Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsCommon CausesGeneticsLifestyle Risk factorsFrequently Asked QuestionsNext in Cerebral Palsy GuideCoping With Cerebral Palsy
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Common Causes
Genetics
Lifestyle Risk factors
Frequently Asked Questions
Next in Cerebral Palsy Guide
© Verywell, 2018
It is important to note that most of the recognized causes of cerebral palsy can occur without the subsequent development of this condition.It is not completely clear why some children who experience these events develop cerebral palsy and some do not.
Idiopathic
While there are a number of known causes of cerebral palsy, if you or your child has been diagnosed your medical team may not be able to identify a cause.
In many cases, there is no identified cause of cerebral palsy.
The majority of children who are diagnosed with this condition were not known to be exposed to the recognized causes or risk factors, have normal brain imaging tests, and do not havegenetic abnormalitiesassociated with cerebral palsy.
Congenital Causes
Congenital abnormalities of the central nervous system are found to be more common in patients with cerebral palsy.Some areas of the brain may be larger or smaller than average or of an unusual contour. Larger than usual spaces filled with fluid may be present in some instances.
Imaging studies may reveal brain structure that is not necessarily altered in size or shape, such as in focal cortical dysplasia,a condition where the neurons in an area of the brain do not migrate to their proper location. The cause of the congenital abnormalities is not usually identified.
Hypoxia
When the developing fetus or newborn experiences a lack of oxygen, even for a brief period of time, this can cause permanent damage to the growing brain.Hypoxia can occur due to a variety of situations such as trauma or severe illness in the parent, or crises during labor and delivery or from unknown causes.
It was previously believed that lack of oxygen around the time of delivery was a major contributor to the development of CP, but it is now thought that this only causes a relatively small number of cases.
Maternal Infection
Some infections in the pregnant person can impact the brain in the developing fetus, causing abnormalities that manifest as cerebral palsy, particularly if they advance to cause severe systemic infections such assepsis.
Birth Trauma
Blood loss or oxygen deprivation experienced as a result of trauma can cause the fetus to become hypoxic, due to lack of oxygen.The physical effects of traumatic impact may also harm the fetus in ways that lead to or contribute to cerebral palsy.
Cerebrovascular Disease
Low Birth Weight
Low birth weight has been associated with cerebral palsy. Specifically, babies who weigh less than 5.5 pounds at birth are at a higher risk of cerebral palsy than babies who weigh more.
Preterm Birth
Babies who are born before the 37th week of pregnancy, especially if they are born before the 32nd week of pregnancy, have a greater chance of having CP.
Birth Complications
Emergency situations during labor and delivery can cause severe physical stress for the fetus and may also produce several of the causes of cerebral palsy, such as cerebrovascular events and hypoxia.
Maternal Illness
The vast majority of people who experience illness during pregnancy have healthy children. Yet illnesses such as severe blood pressure alterations, stroke, liver disease, kidney disease, or heart disease can cause disruption in the delivery of blood, nutrients, and oxygen to the fetus.
Some illnesses can cause material such as bilirubin, ammonia or other toxins to deposit or build up in the fetus. This can cause damage to the growing brain.
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The role of genetics in cerebral palsy is not completely clear. Generally, it has been thought that heredity may only be responsible for a small percentage of cases. However, recent research suggests that genetic abnormalities may be a source of more cases of cerebral palsy than previously thought.
Some genetic abnormalities are hereditary, while some are de novo—meaning that they are new genetic abnormalities arising in either the child who has cerebral palsy or in one of the child’s parents without having been present in the family before.
Some genetic patterns associated with cerebral palsy, particularly with de novo genetic alterations, involve genomic copy number variations. These are sections of genes that are irregularly and mistakenly repeated on achromosome, causing the development of the disease.
So far, no single gene has been identified as the gene responsible for cerebral palsy, and researchers have found several genetic abnormalities that could each independently or collectively contribute to the condition.
There are a few lifestyle risk factors associated with cerebral palsy, and these are generally risk factors that relate to health during pregnancy or to the time of labor and delivery.
