Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsCommon CausesOther CausesWhen to Seek CareDiangosisTreatmentPreventionNext in Home Office Ergonomics GuideAnatomy of the Knee
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Common Causes
Other Causes
When to Seek Care
Diangosis
Treatment
Prevention
Next in Home Office Ergonomics Guide
Knee pain is quite common and can be debilitating. A lot of things can cause pain in your knee(s), includingmedical conditions, trauma, and injuries from putting too much pressure on the joint. Depending on the type of injury or condition, you may feel knee pain in the middle (medial) part of the joint, on the outer side (lateral), or around the kneecap (patellofemoral).
The key to proper treatment is finding out what causes your knee pain. Then your healthcare provider can form the right treatment plan for you.
In this article, you’ll learn about many causes of knee pain and the conditions that warrant a trip to your healthcare provider. You’ll find out how knee pain is diagnosed, what treatment options are available, and what you can do to prevent knee pain.
Why Do My Knees Hurt? Common Causes
Your knee is a complex structure. It includes three bones:
Strongligamentsandtendonshold these bones together.Cartilageunder the kneecap cushions and stabilizes the bones.
Any damage or disease in these structures can lead to knee pain. Common causes of knee pain include:
Anatomy of the Knee
Knee Arthritis
Several types of arthritis can affect the knee joint, causing various levels of pain, inflammation, and disability. Some common ones include:
Knee Pain When Walking: Potential Causes and What to Do Next
Knee Ligament Injuries
You have four primary ligaments in your knee:
They all attach your thighbone (femur) to your tibia (shin bone).
ACL injuries are the most common type of knee injury. PCL injuries are fairly uncommon.
Torn Knee Cartilage (Meniscus)
Themenisciare tough, “C” shaped pieces of cartilage. You have two menisci on each knee. The lateral meniscus is on the outside and the medial meniscus is in the middle. Knee pain froma torn meniscusis a common among athletes and older adults.
When you’re young, it’s most likely a sports injury. When you’re older, weakness from age makes menisci more prone to tears.
What Causes Side Knee Pain?
Patellar Tendonitis and Tear
Patellar tendonitisis inflammation of the patellar tendon. That’s a large tendon connecting your kneecap to the top of your tibia.
Patellar tendonitis is most common in athletes who do a lot of running and jumping.It’s often described as a constant dull pain that becomes sharp when you’re active.
In some cases, a weak patellar tendon can tear. Apatellar tendon tearcauses:
If it’s a bad tear, you might notice an indentation at the bottom of your kneecap. The knee may give out when you walk.
Why Do I Have Knee Pain When Going Up Stairs?
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Abnormal knee alignment can cause it, as well. So can softened cartilage that’s wearing away. This is a condition calledchondromalacia patella.
Patellofemoral pain syndrome causes a dull, aching pain under the kneecap. Pain gets worse with frequent knee bending or after sitting for a long time. It may pop when you climb stairs or stand up.
Knee swelling and locking are rare in this syndrome.
Other Common Causes
Other common causes of knee pain include:
Understanding and Treating a Knee Contusion
Less Common Causes of Knee Pain
Less common causes of significant knee pain include conditions and injuries. Injuries include:
Conditions include:
What You Should Know About Bone Cancer
When to See a Healthcare Provider
Not all knee pain needs medical treatment, but delaying care when it’s needed can lead to more pain and disability. Symptoms to watch for include:
Your knee injury may need immediate care if:
Diagnosing Knee Pain
Some knee conditions can be diagnosed based on a physical examination alone. Your provider may use additional tests to confirm a diagnosis and determine the best treatments.
Medical History
Your healthcare provider will likely ask you a lot of questions about your pain. For example, pain when you straighten your knee may tip your healthcare provider off to overuse, a meniscus tear, or arthritis.
Be prepared to answer these questions:
Why Do I Have Knee Pain When Standing?
Physical Examination
A thorough physical exam is important for finding the cause of knee pain and determining when imaging tests are necessary.Your provider will check for:
Chondromalaciacan cause a crunching sensation when you place your hand over the kneecap and bend your knee. Knee arthritis may cause a similar grinding sensation.
Imaging
Your healthcare provider may order imaging studies. Those show what’s happening inside the knee.
Healthcare providers usually start with aknee X-ray. That shows the bones plus signs of soft tissue injury, arthritis, or alignment problems. They may also order an ultrasound or an MRI to help evaluate soft tissue injuries.
Differential Diagnoses
This is called referred pain.Your healthcare provider may be able to identify referred pain based on your physical exam.
