Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat Is ChitosanUsesSide EffectsDosageInteractionsSources & Where to LookFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What Is Chitosan
Uses
Side Effects
Dosage
Interactions
Sources & Where to Look
Frequently Asked Questions
Chitosanis apolysaccharide(large carbohydrate molecule) that’s believed to have health benefits, including supporting weight loss and lowering blood sugar and blood pressure.Supplements may be marketed for these health claims, but more research is needed to verify their effectiveness.
Chitosan comes from the shells of sea creatures like lobsters, shrimp, and crabs. It’s also found in insect shells and the cell walls of some mushrooms. If you have a shellfish allergy, you should avoid supplements that use chitosan obtained from shellfish.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
Getty Images /dheeraj11
What Is Chitosan, and How Does It Work?
After cellulose, chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in the world.Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates that may includedietary fiber.
Chitin provides structure to the exoskeletons of crustaceans (e.g., lobster, shrimp, crab), certain insects, and fungi cell walls. Chitosan results from a chemical reaction in which chitin is broken down.
Aside from dietary supplements, chitosan is also used in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic, and food industries. Various aspects of chitosan, such as its solubility and viscosity, make it of special interest to these industries.
When consumed, chitosan reacts with the acidic environment in your stomach to form a gel. This gel is thought to bond with fatty compounds and block them from absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Ultimately, the mixture of chitosan and fat is excreted through feces.
This process may benefit those with certain health conditions, which will be explored next.
Potential Uses of Chitosan Supplements
Through scientific research, chitosan has been found to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other properties. These biological properties may be useful for a variety of health conditions.
Studies continue to emerge as researchers learn more about the polysaccharide and its potential applications. Some of the possible uses of chitosan are outlined below.
May Decrease High Blood Sugar
Chitosan has been proposed as a complementary treatment for high blood sugar, a common symptom of bothmetabolic syndrome(a group of conditions that together can lead to heart disease, diabetes, and stroke) andtype 2 diabetes.
A meta-analysis of 10 clinical trials found somewhat conflicting results regarding the effectiveness of chitosan in loweringblood sugar. While chitosan appeared to decrease fasting blood sugar and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), a blood test to check the average blood sugar levels over three months, it did not have a significant effect oninsulinlevels.
Researchers pointed out that the best results were seen when chitosan was used at a dose of 1.6 to 3 grams (g) per day and for at least 13 weeks.
One study found that chitosan may also play a role in diabetes prevention. In the study, participants withprediabetes(when blood glucose levels are high but not high enough to be considered diabetes)were randomized to take either a placebo (a substance of no benefit) or chitosan supplement for 12 weeks. Compared to the placebo, chitosan improved inflammation, HbA1c, and blood sugar levels.
Overall, human trials on chitosan for blood sugar control are lacking in study size and design. Additional research is needed in this area.
May Decrease High Blood Pressure
A limited number of clinical trials have shown a relationship between chitosan andblood pressure. More specifically, chitosan has been found to reduce high blood pressure in some small-scale human studies. However, some research results have been mixed.
A review of eight studies concluded that chitosan may lower blood pressure but not significantly. The best results came when chitosan was used in high doses but for shorter periods.Diastolic blood pressure(but not systolic blood pressure) decreased significantly when chitosan was taken for less than 12 weeks at doses greater than or equal to 2.4 g per day.
Although these results may appear convincing, they are not definitive proof that chitosan supplementation lowers blood pressure. More research is necessary to further explore the relationship between chitosan and blood pressure.
May Help With Weight Loss
Probably the most popular health claim of chitosan is that it may help with weight loss. While there is some evidence to support this claim, it’s important to remember that using dietary supplements as a sole measure for weight loss is not recommended.
Chitosan derived from fungi was used in one clinical trial involving 96 adult participants who were classified as overweight or havingobesity. Participants were given capsules that contained either a placebo or 500 mg of chitosan and were asked to take them five times per day for 90 days.
