Buprenorphine-naloxone therapy in pain management.Anesthesiology.2014;120(5):1262–1274. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000170DailyMed.Label: Suboxone - buprenorphine hydrochloride, naloxone hydrochloride film, soluble.Stancil SL, Abdel-Rahman S, Wagner J.Developmental considerations for the use of naltrexone in children and adolescents.JPPT.2021;26(7):675–695. doi:0.5863/1551-6776-26.7.675Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Naltrexone.DailyMed.Label: Vivitrol- naltrexone kit.DailyMed.Label: Contrave extended-release - naltrexone hydrochloride and bupropion hydrochloride tablet, extended release.Stancil SL, Abdel-Rahman S, Wagner J.Developmental considerations for the use of naltrexone in children and adolescents.J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2021;26(7):675-695. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-26.7.675Rikard SM, Strahan AE, Schmit KM, Guy GP Jr.Chronic pain among adults - United States, 2019-2021.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(15):379-385. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7215a1Younger J, Parkitny L, McLain D.The use of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) as a novel anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic pain.Clinical rheumatology.2014;33(4):451–459. doi:10.1007/s10067-014-2517-2StatPearls.Naltrexone.Li Z, You Y, Griffin N, Feng J, Shan F.Low-dose naltrexone (LDN): promising treatment in immune-related diseases and cancer therapy.International immunopharmacology.2018;61:178-184. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.020Toljan K, Vrooman B.Low-dose naltrexone (LDN)-review of therapeutic utilization.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland).2018;6(4):82. doi:10.3390/medsci6040082MedlinePlus.Autoimmune diseases.National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Multiple sclerosis.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Arthritis types.Patten DK, Schultz BG, Berlau DJ.The safety and efficacy of low‐dose naltrexone in the management of chronic pain and inflammation in multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, Crohn’s disease, and other chronic pain disorders.Pharmacotherapy.2018;38(3):382-389. doi:10.1002/phar.2086Raffaeli W, Tenti M, Corraro A, Malafoglia V, Ilari S, Balzani E, Bonci A.Chronic pain: what does it mean? A review on the use of the term chronic pain in clinical practice.J Pain Res. 2021;14:827-835. doi:10.2147/JPR.S303186
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
MedlinePlus.Naltrexone.MedlinePlus.Naltrexone injection.DailyMed.Label: naltrexone hydrochloride tablet, film coated.Dara P, Farooqui Z, Mwale F, Choe C, van Wijnen AJ, Im HJ.Opiate antagonists for chronic pain: a review on the benefits of low-dose naltrexone in arthritis versus non-arthritic diseases.Biomedicines.2023;11(6):1620. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11061620McKenzie-Brown AM, Boorman DW, Ibanez KR, Agwu E, Singh V.Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) for chronic pain at a single institution: a case series.J Pain Res.2023;16:1993–1998. doi:0.2147/JPR.S389957Bested K, Jensen LM, Andresen T, et al.Low-dose naltrexone for treatment of pain in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.PAIN Reports.2023;8(4):e1080. doi:10.1097/PR9.0000000000001080American Society of Anesthesiologists.What are opioids?Pathan H, Williams J.Basic opioid pharmacology: an update.Br J Pain. 2012;6(1):11-16. doi:10.1177/2049463712438493DailyMed.Label: codeine sulfate tablet.DailyMed.Label: fentanyl citrate injection, solution.DailyMed.Label: Hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen tablet.DailyMed.Label: oxycodone hydrochloride tablet.DailyMed.Label: Naloxone hydrochloride injection, solution.DailyMed.Label: nalmefene hydrochloride injection, solution.DailyMed.Label: Relistor - methylnaltrexone bromide injection, solution.MedlinePlus.How naloxone saves lives in opioid overdose.DailyMed.Label: Narcan- naloxone hydrochloride nasal spray.Chen KY, Chen L, Mao J.Buprenorphine-naloxone therapy in pain management.Anesthesiology.2014;120(5):1262–1274. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000170DailyMed.Label: Suboxone - buprenorphine hydrochloride, naloxone hydrochloride film, soluble.Stancil SL, Abdel-Rahman S, Wagner J.Developmental considerations for the use of naltrexone in children and adolescents.JPPT.2021;26(7):675–695. doi:0.5863/1551-6776-26.7.675Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Naltrexone.DailyMed.Label: Vivitrol- naltrexone kit.DailyMed.Label: Contrave extended-release - naltrexone hydrochloride and bupropion hydrochloride tablet, extended release.Stancil SL, Abdel-Rahman S, Wagner J.Developmental considerations for the use of naltrexone in children and adolescents.J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2021;26(7):675-695. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-26.7.675Rikard SM, Strahan AE, Schmit KM, Guy GP Jr.Chronic pain among adults - United States, 2019-2021.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(15):379-385. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7215a1Younger J, Parkitny L, McLain D.The use of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) as a novel anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic pain.Clinical rheumatology.2014;33(4):451–459. doi:10.1007/s10067-014-2517-2StatPearls.Naltrexone.Li Z, You Y, Griffin N, Feng J, Shan F.Low-dose naltrexone (LDN): promising treatment in immune-related diseases and cancer therapy.International immunopharmacology.2018;61:178-184. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.020Toljan K, Vrooman B.Low-dose naltrexone (LDN)-review of therapeutic utilization.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland).2018;6(4):82. doi:10.3390/medsci6040082MedlinePlus.Autoimmune diseases.National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Multiple sclerosis.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Arthritis types.Patten DK, Schultz BG, Berlau DJ.The safety and efficacy of low‐dose naltrexone in the management of chronic pain and inflammation in multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, Crohn’s disease, and other chronic pain disorders.Pharmacotherapy.2018;38(3):382-389. doi:10.1002/phar.2086Raffaeli W, Tenti M, Corraro A, Malafoglia V, Ilari S, Balzani E, Bonci A.Chronic pain: what does it mean? A review on the use of the term chronic pain in clinical practice.J Pain Res. 2021;14:827-835. doi:10.2147/JPR.S303186
MedlinePlus.Naltrexone.
