Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsUsesSide EffectsPrecautionsDosageToxicityInteractionsSources & What to Look ForFAQ
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Uses
Side Effects
Precautions
Dosage
Toxicity
Interactions
Sources & What to Look For
FAQ
Cannabidiol (CBD) is acannabinoidthat is mixed with a carrier oil to make CBD oil.
Cannabinoids act on the body’s endocannabinoid system to regulate anxiety, mood, and appetite.CBD is extracted from cannabis plants (e.g.,Cannabis indica,Cannabis sativa, andCannabis ruderalis). However, the hemp plant (Cannabis ruderalis) typically contains higher quantities of CBD.
The other main component ofCannabis indicaandCannabis sativaspecies—but not typicallyCannabis ruderalis—isdelta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
THC can cause a sense of euphoria but can also cause other sensations, like paranoia. CBD oil should not contain more than 0.3% THC, so it does not typically cause a feeling of euphoria—so many people assume it’s safe, although it may not be, especially for specific populations.
CBD has been studied for its use in seizures, chronic pain, anxiety, inflammation, and more.However, varying levels of scientific evidence exist for these claims, meaning it’s unclear if CBD works for these conditions.
This article covers the latest evidence on over-the-counter (OTC) CBD—its uses, safety considerations, interactions, and what to know before you try it.
Verywell / Getty Images
OTC CBD products are not regulated or standardized like prescription drugs in the United States. They can cause interactions with medications or have other safety concerns. For this reason, it’s important to be aware of what to look for whenchoosing a supplement, such as third-party testing, potential drug interactions, and more.
CBD Oil Benefits
Proponents of CBD oil claim that it benefits people with various health problems. As CBD has gained popularity, researchers have been trying to study it more—but, so far, human trials remain sparse.There is little evidence to support its myriad health claims.
Here’s a deeper dive into CBD oil’s more compelling health benefits.
Note that CBD oil is different from hemp oil. Hemp oil is processed differently (pressing hemp seeds) and typically contains no CBD.
Supports Brain and Nerve Conditions
In June 2018, the FDA approved a CBD oral solution called Epidiolex.Epidiolex is a prescription drug, not an over-the-counter (OTC) product.
Keep in mind that Epidiolex is not a supplement. It requires a prescription from a healthcare provider.
CBD has also been studied for the following:
While promising, further research is needed for these conditions. And OTC CBD products are not regulated or standardized like prescription medications such as Epidiolex.
May Help Treat Anxiety
CBD might help treatanxiety disorders, although there have not been many trials to look at CBD’s anxiety-relieving effects in humans.
In one study, 57 men took either CBD oil or a sugar pill with no CBD (placebo) before a public-speaking event.The researchers assessed the participants' anxiety levels using blood pressure and heart rate measures. The researchers also used a reliable test for mood states called the Visual Analog Mood Scale.
In another double-blind placebo-controlled study (meaning neither participants nor researchers knew who took the substance and who took a placebo), CBD was also shown to decrease symptoms ofSocial Anxiety Disorderin teenagers.This study was well-designed but very small; only 37 people were studied.
May Assist Substance Use Disorder Treatment
CBD may be able to inhibit the rewarding and reinforcing effects of addictive substances (e.g., tobacco, cocaine, methamphetamine (METH), heroin, and morphine). While the preliminary research is promising, more is needed to confirm results.
Might Help Treat Schizophrenia
In a randomized controlled trial of 88 people already taking medication forschizophrenia, 1,000 milligrams per day of CBD oil decreasedpositive psychotic symptoms(hallucinations or delusions).However, there were no significant differences between CBD oil and placebo regarding negative psychotic symptoms (like blunt affect or disinterest in others).
Also, note that CBD oil was studied as an add-on therapy here since the people in the trial were already taking prescription medicines to treat schizophrenia.
Products with significant amounts of THC may worsen symptoms of psychosis, schizophrenia, and paranoia.