Compared to the placebo, results showed that chitosan significantly reduced body weight,body mass index (BMI), andanthropometric measurements(blood, muscle, and fat measurements) in the study participants.
In a different study, chitosan was compared to a placebo in 61 kids classified as overweight or having obesity. After 12 weeks, chitosan use resulted in decreased body weight, waist circumference, BMI, total lipids, and fasting blood sugar in the young participants. These results are thought to be due to chitosan’s ability to remove fat from the digestive tract for excretion.
Despite these results, larger human trials should be conducted before chitosan can be safely recommended for weight loss.
May Promote Wound Healing
Due to its antimicrobial and structural properties, there is interest in using topical chitosan forwoundhealing.
Research shows that chitosan aids in the wound healing process. Chitosan has been found to have antibacterial effects, which are vital to wound healing. It has also been found to increase the rate of skin proliferation (the making of new skin).
Recently, researchers have looked at chitosan hydrogels, which contain water and can be used similarly to bandages. Chitosan hydrogels may decrease the risk of infection that can affect some wounds.
A recent trial tested a chitosan wound dressing on people withsecond-degree burns. The chitosan dressing decreased both pain and the time it took for the wounds to heal. Chitosan was also found to reduce incidents of wound infection.
In another small study, chitosan dressings were used on diabetic wounds and compared to another wound dressing made from nanosilver particles. The effectiveness of the chitosan dressing was found to be similar compared to the nanosilver dressing. Both dressings led to gradual healing in the diabetic wounds and also preventedinfections.
Safety Risks & Side Effects
Supplements typically come with a risk of side effects, and chitosan is no exception.
At this time, very few side effects have been reported for chitosan. The most common side effects associated with chitosan affect the digestive system. These may includenauseaand/orconstipation. However, these were only reported in a small percentage of people.
It’s unknown how long chitosan can safely be used. In various studies, chitosan has been safely used for up to 12 to 13 weeks.
Aside from possible side effects, chitosan may not be right for everyone.
Because one of the main sources of chitosan is crustaceans, people with ashellfish allergyshould avoid using it. Anyone with a mushroom allergy should also avoid chitosan sourced from fungi.
It’s recommended that people who arepregnantorbreastfeedingavoid using chitosan. This is due to the lack of safety information regarding chitosan use in these populations.
More information is needed to determine the full safety profile of chitosan supplements.
Dosage: How Much Chitosan Should I Take?
Currently, there are no dosage guidelines for chitosan supplements.
In clinical trials, chitosan dosing ranged from 0.3 g per day to 3.4 g per day in adults. Chitosan was also commonly used for 12 to 13 weeks in the trials.
It’s recommended that you follow dosage directions as indicated on the supplement label. You can also obtain dosage recommendations from a healthcare provider.
Chitosan may negatively interact with certain medications, supplements, or nutrients. These interactions may block the absorption or proper use of chitosan or the medications, supplements, or nutrients it is taken with.
There is concern that chitosan interacts with medications and supplements that may have similar uses. These medications and supplements include:
Chitosan may also reduce the absorption offat-soluble vitamins. However, this was only seen in animal studies.This may occur when chitosan binds to fatty substances in the digestive tract before being absorbed into the bloodstream.
It should be noted that there isn’t solid evidence or clear documentation of these or other interactions for chitosan. However, it’s best to be cautious and talk with a healthcare provider before using chitosan to discuss potential interactions, especially if you use any medications or supplements.
It is also important to carefully read the ingredients list and nutrition facts panel of a supplement to know which ingredients and how much of each ingredient is included. Please review supplement labels with a healthcare provider to discuss any potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications.
Sources of Chitosan & Where to Look
Various foods and supplements contain chitosan. Compared to chitosan-containing foods, supplements may be easier to access and appear to be a more popular method for consuming the polysaccharide.
Food Sources of Chitosan
The main food sources of chitosan include crustaceans and certain types of mushrooms. Chitosan may also come from the exoskeleton of insects.