For example, if it’s referred pain, your knee won’t hurt when it’s pressed on. You also won’t have swelling or impaired range of motion.
Treatments for Knee Pain
Treatment depends on what’s causing your pain. It may include a combination of options to help relieve pain and, if possible, cure the underlying problem.
Self-Care Strategies
Many initial therapies for knee pain are simple, straightforward, and can be done at home.
Pain can keep you awake. To relieve nighttime knee pain and sleep better:
Knee Pain at Night: Causes and Treatment
Physical Therapy
Physical therapy is extremely important for almost all orthopedic conditions. Aphysical therapistwill do an evaluation and prescribeexercisesto:
Physical Therapy for a Knee Meniscus Tear
Medications
Medications are often used to alleviate pain. Sometimes, they can treat the underlying problem, too.
Complementary and Alternative Therapies
A number of mind-body therapies may be used to treat knee pain. These include:
These treatments are especially common for knee osteoarthritis.
The once-popular supplements glucosamine and chondroitin have fallen out of favor for knee osteoarthritis due to a lack of scientific proof.Always talk to your healthcare provider before taking any supplements or medications.
Surgery
Surgery is generally reserved for specific diagnoses, such as:
You don’t always need to have surgery to repair a meniscus tear. Some people are able to recover without it. Deciding factors for surgery include the size and location of the tear, your age, your activity level, your overall health, and the severity of your symptoms.
Preventing Knee Pain
You can do several things to prevent knee injuries or stop pain from getting worse. These include:
Seeing a healthcare provider soon after knee pain starts can keep it from becoming a bigger problem.
Once you’ve had a knee injury, you’re more likely to have another one, so prevention becomes more important. Ask your provider(s) what else you can do to protect your knee.
How to Strengthen Knees
Summary
Many medical conditions and injuries can cause inside, outside, or middle of knee pain. Common causes include arthritis, ligament and meniscus tears, tendonitis, and patellofemoral pain syndrome. Dislocations, fractures, and bone tumors are less common.
Knee pain is diagnosed based on a description of symptoms and triggers, a physical exam, and possibly imaging studies. Treatment depends on the cause. It may include self-care, medications, physical therapy, surgery, and mind-body treatments.
38 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.John Hopkins Medicine.Knee pain and problems.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Baker’s cysts.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Prepatellar (kneecap) bursitis.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Iliotibial band (IT band) syndrome.Lespasio MJ, Piuzzi NS, Husni ME, Muschler GF, Guarino A, Mont MA.Knee osteoarthritis: a primer.Perm J. 2017;21:16-183. doi:10.7812/TPP/16-183American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Arthritis of the knee.Arthritis Foundation.Gout.Stanford Medicine.Types of knee ligament injuries.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Common knee injuries.Kiapour AM, Murray MM.Basic science of anterior cruciate ligament injury and repair.Bone Joint Res. 2014;3(2):20-31. doi:10.1302/2046-3758.32.2000241Penn Medicine.What is an MCL injury?Doral MN, Bilge O, Huri G, Turhan E, Verdonk R.Modern treatment of meniscal tears.EFORT Open Rev. 2018;3(5):260-268. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.3.170067Reinking MF.Current concepts in the treatment of patellar tendinopathy.Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2016;11(6):854-866.Petersen W, Rembitzki I, Liebau C.Patellofemoral pain in athletes.Open Access J Sports Med. 2017;8:143-154. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S133406American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Patellofemoral pain syndrome.Frush TJ, Noyes FR.Baker’s cyst: diagnostic and surgical considerations.Sports Health. 2015;7(4):359-65. doi:10.1177/1941738113520130American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Prepatellar (kneecap) bursitis.MedlinePlus.Iliotibial band syndrome - aftercare.Penn Medicine.Kneecap dislocation.Lee PYF, Nixion A, Chandratreya A, Murray JM.Synovial plica syndrome of the knee: a commonly overlooked cause of anterior knee pain.Surg J (N Y). 2017;3(1):e9-e16. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1598047Vaishya R, Azizi AT, Agarwal AK, Vijay V.Apophysitis of the tibial tuberosity (Osgood-Schlatter disease): a review.Cureus. 2016;8(9):e780. doi:10.7759/cureus.780Children’s Hospital Colorado.Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) and cartilage injuries.MedlinePlus.Septic arthritis.Voskuil R, Evenski AJ, Montgomery C, Emory CL.Malignant bone tumors of the knee: how to identify and treat.J Knee Surg. 2019;32(4):305-314. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1675828Patel DR, Villalobos A.Evaluation and management of knee pain in young athletes: overuse injuries of the knee.Transl Pediatr. 