May Support Sleep
There is conflicting evidence to support the use of cannabinoids to treat sleep disorders. Although some study outcomes have been favorable, most have not.
For example, a 2022 comprehensive review of the effects of cannabinoids on normal sleep and sleep disorders showed that cannabis products have minimal to no effects on sleep and may produce negative effects in some individuals.
A 2017 study found that CBD products containing THC may decrease the time needed to fall asleep. but could also impair sleep quality in the long term.And, a 2021 meta-analysis on CBD’s effects as an appetite suppressant and as a sleep aid concluded that, while there was a moderate positive impact on appetite control, CBD showed no effect on sleep.
May Lower High Blood Pressure
CBD may produce favorable outcomes for people attempting to lower their blood pressure. Multiple recent studies have shown CBD’s effectiveness in reducing blood pressure in those withhypertension.
Accumulated data (both from human and animal studies) suggest that CBD may be associated with improved cardiovascular function, marked reductions in blood pressure, and enhanced endothelial function.
Study: Placebo Effect May Play a Role in Effectiveness of CBD
Although the data is preliminary, CBD oil has also been studied for the following uses:
There’s not enough data to recommend CBD oil for any of these uses quite yet.
What Are the Side Effects of CBD Oil?
Clinical research has shown that CBD oil can cause side effects. In one study, 91% of people with seizure disorders who took the prescription product Epidiolex had side effects from the medicine.The specific side effects and their severity vary from one person to the next and from one type of CBD to another.
Common Side Effects
The most common side effects of CBD oil that were reported include the following:
Severe Side Effects
Severe side effects have been noted in people withtreatment-resistant epilepsy(ongoing seizures despite multiple medications). These include:
Also, consider that CBD products are not regulated and may be adulterated or labeled misleadingly. One study found that 21% of CBD products sold online also had THC.Severe side effects of THC, particularly at doses above 2.4 mg, can be quite severe and include:
If you notice these effects while using CBD oil, discontinue and discuss side effects with a healthcare provider as soon as possible.
Adolescent users are at increased risk of psychological disorders from THC.These psychological disorders include an increased risk of psychosis and schizophrenia.
Do not drive or use heavy machinery when taking CBD oil—especially when you first start using it or switch to a new brand. Remember that some products do contain THC, even in small amounts.
Your healthcare practitioner may advise against using CBD oil if you:
Product Facts
Dosage: How Much CBD Oil Should I Take?
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your individual needs.
There are no guidelines for CBD products or a “correct” dose of CBD oil. CBD has been used in doses ranging from 40 to 1,280 mg per day.For example, in one trial, patients admitted to the emergency room for acute back pain were given a one-time dose of 400 mg of CBD oil.
In another trial, schizophrenic patients were given 600 mg per day of CBD oil for six weeks.As a general rule, never take more than the recommended dose.
What Happens if I Take Too Much CBD?
Doses of up to 1,400 mg per day seem well-tolerated in adults.Keep an eye out for serious side effects like fatigue, changes in appetite, seizures, or pneumonia. Also, be aware that CBD may be adulterated (containing unlisted ingredients such as THC) and may not contain the amount of CBD listed on the bottle.
Children can be especially vulnerable. Dangerously slowed breathing has been noted in a pediatric case report of a child who unintentionally ingested too much CBD.
CBD is also found in many foods and drinks in the U.S., so if you plan to consume these, discuss your total daily dose with your healthcare provider.
If you have questions or concerns about the use or unintended (accidental) ingestion of CBD products, contact your healthcare provider, health department, or local or regional Poison Control Center at 800-222-1222. Call 911 in case of emergency.
CBD oil can interact with medications, including many used to treat epilepsy. One of the reasons for this has to do with how your body breaks down (metabolizes) drugs.
Drugs that could potentially interact with CBD include:
Always tell your healthcare provider and pharmacist about all your medicines, including prescription, OTC, herbal, or recreational drugs. Alcohol or other recreational drugs that cause drowsiness may have increased side effects if used with CBD oil.