In crustaceans and mushrooms, chitosan is found in its original form of chitin (recall that chitosan is a derivative of chitin). Specifically, chitin is a part of the exoskeleton of crustaceans and the cell walls of some mushrooms and other fungi.
The only way to consume chitin that comes from crustaceans is through dietary supplements. This is because the exoskeletons of shrimp, crabs, lobsters, and other crustaceans are not commonly eaten.
Chitin has been found in both edible and nonediblemushrooms. However, an enzymatic reaction has to occur for chitin to be converted to chitosan. Chitosan is considered to be more easily digested than chitin.
Supplements tend to be a better option for getting chitosan.
Supplement Sources of Chitosan
Due to their popularity, chitosan supplements are not difficult to find. There are a number of websites that sell chitosan supplements. You can also find chitosan supplements in certain retail stores, grocery stores, or specialty nutrition shops.
Chitosan supplements come in many forms, including capsules, powders, and tablets. There are also topical chitosan options, like gels.
Some chitosan supplements may be mixed with other nutrients, herbs, or ingredients. Be sure to read the full list of ingredients to understand the product you purchase.
Many chitosan supplements are sourced from crustaceans. If you areveganor vegetarian, look for chitosan that has been sourced from mushrooms instead.
Of course, you shouldn’t use chitosan products if you’re allergic to any of the ingredients. For example, if you have a shellfish allergy, then you should avoid using chitosan supplements that come from crustaceans.
Several chitosan supplements on the market can fit other diets, like agluten-free dietor an organic diet. This information should be listed on the label or packaging of the supplement.
Summary
Chitosan is a derivative of chitin, a polysaccharide present in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, certain insects, and the cell walls of fungi.
Chitosan contains nutrients and bioactive compounds that may be useful for high blood sugar, high blood pressure, wounds, and other conditions. In general, more research is needed on chitosan to prove its benefits.
Side effects are possible when taking chitosan, so talk with a healthcare provider to make sure it’s the right supplement choice for you.
Frequently Asked QuestionsSome people should avoid using chitosan.Some chitosan products containcommon allergens, like shellfish. Other chitosan products are made from mushrooms. Avoid using chitosan if you’re allergic to shellfish, mushrooms, or any other substance in the ingredients list.You should talk with a healthcare provider about using chitosan if you’re pregnant or breastfeeding. There isn’t much research on the use of chitosan in these populations, so it may be best to avoid it.To get chitosan naturally, you’d need to eat foods that contain chitin. Chitin-containing foods include mushrooms and crustaceans. However, chitin is only available in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, a part of the animal that isn’t typically eaten.Chitosan is most commonly found in supplements. This is because a chemical reaction is needed to transform chitin from foods into chitosan.When using chitosan supplements, you can take them daily. However, little is known about the safety of using chitosan for more than 12 weeks.Therefore, it might not be safe to take chitosan for more than 12 weeks.Talk with a healthcare provider about the proper way to use chitosan supplements.
Some people should avoid using chitosan.Some chitosan products containcommon allergens, like shellfish. Other chitosan products are made from mushrooms. Avoid using chitosan if you’re allergic to shellfish, mushrooms, or any other substance in the ingredients list.You should talk with a healthcare provider about using chitosan if you’re pregnant or breastfeeding. There isn’t much research on the use of chitosan in these populations, so it may be best to avoid it.
Some people should avoid using chitosan.
Some chitosan products containcommon allergens, like shellfish. Other chitosan products are made from mushrooms. Avoid using chitosan if you’re allergic to shellfish, mushrooms, or any other substance in the ingredients list.
You should talk with a healthcare provider about using chitosan if you’re pregnant or breastfeeding. There isn’t much research on the use of chitosan in these populations, so it may be best to avoid it.
To get chitosan naturally, you’d need to eat foods that contain chitin. Chitin-containing foods include mushrooms and crustaceans. However, chitin is only available in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, a part of the animal that isn’t typically eaten.Chitosan is most commonly found in supplements. This is because a chemical reaction is needed to transform chitin from foods into chitosan.