2017;6(3):190-198. doi:10.21037/tp.2017.04.05Orthopedic & Sports Medicine Institute.Knee pain and injury.Goodman AD, Chase A, Owens BD.Locked knee in a 15-year-old girl: the knee examination.J Pediatr. 2017;185:245-245.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.02.037Stanford Medicine.Knee exam.Arthritis Foundation.Chondromalacia patella.Jin Q, Chang Y, Lu C, Chen L, Wang Y.Referred pain: characteristics, possible mechanisms, and clinical management.Front Neurol. 2023;14:1104817. Published 2023 Jun 28. doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1104817MedlinePlus.Knee pain.Arthritis Foundation.Topical NSAIDS offer joint pain relief.Hospital for Special Surgery.Injections for knee pain: could they help you?Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care.Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Learn more – which painkillers help in osteoarthritis of the knee?Vina ER, Youk AO, Quinones C, Kwoh CK, Ibrahim SA, Hausmann LRM.Use of complementary and alternative therapy for knee osteoarthritis: race and gender variations.ACR Open Rheumatol. 2021;3(9):660-667. doi:10.1002/acr2.11307National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Glucosamine and chondroitin for osteoarthritis.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Meniscus tears.MedlinePlus.Knee pain.Additional ReadingBronstein RD, Schaffer JC.Physical examination of the knee: meniscus, cartilage, and patellofemoral conditions.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2017;25(5):365-374. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00464National Institute on Aging.Osteoarthritis.UpToDate.Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD): Clinical manifestations and diagnosis.
38 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.John Hopkins Medicine.Knee pain and problems.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Baker’s cysts.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Prepatellar (kneecap) bursitis.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Iliotibial band (IT band) syndrome.Lespasio MJ, Piuzzi NS, Husni ME, Muschler GF, Guarino A, Mont MA.Knee osteoarthritis: a primer.Perm J. 2017;21:16-183. doi:10.7812/TPP/16-183American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Arthritis of the knee.Arthritis Foundation.Gout.Stanford Medicine.Types of knee ligament injuries.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Common knee injuries.Kiapour AM, Murray MM.Basic science of anterior cruciate ligament injury and repair.Bone Joint Res. 2014;3(2):20-31. doi:10.1302/2046-3758.32.2000241Penn Medicine.What is an MCL injury?Doral MN, Bilge O, Huri G, Turhan E, Verdonk R.Modern treatment of meniscal tears.EFORT Open Rev. 2018;3(5):260-268. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.3.170067Reinking MF.Current concepts in the treatment of patellar tendinopathy.Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2016;11(6):854-866.Petersen W, Rembitzki I, Liebau C.Patellofemoral pain in athletes.Open Access J Sports Med. 2017;8:143-154. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S133406American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Patellofemoral pain syndrome.Frush TJ, Noyes FR.Baker’s cyst: diagnostic and surgical considerations.Sports Health. 2015;7(4):359-65. doi:10.1177/1941738113520130American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Prepatellar (kneecap) bursitis.MedlinePlus.Iliotibial band syndrome - aftercare.Penn Medicine.Kneecap dislocation.Lee PYF, Nixion A, Chandratreya A, Murray JM.Synovial plica syndrome of the knee: a commonly overlooked cause of anterior knee pain.Surg J (N Y). 2017;3(1):e9-e16. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1598047Vaishya R, Azizi AT, Agarwal AK, Vijay V.Apophysitis of the tibial tuberosity (Osgood-Schlatter disease): a review.Cureus. 2016;8(9):e780. doi:10.7759/cureus.780Children’s Hospital Colorado.Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) and cartilage injuries.MedlinePlus.Septic arthritis.Voskuil R, Evenski AJ, Montgomery C, Emory CL.Malignant bone tumors of the knee: how to identify and treat.J Knee Surg. 2019;32(4):305-314. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1675828Patel DR, Villalobos A.Evaluation and management of knee pain in young athletes: overuse injuries of the knee.Transl Pediatr. 2017;6(3):190-198. doi:10.21037/tp.2017.04.05Orthopedic & Sports Medicine Institute.Knee pain and injury.Goodman AD, Chase A, Owens BD.Locked knee in a 15-year-old girl: the knee examination.J Pediatr. 2017;185:245-245.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.02.037Stanford Medicine.Knee exam.Arthritis Foundation.Chondromalacia patella.Jin Q, Chang Y, Lu C, Chen L, Wang Y.Referred pain: characteristics, possible mechanisms, and clinical management.Front Neurol. 2023;14:1104817. Published 2023 Jun 28. doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1104817MedlinePlus.Knee pain.Arthritis Foundation.Topical NSAIDS offer joint pain relief.Hospital for Special Surgery.Injections for knee pain: could they help you?Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care.Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Learn more – which painkillers help in osteoarthritis of the knee?Vina ER, Youk AO, Quinones C, Kwoh CK, Ibrahim SA, Hausmann LRM.Use of complementary and alternative therapy for knee osteoarthritis: race and gender variations.ACR Open Rheumatol. 2021;3(9):660-667. doi:10.1002/acr2.11307National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Glucosamine and chondroitin for osteoarthritis.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Meniscus tears.MedlinePlus.Knee pain.Additional ReadingBronstein RD, Schaffer JC.Physical examination of the knee: meniscus, cartilage, and patellofemoral conditions.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2017;25(5):365-374. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00464National Institute on Aging.Osteoarthritis.UpToDate.Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD): Clinical manifestations and diagnosis.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
John Hopkins Medicine.Knee pain and problems.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Baker’s cysts.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Prepatellar (kneecap) bursitis.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Iliotibial band (IT band) syndrome.Lespasio MJ, Piuzzi NS, Husni ME, Muschler GF, Guarino A, Mont MA.Knee osteoarthritis: a primer.Perm J. 2017;21:16-183. doi:10.7812/TPP/16-183American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Arthritis of the knee.Arthritis Foundation.Gout.Stanford Medicine.Types of knee ligament injuries.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Common knee injuries.Kiapour AM, Murray MM.Basic science of anterior cruciate ligament injury and repair.Bone Joint Res. 2014;3(2):20-31. doi:10.1302/2046-3758.32.2000241Penn Medicine.What is an MCL injury?Doral MN, Bilge O, Huri G, Turhan E, Verdonk R.Modern treatment of meniscal tears.EFORT Open Rev. 2018;3(5):260-268. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.3.170067Reinking MF.Current concepts in the treatment of patellar tendinopathy.Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2016;11(6):854-866.Petersen W, Rembitzki I, Liebau C.Patellofemoral pain in athletes.Open Access J Sports Med. 2017;8:143-154. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S133406American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Patellofemoral pain syndrome.Frush TJ, Noyes FR.Baker’s cyst: diagnostic and surgical considerations.Sports Health. 2015;7(4):359-65. doi:10.1177/1941738113520130American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Prepatellar (kneecap) bursitis.MedlinePlus.Iliotibial band syndrome - aftercare.Penn Medicine.Kneecap dislocation.Lee PYF, Nixion A, Chandratreya A, Murray JM.Synovial plica syndrome of the knee: a commonly overlooked cause of anterior knee pain.Surg J (N Y). 2017;3(1):e9-e16. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1598047Vaishya R, Azizi AT, Agarwal AK, Vijay V.Apophysitis of the tibial tuberosity (Osgood-Schlatter disease): a review.Cureus. 2016;8(9):e780. doi:10.7759/cureus.780Children’s Hospital Colorado.Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) and cartilage injuries.MedlinePlus.Septic arthritis.Voskuil R, Evenski AJ, Montgomery C, Emory CL.Malignant bone tumors of the knee: how to identify and treat.J Knee Surg. 2019;32(4):305-314. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1675828Patel DR, Villalobos A.Evaluation and management of knee pain in young athletes: overuse injuries of the knee.Transl Pediatr. 2017;6(3):190-198. doi:10.21037/tp.2017.04.05Orthopedic & Sports Medicine Institute.Knee pain and injury.Goodman AD, Chase A, Owens BD.Locked knee in a 15-year-old girl: the knee examination.J Pediatr. 2017;185:245-245.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.02.037Stanford Medicine.Knee exam.Arthritis Foundation.Chondromalacia patella.Jin Q, Chang Y, Lu C, Chen L, Wang Y.Referred pain: characteristics, possible mechanisms, and clinical management.Front Neurol. 2023;14:1104817. Published 2023 Jun 28. doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1104817MedlinePlus.Knee pain.Arthritis Foundation.Topical NSAIDS offer joint pain relief.Hospital for Special Surgery.Injections for knee pain: could they help you?Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care.Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Learn more – which painkillers help in osteoarthritis of the knee?Vina ER, Youk AO, Quinones C, Kwoh CK, Ibrahim SA, Hausmann LRM.Use of complementary and alternative therapy for knee osteoarthritis: race and gender variations.ACR Open Rheumatol. 2021;3(9):660-667. doi:10.1002/acr2.11307National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Glucosamine and chondroitin for osteoarthritis.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Meniscus tears.MedlinePlus.Knee pain.