The interactions between these medications and CBD may be mild, and you might not have to change your treatment. However, in some cases, you might have to change drugs or space out your doses to avoid a reaction. Never change or stop medication without talking to your provider.
It is essential to carefully read a product’s ingredient list and nutrition facts panel to know which ingredients and how much of each ingredient is included. Please review this supplement label with your healthcare provider to discuss potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications.
Sources of CBD Oil and What to Look For
CBD can be derived from two types of cannabis plants: marijuana, which has a higher amount of THC, and hemp, which has a low amount of THC.Since 2018, the FDA has allowed CBD products to be sold as long as they have less than 0.3% THC.The FDA has made it illegal for companies to market CBD as dietary supplements or to claim that they treat specific conditions.
Remember that CBD oils are unregulated. There’s no guarantee that a product is what it claims to be on its packaging. You also can’t know for sure that it’s safe and effective.
A 2017 study reported that only 31% of CBD products sold online were correctly labeled. Most had less CBD in them than was advertised, and 21% had significant amounts of THC.
Summary
The FDA does not regulate CBD oil, and contrary to popular opinion, it does come with some risks.Until more research is done on CBD oil, it’s important to remember that it may not live up to the hype and could even be dangerous. CBD products have not shown strong evidence of benefit for most of the advertised conditions.
There is significant variability among the products you’ll find at dispensaries, smoke shops, or online. Each product can contain very different amounts of CBD or THC than what’s listed on the package and can also contain harmful additives.
If you choose to use CBD oil, always discuss it with your healthcare provider to ensure it doesn’t interact with your prescription medications. CBD is not appropriate for pregnancy, breastfeeding, or in children.
Frequently Asked QuestionsCBD oil comes in different forms:Isolatescontain only CBD.Broad-spectrumoils have nearly all of the components of the plant (e.g., proteins, flavonoids, terpenes, and chlorophyll) but do not have THC.Full-spectrumoils have all the compounds, including THC (up to 0.3%)While some healthcare practitioners believe that the compounds provide more health benefits, there’s a lack of evidence to support these claims.Not necessarily. While the names are sometimes used interchangeably, hemp oil can also refer to hemp seed oil, which is used for cooking, food production, and skincare products. CBD oil is made from the leaves, stems, buds, and flowers of theCannabis indicaorCannabis sativaplant. It should contain less than 0.3% THC. Hemp oil is made from the seeds ofCannabis sativaand does not have TCH in it.Learn MoreUsing Hemp Oil on Your SkinYes. It’s possible to overdose on CBD oil, especially in children. Dangerously slowed breathing has been noted in children who unintentionally ingested CBD oil.Many CBD products have been found to also contain THC, which poses risks like heightened anxiety when taken at high doses.The legality of buying and selling CBD is quite murky. In 2018, it became legal to sell CBD oil that comes from the hemp plant with less than 0.3% THC in it provided it is not marketed as a dietary supplement or claims to treat medical conditions.Most states now allow the sale of CBD with low levels of THC, though it is still illegal in some states.For state-specific guidelines before traveling, check out a site likeState Medical Cannabis Lawsfrom the National Conference of State Legislatures. Some states do not allow CBD that has been purchased in other states.Choose products with a certificate of analysis (COA) from an independent lab and/or from companies with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) certification. The COA means that the product has been tested for CBD and THC levels, along with possible contaminants.Because CBD comes from a plant, it is susceptible to chemicals like pesticides.Make sure the lab making the product also meets ISO 17025 standards, which shows high scientific standards are met.The FDA has issued several warning levels to companies whose products are mislabeled or adulterated (they contain potentially unsafe ingredients that can make you sick). Check them outhereand avoid buying these products if possible.Studies have shown that pure CBD will not cause a positive urine drug screen, as these are designed to measure THC. However, CBD products such as full-spectrum oils that contain THC may result in positive drug tests.Learn MoreCBD Oil and Drug TestsNot enough is known about CBD use in animals. Always discuss with a veterinarian before using a CBD product for your pet. The FDA suggests keeping an eye out for the following side effects: sleepiness, depression, heavy drooling, vomiting, agitation, tremors, and convulsions.As mentioned, CBD oil is from a plant (hemp, typicallyCannabis ruderalis). Hemp is in the same family as the marijuana plant. However, CBD oil does not typically produce the feelings of euphoria that can make someone feel “high.“The reason why is that it does not contain enough tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC is the compound responsible for causing euphoria and other potential emotions, like paranoia.