Drug Use
Some drugs, such as cocaine and methamphetamine, can affect the blood flow and heart function of both the pregnant person and fetus. Their use can increase the risk of cerebrovascular disease in the fetus.Drug use also increases the likelihood of a medical crisis during labor and delivery.
Drug use during any stage of pregnancy may contribute to cerebral palsy.
Toxins
Some strong medications are not approved for use during pregnancy, as they may increase the risk of negative consequences that includecerebral palsyin the newborn.
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders involving the brain that affects a person’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture. It is an irreversible, non-progressive disorder (meaning that it is permanent but doesn’t get worse as a person ages). Even so, it is a major cause of disability that can impact a person’s long-term health and well-being.
Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of motor disability in children, affecting one of every 345 kids to varying degrees.In the United States, an estimated 764,000 people are currently living with cerebral palsy.
There is some evidence that children with mild cerebral palsy may “outgrow” their condition. But, because the diagnosis is somewhat subjective and there is no single test that can definitively diagnose the disease, some scientists have suggested misdiagnosis might explain this phenomenon—given that many other disorders can cause palsy-like symptoms in children.
Some people with mild cerebral palsy can live well into their 70s, while others with severe symptoms (such as those who requiretube feedingor cannot support their head or bodies) may only live to their late teens.Some studies suggest that people with mild impairment have amedian life expectancyof around 58 years.
Respiratory problems are the main cause of premature death. Many people with cerebral palsy have chronic swallowing problems (dysphagia) that increase the risk ofaspirational pneumonia(caused when food or water accidentally enters the lung). Some studies have reported that around half of people with cerebral palsy die of pneumonia.
What Is Cerebral Palsy?
20 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Data and statistics for cerebral palsy.Hallman-Cooper JL, Gossman W.Cerebral Palsy. [Updated 2019 Jul 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538147/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Cerebral Palsy (CP). Causes and Risk Factors of Cerebral Palsy. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. cdc.govLee RW, Poretti A, Cohen JS, et al.A diagnostic approach for cerebral palsy in the genomic era.Neuromolecular Med. 2014;16(4):821–844. doi:10.1007/s12017-014-8331-9Croen LA, Grether JK, Curry CJ, Nelson KB.Congenital abnormalities among children with cerebral palsy: More evidence for prenatal antecedents.J Pediatr. 2001;138(6):804–810. doi:10.1067/mpd.2001.114473Kabat J, Król P.Focal cortical dysplasia - review.Pol J Radiol. 2012;77(2):35–43. doi:10.12659/pjr.882968Smilga AS, Garfinkle J, Ng P, et al.Neonatal Infection in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Registry-Based Cohort Study.Pediatr Neurol. 2018;80:77–83. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.11.006Nalivaeva NN, Turner AJ, Zhuravin IA.Role of Prenatal Hypoxia in Brain Development, Cognitive Functions, and Neurodegeneration.Front Neurosci. 2018;12:825. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00825Patel DR, Neelakantan M, Pandher K, Merrick J.Cerebral palsy in children: a clinical overview.Transl Pediatr. 2020;9(Suppl 1):S125–S135. doi:10.21037/tp.2020.01.01Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes; Behrman RE, Butler AS, editors.Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2007. 11, Neurodevelopmental, Health, and Family Outcomes for Infants Born Preterm. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11356/Parker W, Hornik CD, Bilbo S, et al.The role of oxidative stress, inflammation and acetaminophen exposure from birth to early childhood in the induction of autism.J Int Med Res. 2017;45(2):407–438. doi:10.1177/0300060517693423Savy N, Brossier D, Brunel-Guitton C, Ducharme-Crevier L, Du Pont-Thibodeau G, Jouvet P.Acute pediatric hyperammonemia: current diagnosis and management strategies.Hepat Med. 2018;10:105–115. doi:10.2147/HMER.S140711Fahey MC, Maclennan AH, Kretzschmar D, Gecz J, Kruer MC.The genetic basis of cerebral palsy.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017;59(5):462–469. doi:10.1111/dmcn.13363Ross EJ, Graham DL, Money KM, Stanwood GD.Developmental consequences of fetal exposure to drugs: what we know and what we still must learn.