MedlinePlus.Naltrexone injection.
DailyMed.Label: naltrexone hydrochloride tablet, film coated.
Dara P, Farooqui Z, Mwale F, Choe C, van Wijnen AJ, Im HJ.Opiate antagonists for chronic pain: a review on the benefits of low-dose naltrexone in arthritis versus non-arthritic diseases.Biomedicines.2023;11(6):1620. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11061620
McKenzie-Brown AM, Boorman DW, Ibanez KR, Agwu E, Singh V.Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) for chronic pain at a single institution: a case series.J Pain Res.2023;16:1993–1998. doi:0.2147/JPR.S389957
Bested K, Jensen LM, Andresen T, et al.Low-dose naltrexone for treatment of pain in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.PAIN Reports.2023;8(4):e1080. doi:10.1097/PR9.0000000000001080
American Society of Anesthesiologists.What are opioids?
Pathan H, Williams J.Basic opioid pharmacology: an update.Br J Pain. 2012;6(1):11-16. doi:10.1177/2049463712438493
DailyMed.Label: codeine sulfate tablet.
DailyMed.Label: fentanyl citrate injection, solution.
DailyMed.Label: Hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen tablet.
DailyMed.Label: oxycodone hydrochloride tablet.
DailyMed.Label: Naloxone hydrochloride injection, solution.
DailyMed.Label: nalmefene hydrochloride injection, solution.
DailyMed.Label: Relistor - methylnaltrexone bromide injection, solution.
MedlinePlus.How naloxone saves lives in opioid overdose.
DailyMed.Label: Narcan- naloxone hydrochloride nasal spray.
Chen KY, Chen L, Mao J.Buprenorphine-naloxone therapy in pain management.Anesthesiology.2014;120(5):1262–1274. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000170
DailyMed.Label: Suboxone - buprenorphine hydrochloride, naloxone hydrochloride film, soluble.
Stancil SL, Abdel-Rahman S, Wagner J.Developmental considerations for the use of naltrexone in children and adolescents.JPPT.2021;26(7):675–695. doi:0.5863/1551-6776-26.7.675
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Naltrexone.
DailyMed.Label: Vivitrol- naltrexone kit.
DailyMed.Label: Contrave extended-release - naltrexone hydrochloride and bupropion hydrochloride tablet, extended release.
Stancil SL, Abdel-Rahman S, Wagner J.Developmental considerations for the use of naltrexone in children and adolescents.J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2021;26(7):675-695. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-26.7.675
Rikard SM, Strahan AE, Schmit KM, Guy GP Jr.Chronic pain among adults - United States, 2019-2021.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(15):379-385. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7215a1
Younger J, Parkitny L, McLain D.The use of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) as a novel anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic pain.Clinical rheumatology.2014;33(4):451–459. doi:10.1007/s10067-014-2517-2
StatPearls.Naltrexone.
Li Z, You Y, Griffin N, Feng J, Shan F.Low-dose naltrexone (LDN): promising treatment in immune-related diseases and cancer therapy.International immunopharmacology.2018;61:178-184. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.020
Toljan K, Vrooman B.Low-dose naltrexone (LDN)-review of therapeutic utilization.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland).2018;6(4):82. doi:10.3390/medsci6040082
MedlinePlus.Autoimmune diseases.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Multiple sclerosis.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Arthritis types.
Patten DK, Schultz BG, Berlau DJ.The safety and efficacy of low‐dose naltrexone in the management of chronic pain and inflammation in multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, Crohn’s disease, and other chronic pain disorders.Pharmacotherapy.2018;38(3):382-389. doi:10.1002/phar.2086
Raffaeli W, Tenti M, Corraro A, Malafoglia V, Ilari S, Balzani E, Bonci A.Chronic pain: what does it mean? A review on the use of the term chronic pain in clinical practice.J Pain Res. 2021;14:827-835. doi:10.2147/JPR.S303186
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