Frequently Asked Questions
CBD oil comes in different forms:Isolatescontain only CBD.Broad-spectrumoils have nearly all of the components of the plant (e.g., proteins, flavonoids, terpenes, and chlorophyll) but do not have THC.Full-spectrumoils have all the compounds, including THC (up to 0.3%)While some healthcare practitioners believe that the compounds provide more health benefits, there’s a lack of evidence to support these claims.
CBD oil comes in different forms:
While some healthcare practitioners believe that the compounds provide more health benefits, there’s a lack of evidence to support these claims.
Not necessarily. While the names are sometimes used interchangeably, hemp oil can also refer to hemp seed oil, which is used for cooking, food production, and skincare products. CBD oil is made from the leaves, stems, buds, and flowers of theCannabis indicaorCannabis sativaplant. It should contain less than 0.3% THC. Hemp oil is made from the seeds ofCannabis sativaand does not have TCH in it.Learn MoreUsing Hemp Oil on Your Skin
Not necessarily. While the names are sometimes used interchangeably, hemp oil can also refer to hemp seed oil, which is used for cooking, food production, and skincare products. CBD oil is made from the leaves, stems, buds, and flowers of theCannabis indicaorCannabis sativaplant. It should contain less than 0.3% THC. Hemp oil is made from the seeds ofCannabis sativaand does not have TCH in it.
Learn MoreUsing Hemp Oil on Your Skin
Yes. It’s possible to overdose on CBD oil, especially in children. Dangerously slowed breathing has been noted in children who unintentionally ingested CBD oil.Many CBD products have been found to also contain THC, which poses risks like heightened anxiety when taken at high doses.
The legality of buying and selling CBD is quite murky. In 2018, it became legal to sell CBD oil that comes from the hemp plant with less than 0.3% THC in it provided it is not marketed as a dietary supplement or claims to treat medical conditions.Most states now allow the sale of CBD with low levels of THC, though it is still illegal in some states.For state-specific guidelines before traveling, check out a site likeState Medical Cannabis Lawsfrom the National Conference of State Legislatures. Some states do not allow CBD that has been purchased in other states.
The legality of buying and selling CBD is quite murky. In 2018, it became legal to sell CBD oil that comes from the hemp plant with less than 0.3% THC in it provided it is not marketed as a dietary supplement or claims to treat medical conditions.
Most states now allow the sale of CBD with low levels of THC, though it is still illegal in some states.
For state-specific guidelines before traveling, check out a site likeState Medical Cannabis Lawsfrom the National Conference of State Legislatures. Some states do not allow CBD that has been purchased in other states.
Choose products with a certificate of analysis (COA) from an independent lab and/or from companies with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) certification. The COA means that the product has been tested for CBD and THC levels, along with possible contaminants.Because CBD comes from a plant, it is susceptible to chemicals like pesticides.Make sure the lab making the product also meets ISO 17025 standards, which shows high scientific standards are met.The FDA has issued several warning levels to companies whose products are mislabeled or adulterated (they contain potentially unsafe ingredients that can make you sick). Check them outhereand avoid buying these products if possible.
Choose products with a certificate of analysis (COA) from an independent lab and/or from companies with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) certification. The COA means that the product has been tested for CBD and THC levels, along with possible contaminants.Because CBD comes from a plant, it is susceptible to chemicals like pesticides.