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40(1):61–87. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.147Lanphear BP, Vorhees CV, Bellinger DC.Protecting children from environmental toxins.PLoS Med. 2005;2(3):e61. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020061Hallman-Cooper JL, Rocha Cabrero F.Cerebral palsy. In:StatPearls [Internet].Cerebral Palsy Center at UCLA.What is CP?Nelson KB.‘Outgrowing’ a cerebral palsy diagnosis.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2020;62(1):12. doi:10.1111/dmcn.14308Brooks JC, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Tran LM, Rosenbloom L, Wu YW.Recent trends in cerebral palsy survival. Part II: individual survival prognosis.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56(11):1065-71. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12519Blair E, Langdon K, McIntyre S, Lawrence D, Watson L.Survival and mortality in cerebral palsy: observations to the sixth decade from a data linkage study of a total population register and National Death Index.BMC Neurol. 2019;19(1):111. doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1343-1Additional ReadingMaclennan AH, Thompson SC, Gecz J.Cerebral palsy: causes, pathways, and the role of genetic variants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(6):779-88.Zarrei M, Fehlings DL, Mawjee K, et al.De novo and rare inherited copy-number variations in the hemiplegic form of cerebral palsy. Genet Med. 2018;20(2):172-180.
20 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Data and statistics for cerebral palsy.Hallman-Cooper JL, Gossman W.Cerebral Palsy. [Updated 2019 Jul 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538147/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Cerebral Palsy (CP). Causes and Risk Factors of Cerebral Palsy. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. cdc.govLee RW, Poretti A, Cohen JS, et al.A diagnostic approach for cerebral palsy in the genomic era.Neuromolecular Med. 2014;16(4):821–844. doi:10.1007/s12017-014-8331-9Croen LA, Grether JK, Curry CJ, Nelson KB.Congenital abnormalities among children with cerebral palsy: More evidence for prenatal antecedents.J Pediatr. 2001;138(6):804–810. doi:10.1067/mpd.2001.114473Kabat J, Król P.Focal cortical dysplasia - review.Pol J Radiol. 2012;77(2):35–43. doi:10.12659/pjr.882968Smilga AS, Garfinkle J, Ng P, et al.Neonatal Infection in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Registry-Based Cohort Study.Pediatr Neurol. 2018;80:77–83. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.11.006Nalivaeva NN, Turner AJ, Zhuravin IA.Role of Prenatal Hypoxia in Brain Development, Cognitive Functions, and Neurodegeneration.Front Neurosci. 2018;12:825. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00825Patel DR, Neelakantan M, Pandher K, Merrick J.Cerebral palsy in children: a clinical overview.Transl Pediatr. 2020;9(Suppl 1):S125–S135. doi:10.21037/tp.2020.01.01Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes; Behrman RE, Butler AS, editors.Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2007. 11, Neurodevelopmental, Health, and Family Outcomes for Infants Born Preterm. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11356/Parker W, Hornik CD, Bilbo S, et al.The role of oxidative stress, inflammation and acetaminophen exposure from birth to early childhood in the induction of autism.J Int Med Res. 2017;45(2):407–438. doi:10.1177/0300060517693423Savy N, Brossier D, Brunel-Guitton C, Ducharme-Crevier L, Du Pont-Thibodeau G, Jouvet P.Acute pediatric hyperammonemia: current diagnosis and management strategies.Hepat Med. 2018;10:105–115. doi:10.2147/HMER.S140711Fahey MC, Maclennan AH, Kretzschmar D, Gecz J, Kruer MC.The genetic basis of cerebral palsy.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017;59(5):462–469. doi:10.1111/dmcn.13363Ross EJ, Graham DL, Money KM, Stanwood GD.Developmental consequences of fetal exposure to drugs: what we know and what we still must learn.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40(1):61–87. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.147Lanphear BP, Vorhees CV, Bellinger DC.Protecting children from environmental toxins.PLoS Med. 2005;2(3):e61. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020061Hallman-Cooper JL, Rocha Cabrero F.Cerebral palsy. In:StatPearls [Internet].Cerebral Palsy Center at UCLA.What is CP?Nelson KB.‘Outgrowing’ a cerebral palsy diagnosis.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2020;62(1):12. doi:10.1111/dmcn.14308Brooks JC, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Tran LM, Rosenbloom L, Wu YW.Recent trends in cerebral palsy survival. Part II: individual survival prognosis.