John Hopkins Medicine.Knee pain and problems.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Baker’s cysts.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Prepatellar (kneecap) bursitis.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Iliotibial band (IT band) syndrome.
Lespasio MJ, Piuzzi NS, Husni ME, Muschler GF, Guarino A, Mont MA.Knee osteoarthritis: a primer.Perm J. 2017;21:16-183. doi:10.7812/TPP/16-183
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Arthritis of the knee.
Arthritis Foundation.Gout.
Stanford Medicine.Types of knee ligament injuries.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Common knee injuries.
Kiapour AM, Murray MM.Basic science of anterior cruciate ligament injury and repair.Bone Joint Res. 2014;3(2):20-31. doi:10.1302/2046-3758.32.2000241
Penn Medicine.What is an MCL injury?
Doral MN, Bilge O, Huri G, Turhan E, Verdonk R.Modern treatment of meniscal tears.EFORT Open Rev. 2018;3(5):260-268. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.3.170067
Reinking MF.Current concepts in the treatment of patellar tendinopathy.Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2016;11(6):854-866.
Petersen W, Rembitzki I, Liebau C.Patellofemoral pain in athletes.Open Access J Sports Med. 2017;8:143-154. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S133406
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Patellofemoral pain syndrome.
Frush TJ, Noyes FR.Baker’s cyst: diagnostic and surgical considerations.Sports Health. 2015;7(4):359-65. doi:10.1177/1941738113520130
MedlinePlus.Iliotibial band syndrome - aftercare.
Penn Medicine.Kneecap dislocation.
Lee PYF, Nixion A, Chandratreya A, Murray JM.Synovial plica syndrome of the knee: a commonly overlooked cause of anterior knee pain.Surg J (N Y). 2017;3(1):e9-e16. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1598047
Vaishya R, Azizi AT, Agarwal AK, Vijay V.Apophysitis of the tibial tuberosity (Osgood-Schlatter disease): a review.Cureus. 2016;8(9):e780. doi:10.7759/cureus.780
Children’s Hospital Colorado.Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) and cartilage injuries.
MedlinePlus.Septic arthritis.
Voskuil R, Evenski AJ, Montgomery C, Emory CL.Malignant bone tumors of the knee: how to identify and treat.J Knee Surg. 2019;32(4):305-314. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1675828
Patel DR, Villalobos A.Evaluation and management of knee pain in young athletes: overuse injuries of the knee.Transl Pediatr. 2017;6(3):190-198. doi:10.21037/tp.2017.04.05
Orthopedic & Sports Medicine Institute.Knee pain and injury.
Goodman AD, Chase A, Owens BD.Locked knee in a 15-year-old girl: the knee examination.J Pediatr. 2017;185:245-245.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.02.037
Stanford Medicine.Knee exam.
Arthritis Foundation.Chondromalacia patella.
Jin Q, Chang Y, Lu C, Chen L, Wang Y.Referred pain: characteristics, possible mechanisms, and clinical management.Front Neurol. 2023;14:1104817. Published 2023 Jun 28. doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1104817
MedlinePlus.Knee pain.
Arthritis Foundation.Topical NSAIDS offer joint pain relief.
Hospital for Special Surgery.Injections for knee pain: could they help you?
Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care.Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Learn more – which painkillers help in osteoarthritis of the knee?
Vina ER, Youk AO, Quinones C, Kwoh CK, Ibrahim SA, Hausmann LRM.Use of complementary and alternative therapy for knee osteoarthritis: race and gender variations.ACR Open Rheumatol. 2021;3(9):660-667. doi:10.1002/acr2.11307
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Glucosamine and chondroitin for osteoarthritis.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Meniscus tears.
Bronstein RD, Schaffer JC.Physical examination of the knee: meniscus, cartilage, and patellofemoral conditions.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2017;25(5):365-374. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00464National Institute on Aging.Osteoarthritis.UpToDate.Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD): Clinical manifestations and diagnosis.
Bronstein RD, Schaffer JC.Physical examination of the knee: meniscus, cartilage, and patellofemoral conditions.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2017;25(5):365-374. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00464
National Institute on Aging.Osteoarthritis.
UpToDate.Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD): Clinical manifestations and diagnosis.
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