Make sure the lab making the product also meets ISO 17025 standards, which shows high scientific standards are met.The FDA has issued several warning levels to companies whose products are mislabeled or adulterated (they contain potentially unsafe ingredients that can make you sick). Check them outhereand avoid buying these products if possible.
Studies have shown that pure CBD will not cause a positive urine drug screen, as these are designed to measure THC. However, CBD products such as full-spectrum oils that contain THC may result in positive drug tests.Learn MoreCBD Oil and Drug Tests
Studies have shown that pure CBD will not cause a positive urine drug screen, as these are designed to measure THC. However, CBD products such as full-spectrum oils that contain THC may result in positive drug tests.
Learn MoreCBD Oil and Drug Tests
Not enough is known about CBD use in animals. Always discuss with a veterinarian before using a CBD product for your pet. The FDA suggests keeping an eye out for the following side effects: sleepiness, depression, heavy drooling, vomiting, agitation, tremors, and convulsions.
As mentioned, CBD oil is from a plant (hemp, typicallyCannabis ruderalis). Hemp is in the same family as the marijuana plant. However, CBD oil does not typically produce the feelings of euphoria that can make someone feel “high.“The reason why is that it does not contain enough tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC is the compound responsible for causing euphoria and other potential emotions, like paranoia.
As mentioned, CBD oil is from a plant (hemp, typicallyCannabis ruderalis). Hemp is in the same family as the marijuana plant. However, CBD oil does not typically produce the feelings of euphoria that can make someone feel “high.”
The reason why is that it does not contain enough tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC is the compound responsible for causing euphoria and other potential emotions, like paranoia.
52 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Lowe H, Toyang N, Steele B, Bryant J, Ngwa W.The endocannabinoid system: a potential target for the treatment of various diseases.International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(17):9472. doi:10.3390/ijms22179472
Sholler DJ, Schoene L, Spindle TR.Therapeutic efficacy of cannabidiol (CBD): A review of the evidence from clinical trials and human laboratory studies.Curr Addict Rep. 2020;7(3):405-412. doi:10.1007/s40429-020-00326-8
Thomas BF, Wiley JL, Gourdet CK, Wiley JL, Gourdet CK, Thomas BF.Cannabidiol: Science, marketing, and legal perspectives. RTI Press. Published online April 20, 2020.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves first drug comprised of an active ingredient derived from marijuana to treat rare, severe forms of epilepsy. June 25, 2018.
Peruca E.Cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy: Hard evidence at last?J Epilepsy Res.2017 Dec;7(2):61-76. doi:10.14581/jer.17012
Food and Drug Administration.FDA Approves New Indication for Drug Containing an Active Ingredient Derived from Cannabis to Treat Seizures in Rare Genetic Disease
Aishworiya R, Valica T, Hagerman R, Restrepo B.An update on psychopharmacological treatment of autism spectrum disorder.Neurotherapeutics. doi:10.1007/s13311-022-01183-1
Bilbao A, Spanagel R.Medical cannabinoids: A pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications.BMC Med. 2022;20(1):259. doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02459-1
Babayeva M, Assefa H, Basu P, Chumki S, Loewy Z.Marijuana compounds: A nonconventional approach to Parkinson’s disease therapy.Parkinsons Dis. 2016;2016:1279042. doi:10.1155/2016/1279042
Blessing EM, Steenkamp MM, Manzanares J, Marmar CR.Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders.Neurotherapeutics. 2015;12(4):825-36. doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0387-1
Linares IM, Zuardi AW, Pereira LC, et al.Cannabidiol presents an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve in a simulated public speaking test.Braz J Psychiatry. 2019 Jan-Feb;41(1):9-14. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2017-0015
Masataka N.Anxiolytic effects of repeated cannabidiol treatment in teenagers with social anxiety disorders.Frontiers in Psychology. 2019;10. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02466