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56(11):1065-71. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12519Blair E, Langdon K, McIntyre S, Lawrence D, Watson L.Survival and mortality in cerebral palsy: observations to the sixth decade from a data linkage study of a total population register and National Death Index.BMC Neurol. 2019;19(1):111. doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1343-1Additional ReadingMaclennan AH, Thompson SC, Gecz J.Cerebral palsy: causes, pathways, and the role of genetic variants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(6):779-88.Zarrei M, Fehlings DL, Mawjee K, et al.De novo and rare inherited copy-number variations in the hemiplegic form of cerebral palsy. Genet Med. 2018;20(2):172-180.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Data and statistics for cerebral palsy.Hallman-Cooper JL, Gossman W.Cerebral Palsy. [Updated 2019 Jul 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538147/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Cerebral Palsy (CP). Causes and Risk Factors of Cerebral Palsy. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. cdc.govLee RW, Poretti A, Cohen JS, et al.A diagnostic approach for cerebral palsy in the genomic era.Neuromolecular Med. 2014;16(4):821–844. doi:10.1007/s12017-014-8331-9Croen LA, Grether JK, Curry CJ, Nelson KB.Congenital abnormalities among children with cerebral palsy: More evidence for prenatal antecedents.J Pediatr. 2001;138(6):804–810. doi:10.1067/mpd.2001.114473Kabat J, Król P.Focal cortical dysplasia - review.Pol J Radiol. 2012;77(2):35–43. doi:10.12659/pjr.882968Smilga AS, Garfinkle J, Ng P, et al.Neonatal Infection in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Registry-Based Cohort Study.Pediatr Neurol. 2018;80:77–83. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.11.006Nalivaeva NN, Turner AJ, Zhuravin IA.Role of Prenatal Hypoxia in Brain Development, Cognitive Functions, and Neurodegeneration.Front Neurosci. 2018;12:825. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00825Patel DR, Neelakantan M, Pandher K, Merrick J.Cerebral palsy in children: a clinical overview.Transl Pediatr. 2020;9(Suppl 1):S125–S135. doi:10.21037/tp.2020.01.01Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes; Behrman RE, Butler AS, editors.Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2007. 11, Neurodevelopmental, Health, and Family Outcomes for Infants Born Preterm. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11356/Parker W, Hornik CD, Bilbo S, et al.The role of oxidative stress, inflammation and acetaminophen exposure from birth to early childhood in the induction of autism.J Int Med Res. 2017;45(2):407–438. doi:10.1177/0300060517693423Savy N, Brossier D, Brunel-Guitton C, Ducharme-Crevier L, Du Pont-Thibodeau G, Jouvet P.Acute pediatric hyperammonemia: current diagnosis and management strategies.Hepat Med. 2018;10:105–115. doi:10.2147/HMER.S140711Fahey MC, Maclennan AH, Kretzschmar D, Gecz J, Kruer MC.The genetic basis of cerebral palsy.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017;59(5):462–469. doi:10.1111/dmcn.13363Ross EJ, Graham DL, Money KM, Stanwood GD.Developmental consequences of fetal exposure to drugs: what we know and what we still must learn.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40(1):61–87. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.147Lanphear BP, Vorhees CV, Bellinger DC.Protecting children from environmental toxins.PLoS Med. 2005;2(3):e61. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020061Hallman-Cooper JL, Rocha Cabrero F.Cerebral palsy. In:StatPearls [Internet].Cerebral Palsy Center at UCLA.What is CP?Nelson KB.‘Outgrowing’ a cerebral palsy diagnosis.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2020;62(1):12. doi:10.1111/dmcn.14308Brooks JC, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Tran LM, Rosenbloom L, Wu YW.Recent trends in cerebral palsy survival. Part II: individual survival prognosis.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56(11):1065-71. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12519Blair E, Langdon K, McIntyre S, Lawrence D, Watson L.Survival and mortality in cerebral palsy: observations to the sixth decade from a data linkage study of a total population register and National Death Index.BMC Neurol. 2019;19(1):111. doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1343-1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Data and statistics for cerebral palsy.