Karimi-Haghighi S, Razavi Y, Iezzi D, et al.Cannabidiol and substance use disorder: Dream or reality.Neuropharmacology. 2022;207:108948. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108948
McGuire P, Robson P, Cubala WJ, et al.Cannabidiol (CBD) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: A multicenter randomized controlled trial.Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175(3):225-231. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030325
Arseneault L, Cannon M, Poulton R, et al.Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study.BMJ. 2002;325(7374):1212-1213. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1212
Kolla BP, Hayes L, Cox C, Eatwell L, Deyo-Svendsen M, Mansukhani MP.The effects of cannabinoids on sleep.J Prim Care Community Health. 2022;13:21501319221081277. doi:10.1177/21501319221081277
Babson KA, Sottile J, Morabito D.Cannabis, cannabinoids, and sleep: a review of the literature.Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017;19(4):23. doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0775-9
Spanagel R, Bilbao A.Approved cannabinoids for medical purposes - Comparative systematic review and meta-analysis for sleep and appetite.Neuropharmacology. 2021;196:108680. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108680
Corroon J.Cannabinol and sleep: Separating fact from fiction.Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2021;6(5):366-371. doi:10.1089/can.2021.0006
Kumric M, Bozic J, Dujic G, Vrdoljak J, Dujic Z.Chronic effects of effective oral cannabidiol delivery on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure and vascular outcomes in treated and untreated hypertension (HYPER-H21-4): Study protocol for a randomized, placebo-controlled, and crossover study.J Pers Med. 2022;12(7):1037. doi:10.3390/jpm12071037
Scheau C, Badarau IA, Mihai LG, et al.Cannabinoids in the pathophysiology of skin inflammation.Molecules. 2020;25(3):652. doi:10.3390/molecules25030652
Hammell DC, Zhang LP, Ma F, et al.Transdermal cannabidiol reduces inflammation and pain-related behaviours in a rat model of arthritis.European Journal of Pain. 2015;20(6):936-948. doi:10.1002/ejp.818
Boyaji S, Merkow J, Elman RNM, et al.The role of cannabidiol (CBD) in chronic pain management: an assessment of current evidence.Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2020;24(2). doi:10.1007/s11916-020-0835-4
Martínez V, Iriondo De-Hond A, Borrelli F, et al.Cannabidiol and other non-psychoactive cannabinoids for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders: useful nutraceuticals?International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020;21(9). doi:10.3390/ijms21093067
Laux LC, Bebin EM, Checketts D, et al.Long-term safety and efficacy of cannabidiol in children and adults with treatment resistant Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome: Expanded access program results.Epilepsy research. 2019;154:13-20. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.03.015
Iffland K, Grotenhermen F.An update on safety and side effects of cannabidiol: a review of clinical data and relevant animal studies.Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2017;2(1):139-154. doi:10.1089/can.2016.0034
Bonn-Miller MO, Loflin MJE, et al.Labeling accuracy of cannabidiol extracts sold online.JAMA. 2017;318(17):1708–1709. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.11909
Legare CA, Raup-Konsavage WM, Vrana KE.Therapeutic potential of cannabis, cannabidiol, and cannabinoid-based pharmaceuticals.Pharmacology. 2022;107(3-4):131-149. doi:10.1159/000521683
Cloak CC, Alicata D, Ernst TM, Chang L.Psychiatric symptoms, salivary cortisol and cytokine levels in young marijuana users.J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2015;10(2):380-390. doi:10.1007/s11481-015-9606-0
Food and Drug Administration–Office of the Commissioner.What you should know about using CBD when pregnant or breastfeeding.
Ryan SA, Ammerman SD, O’Connor ME.Marijuana use during pregnancy and breastfeeding: Implications for neonatal and childhood outcomes.Pediatrics. 2018;142(3) doi:10.1542/peds.2018-1889
Food and Drug Administration–Office of the Commissioner.What to know about products containing cannabis and CBD
Food and Drug Administration.FDA regulation of cannabis and cannabis-derived products, including cannabidiol (CBD).
Centers for Disease Control.About CBD.
Balachandran P, Elsohly M, Hill KP.Cannabidiol interactions with medications, illicit substances, and alcohol: A comprehensive review.Journal of General Internal Medicine. doi:10.1007/s11606-020-06504-8
Good P, Haywood A, Gogna G, et al.Oral medicinal cannabinoids to relieve symptom burden in the palliative care of patients with advanced cancer: A double-blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial of efficacy and safety of cannabidiol (CBD).BMC Palliat Care. 2019;18(1):110. doi:10.1186/s12904-019-0494-6
Bebee B, Taylor DM, Bourke E, et al.The CANBACK trial: a randomised, controlled clinical trial of oral cannabidiol for people presenting to the emergency department with acute low back pain.Med J Aust. 2021;214(8):370-375. doi:10.5694/mja2.51014
Boggs DL, Surti T, Gupta A, et al.The effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on cognition and symptoms in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia a randomized placebo controlled trial.Psychopharmacology. 2018;235(7):1923-1932. doi:10.1007/s00213-018-4885-9
Chesney E, Oliver D, Green A, et al.Adverse effects of cannabidiol: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;45(11):1799-1806. doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0667-2
Herbst J, Musgrave G.Respiratory depression following an accidental overdose of a CBD-labeled product: A pediatric case report.J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2020;60(1):248-252. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2019.09.023
Yarrow G.How the 2023 farm bill could change the game for THC products.The Hill. Published online March 21, 2023.
O’Mathúna D, Larimore WL.Dietary supplements - the wild west of good, bad, and a whole lotta ugly.The Medical Clinics of North America. 2022;106(5):881-898. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2022.03.004
Cather JC, Cather JC.Cannabidiol primer for healthcare professionals.Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2020;33(3):376-379. doi:10.1080/08998280.2020.1775437
VanDolah HJ, Bauer BA, Mauck KF.Clinicians' guide to cannabidiol and hemp oils.Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94(9):1840-1851. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.01.003
Bergamaschi MM, Queiroz RH, Zuardi AW, Crippa JA.Safety and side effects of cannabidiol, a cannabis sativa constituent.Curr Drug Saf. 2011;6(4):237-249. doi:10.2174/157488611798280924
Sharpe L, Sinclair J, Kramer A, de Manincor M, Sarris J.Cannabis, a cause for anxiety? A critical appraisal of the anxiogenic and anxiolytic properties.J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):374. Published 2020 Oct 2. doi:10.1186/s12967-020-02518-2
Food and Drug Administration.Guidance for industry, Q7A good manufacturing practice guidance for active pharmaceutical ingredients.
Macchi Silva VV, Ribeiro JLD.Obtaining laboratory accreditation – required activities.International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance. 2019;32(1):71-83. doi:10.1108/ijhcqa-10-2017-0191
Spindle TR, Cone EJ, Kuntz D, et al.Urinary pharmacokinetic profile of cannabinoids following administration of vaporized and oral cannabidiol and vaporized CBD-dominant cannabis.Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2019;44(2):109-125. doi:10.1093/jat/bkz080
Office of the Commissioner.FDA regulation of cannabis and cannabis-derived products, including cannabidiol (CBD).FDA. Published online January 22, 2021
Franco V, Perucca E.Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of cannabidiol for epilepsy.Drugs. 2019;79(13):1435-1454. doi:10.1007/s40265-019-01171-4
Meet Our Medical Expert Board
Share Feedback
Was this page helpful?Thanks for your feedback!What is your feedback?OtherHelpfulReport an ErrorSubmit
Was this page helpful?
Thanks for your feedback!
What is your feedback?OtherHelpfulReport an ErrorSubmit
What is your feedback?
By clicking “Accept All Cookies”, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts.Cookies SettingsAccept All Cookies
By clicking “Accept All Cookies”, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts.
Cookies SettingsAccept All Cookies