Hallman-Cooper JL, Gossman W.Cerebral Palsy. [Updated 2019 Jul 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538147/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Cerebral Palsy (CP). Causes and Risk Factors of Cerebral Palsy. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. cdc.gov
Lee RW, Poretti A, Cohen JS, et al.A diagnostic approach for cerebral palsy in the genomic era.Neuromolecular Med. 2014;16(4):821–844. doi:10.1007/s12017-014-8331-9
Croen LA, Grether JK, Curry CJ, Nelson KB.Congenital abnormalities among children with cerebral palsy: More evidence for prenatal antecedents.J Pediatr. 2001;138(6):804–810. doi:10.1067/mpd.2001.114473
Kabat J, Król P.Focal cortical dysplasia - review.Pol J Radiol. 2012;77(2):35–43. doi:10.12659/pjr.882968
Smilga AS, Garfinkle J, Ng P, et al.Neonatal Infection in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Registry-Based Cohort Study.Pediatr Neurol. 2018;80:77–83. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.11.006
Nalivaeva NN, Turner AJ, Zhuravin IA.Role of Prenatal Hypoxia in Brain Development, Cognitive Functions, and Neurodegeneration.Front Neurosci. 2018;12:825. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00825
Patel DR, Neelakantan M, Pandher K, Merrick J.Cerebral palsy in children: a clinical overview.Transl Pediatr. 2020;9(Suppl 1):S125–S135. doi:10.21037/tp.2020.01.01
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes; Behrman RE, Butler AS, editors.Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2007. 11, Neurodevelopmental, Health, and Family Outcomes for Infants Born Preterm. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11356/
Parker W, Hornik CD, Bilbo S, et al.The role of oxidative stress, inflammation and acetaminophen exposure from birth to early childhood in the induction of autism.J Int Med Res. 2017;45(2):407–438. doi:10.1177/0300060517693423
Savy N, Brossier D, Brunel-Guitton C, Ducharme-Crevier L, Du Pont-Thibodeau G, Jouvet P.Acute pediatric hyperammonemia: current diagnosis and management strategies.Hepat Med. 2018;10:105–115. doi:10.2147/HMER.S140711
Fahey MC, Maclennan AH, Kretzschmar D, Gecz J, Kruer MC.The genetic basis of cerebral palsy.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017;59(5):462–469. doi:10.1111/dmcn.13363
Ross EJ, Graham DL, Money KM, Stanwood GD.Developmental consequences of fetal exposure to drugs: what we know and what we still must learn.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40(1):61–87. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.147
Lanphear BP, Vorhees CV, Bellinger DC.Protecting children from environmental toxins.PLoS Med. 2005;2(3):e61. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020061
Hallman-Cooper JL, Rocha Cabrero F.Cerebral palsy. In:StatPearls [Internet].
Cerebral Palsy Center at UCLA.What is CP?
Nelson KB.‘Outgrowing’ a cerebral palsy diagnosis.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2020;62(1):12. doi:10.1111/dmcn.14308
Brooks JC, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Tran LM, Rosenbloom L, Wu YW.Recent trends in cerebral palsy survival. Part II: individual survival prognosis.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56(11):1065-71. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12519
Blair E, Langdon K, McIntyre S, Lawrence D, Watson L.Survival and mortality in cerebral palsy: observations to the sixth decade from a data linkage study of a total population register and National Death Index.BMC Neurol. 2019;19(1):111. doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1343-1
Maclennan AH, Thompson SC, Gecz J.Cerebral palsy: causes, pathways, and the role of genetic variants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(6):779-88.Zarrei M, Fehlings DL, Mawjee K, et al.De novo and rare inherited copy-number variations in the hemiplegic form of cerebral palsy. Genet Med. 2018;20(2):172-180.
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