To get chitosan naturally, you’d need to eat foods that contain chitin. Chitin-containing foods include mushrooms and crustaceans. However, chitin is only available in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, a part of the animal that isn’t typically eaten.
Chitosan is most commonly found in supplements. This is because a chemical reaction is needed to transform chitin from foods into chitosan.
When using chitosan supplements, you can take them daily. However, little is known about the safety of using chitosan for more than 12 weeks.Therefore, it might not be safe to take chitosan for more than 12 weeks.Talk with a healthcare provider about the proper way to use chitosan supplements.
When using chitosan supplements, you can take them daily. However, little is known about the safety of using chitosan for more than 12 weeks.Therefore, it might not be safe to take chitosan for more than 12 weeks.
Talk with a healthcare provider about the proper way to use chitosan supplements.
20 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Tzeng HP, Liu SH, Chiang MT.Antidiabetic properties of chitosan and its derivatives.Mar Drugs. 2022;20(12):784. doi:10.3390/md20120784Moraru C, Mincea MM, Frandes M, Timar B, Ostafe V.A meta-analysis on randomised controlled clinical trials evaluating the effect of the dietary supplement chitosan on weight loss, lipid parameters and blood pressure.Medicina (Kaunas). 2018;54(6):109. doi:10.3390/medicina54060109de Queiroz Antonino RSCM, Lia Fook BRP, de Oliveira Lima VA, et al.Preparation and characterization of chitosan obtained from shells of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannameiBoone).Mar Drugs. 2017;15(5):141. doi:10.3390/md15050141Cheung RC, Ng TB, Wong JH, Chan WY.Chitosan: an update on potential biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.Mar Drugs. 2015;13(8):5156-5186. doi:10.3390/md13085156Aranaz I, Alcántara AR, Civera MC, et al.Chitosan: an overview of its properties and applications.Polymers (Basel). 2021;13(19):3256. doi:10.3390/polym13193256Ahn SI, Cho S, Choi NJ.Effectiveness of chitosan as a dietary supplement in lowering cholesterol in murine models: a meta-analysis.Mar Drugs. 2021;19(1):26. doi:10.3390/md19010026Guo W, Yi L, Zhou B, Li M.Chitosan modifies glycemic levels in people with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.Nutr J. 2020;19(1):130. doi:10.1186/s12937-020-00647-4Kim HJ, Ahn HY, Kwak JH, et al.The effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) supplementation on glucose control in subjects with prediabetes.Food Funct. 2014;5(10):2662-2669. doi:10.1039/c4fo00469hHuang H, Zou Y, Chi H.Quantitative assessment of the effects of chitosan intervention on blood pressure control.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;12:67-75. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S148064Trivedi V, Satia M, Deschamps A, et al.Single-blind, placebo controlled randomised clinical study of chitosan for body weight reduction.Nutr J. 2016;15(1):3. doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0122-8Fatahi S, Sayyari AA, Salehi M, et al.The effects of chitosan supplementation on anthropometric indicators of obesity, lipid and glycemic profiles, and appetite-regulated hormones in adolescents with overweight or obesity: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial.BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):527. doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03590-xFeng P, Luo Y, Ke C, et al.Chitosan-based functional materials for skin wound repair: mechanisms and applications.Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:650598. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.650598Thirupathi K, Raorane CJ, Ramkumar V, et al.Update on chitosan-based hydrogels: preparation, characterization, and its antimicrobial and antibiofilm applications.Gels. 2022;9(1):35. doi:10.3390/gels9010035Hu J, Lin Y, Cui C, et al.Clinical efficacy of wet dressing combined with chitosan wound dressing in the treatment of deep second-degree burn wounds: a prospective, randomised, single-blind, positive control clinical trial.Int Wound J. 2023;20(3):699-705. doi:10.1111/iwj.13911Abdollahimajd F, Pourani MR, Mahdavi H, Mirzadeh H, Younespour S, Moravvej H.Efficacy and safety of chitosan-based bio-compatible dressing versus nanosilver (ActicoatTM ) dressing in treatment of recalcitrant diabetic wounds: a randomized clinical trial.Dermatol Ther. 2022;35(9):e15682. doi:10.1111/dth.15682Imran M, Sajwan M, Alsuwayt B, Asif M.Synthesis, characterization and anticoagulant activity of chitosan derivatives.Saudi Pharm J. 2020;28(1):25-32. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2019.11.003Jaber N, Al-Remawi M, Al-Akayleh F, Al-Muhtaseb N, Al-Adham ISI, Collier PJ.A review of the antiviral activity of Chitosan, including patented applications and its potential use against COVID-19.J Appl Microbiol. 2022;132(1):41-58. doi:10.1111/jam.15202National Toxicology Program.NTP Technical Report on the Toxicity Study of Chitosan (CASRN 9012-76-4) Administered in Feed to Sprague Dawley [Crl:CD(SD)] Rats: Toxicity Report 93 [Internet]. Research Triangle Park (NC): National Toxicology Program; 2017. Discussion.Alimi BA, Pathania S, Wilson J, Duffy B, Frias JMC.Extraction, quantification, characterization, and application in food packaging of chitin and chitosan from mushrooms: a review.Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;237:124195. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124195Pellis A, Guebitz GM, Nyanhongo GS.Chitosan: sources, processing and modification techniques.Gels. 2022;8(7):393. doi:10.3390/gels8070393
20 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Tzeng HP, Liu SH, Chiang MT.Antidiabetic properties of chitosan and its derivatives.Mar Drugs. 2022;20(12):784. doi:10.3390/md20120784Moraru C, Mincea MM, Frandes M, Timar B, Ostafe V.A meta-analysis on randomised controlled clinical trials evaluating the effect of the dietary supplement chitosan on weight loss, lipid parameters and blood pressure.Medicina (Kaunas). 2018;54(6):109. doi:10.3390/medicina54060109de Queiroz Antonino RSCM, Lia Fook BRP, de Oliveira Lima VA, et al.Preparation and characterization of chitosan obtained from shells of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannameiBoone).Mar Drugs. 2017;15(5):141. doi:10.3390/md15050141Cheung RC, Ng TB, Wong JH, Chan WY.Chitosan: an update on potential biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.Mar Drugs. 2015;13(8):5156-5186. doi:10.3390/md13085156Aranaz I, Alcántara AR, Civera MC, et al.Chitosan: an overview of its properties and applications.Polymers (Basel). 2021;13(19):3256. doi:10.3390/polym13193256Ahn SI, Cho S, Choi NJ.Effectiveness of chitosan as a dietary supplement in lowering cholesterol in murine models: a meta-analysis.Mar Drugs. 2021;19(1):26. doi:10.3390/md19010026Guo W, Yi L, Zhou B, Li M.Chitosan modifies glycemic levels in people with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.Nutr J. 2020;19(1):130. doi:10.1186/s12937-020-00647-4Kim HJ, Ahn HY, Kwak JH, et al.The effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) supplementation on glucose control in subjects with prediabetes.Food Funct. 2014;5(10):2662-2669. doi:10.1039/c4fo00469hHuang H, Zou Y, Chi H.Quantitative assessment of the effects of chitosan intervention on blood pressure control.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;12:67-75. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S148064Trivedi V, Satia M, Deschamps A, et al.Single-blind, placebo controlled randomised clinical study of chitosan for body weight reduction.Nutr J. 2016;15(1):3. doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0122-8Fatahi S, Sayyari AA, Salehi M, et al.The effects of chitosan supplementation on anthropometric indicators of obesity, lipid and glycemic profiles, and appetite-regulated hormones in adolescents with overweight or obesity: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial.BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):527. doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03590-xFeng P, Luo Y, Ke C, et al.Chitosan-based functional materials for skin wound repair: mechanisms and applications.Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:650598. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.650598Thirupathi K, Raorane CJ, Ramkumar V, et al.Update on chitosan-based hydrogels: preparation, characterization, and its antimicrobial and antibiofilm applications.Gels. 2022;9(1):35. doi:10.3390/gels9010035Hu J, Lin Y, Cui C, et al.Clinical efficacy of wet dressing combined with chitosan wound dressing in the treatment of deep second-degree burn wounds: a prospective, randomised, single-blind, positive control clinical trial.Int Wound J. 2023;20(3):699-705. doi:10.1111/iwj.13911Abdollahimajd F, Pourani MR, Mahdavi H, Mirzadeh H, Younespour S, Moravvej H.Efficacy and safety of chitosan-based bio-compatible dressing versus nanosilver (ActicoatTM ) dressing in treatment of recalcitrant diabetic wounds: a randomized clinical trial.Dermatol Ther. 2022;35(9):e15682. doi:10.1111/dth.15682Imran M, Sajwan M, Alsuwayt B, Asif M.Synthesis, characterization and anticoagulant activity of chitosan derivatives.Saudi Pharm J. 2020;28(1):25-32. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2019.11.003Jaber N, Al-Remawi M, Al-Akayleh F, Al-Muhtaseb N, Al-Adham ISI, Collier PJ.A review of the antiviral activity of Chitosan, including patented applications and its potential use against COVID-19.J Appl Microbiol. 2022;132(1):41-58. doi:10.1111/jam.15202National Toxicology Program.NTP Technical Report on the Toxicity Study of Chitosan (CASRN 9012-76-4) Administered in Feed to Sprague Dawley [Crl:CD(SD)] Rats: Toxicity Report 93 [Internet]. Research Triangle Park (NC): National Toxicology Program; 2017. Discussion.Alimi BA, Pathania S, Wilson J, Duffy B, Frias JMC.Extraction, quantification, characterization, and application in food packaging of chitin and chitosan from mushrooms: a review.Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;237:124195. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124195Pellis A, Guebitz GM, Nyanhongo GS.Chitosan: sources, processing and modification techniques.Gels. 2022;8(7):393. doi:10.3390/gels8070393
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Tzeng HP, Liu SH, Chiang MT.Antidiabetic properties of chitosan and its derivatives.Mar Drugs. 2022;20(12):784. doi:10.3390/md20120784Moraru C, Mincea MM, Frandes M, Timar B, Ostafe V.A meta-analysis on randomised controlled clinical trials evaluating the effect of the dietary supplement chitosan on weight loss, lipid parameters and blood pressure.Medicina (Kaunas). 2018;54(6):109. doi:10.3390/medicina54060109de Queiroz Antonino RSCM, Lia Fook BRP, de Oliveira Lima VA, et al.Preparation and characterization of chitosan obtained from shells of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannameiBoone).Mar Drugs. 2017;15(5):141. doi:10.3390/md15050141Cheung RC, Ng TB, Wong JH, Chan WY.Chitosan: an update on potential biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.Mar Drugs. 2015;13(8):5156-5186. doi:10.3390/md13085156Aranaz I, Alcántara AR, Civera MC, et al.Chitosan: an overview of its properties and applications.Polymers (Basel). 2021;13(19):3256. doi:10.3390/polym13193256Ahn SI, Cho S, Choi NJ.Effectiveness of chitosan as a dietary supplement in lowering cholesterol in murine models: a meta-analysis.Mar Drugs. 2021;19(1):26. doi:10.3390/md19010026Guo W, Yi L, Zhou B, Li M.Chitosan modifies glycemic levels in people with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.Nutr J. 2020;19(1):130. doi:10.1186/s12937-020-00647-4Kim HJ, Ahn HY, Kwak JH, et al.The effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) supplementation on glucose control in subjects with prediabetes.Food Funct. 2014;5(10):2662-2669. doi:10.1039/c4fo00469hHuang H, Zou Y, Chi H.Quantitative assessment of the effects of chitosan intervention on blood pressure control.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;12:67-75. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S148064Trivedi V, Satia M, Deschamps A, et al.Single-blind, placebo controlled randomised clinical study of chitosan for body weight reduction.Nutr J. 2016;15(1):3. doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0122-8Fatahi S, Sayyari AA, Salehi M, et al.The effects of chitosan supplementation on anthropometric indicators of obesity, lipid and glycemic profiles, and appetite-regulated hormones in adolescents with overweight or obesity: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial.BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):527. doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03590-xFeng P, Luo Y, Ke C, et al.Chitosan-based functional materials for skin wound repair: mechanisms and applications.Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:650598. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.650598Thirupathi K, Raorane CJ, Ramkumar V, et al.Update on chitosan-based hydrogels: preparation, characterization, and its antimicrobial and antibiofilm applications.Gels. 2022;9(1):35. doi:10.3390/gels9010035Hu J, Lin Y, Cui C, et al.Clinical efficacy of wet dressing combined with chitosan wound dressing in the treatment of deep second-degree burn wounds: a prospective, randomised, single-blind, positive control clinical trial.Int Wound J. 2023;20(3):699-705. doi:10.1111/iwj.13911Abdollahimajd F, Pourani MR, Mahdavi H, Mirzadeh H, Younespour S, Moravvej H.Efficacy and safety of chitosan-based bio-compatible dressing versus nanosilver (ActicoatTM ) dressing in treatment of recalcitrant diabetic wounds: a randomized clinical trial.Dermatol Ther. 2022;35(9):e15682. doi:10.1111/dth.15682Imran M, Sajwan M, Alsuwayt B, Asif M.Synthesis, characterization and anticoagulant activity of chitosan derivatives.Saudi Pharm J. 2020;28(1):25-32. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2019.11.003Jaber N, Al-Remawi M, Al-Akayleh F, Al-Muhtaseb N, Al-Adham ISI, Collier PJ.A review of the antiviral activity of Chitosan, including patented applications and its potential use against COVID-19.J Appl Microbiol. 2022;132(1):41-58. doi:10.1111/jam.15202National Toxicology Program.NTP Technical Report on the Toxicity Study of Chitosan (CASRN 9012-76-4) Administered in Feed to Sprague Dawley [Crl:CD(SD)] Rats: Toxicity Report 93 [Internet]. Research Triangle Park (NC): National Toxicology Program; 2017. Discussion.Alimi BA, Pathania S, Wilson J, Duffy B, Frias JMC.Extraction, quantification, characterization, and application in food packaging of chitin and chitosan from mushrooms: a review.Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;237:124195. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124195Pellis A, Guebitz GM, Nyanhongo GS.Chitosan: sources, processing and modification techniques.Gels. 2022;8(7):393. doi:10.3390/gels8070393
Tzeng HP, Liu SH, Chiang MT.Antidiabetic properties of chitosan and its derivatives.Mar Drugs. 2022;20(12):784. doi:10.3390/md20120784
Moraru C, Mincea MM, Frandes M, Timar B, Ostafe V.A meta-analysis on randomised controlled clinical trials evaluating the effect of the dietary supplement chitosan on weight loss, lipid parameters and blood pressure.Medicina (Kaunas). 2018;54(6):109. doi:10.3390/medicina54060109
de Queiroz Antonino RSCM, Lia Fook BRP, de Oliveira Lima VA, et al.Preparation and characterization of chitosan obtained from shells of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannameiBoone).Mar Drugs. 2017;15(5):141. doi:10.3390/md15050141
Cheung RC, Ng TB, Wong JH, Chan WY.Chitosan: an update on potential biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.Mar Drugs. 2015;13(8):5156-5186. doi:10.3390/md13085156
Aranaz I, Alcántara AR, Civera MC, et al.Chitosan: an overview of its properties and applications.Polymers (Basel). 2021;13(19):3256. doi:10.3390/polym13193256
Ahn SI, Cho S, Choi NJ.Effectiveness of chitosan as a dietary supplement in lowering cholesterol in murine models: a meta-analysis.Mar Drugs. 2021;19(1):26. doi:10.3390/md19010026
Guo W, Yi L, Zhou B, Li M.Chitosan modifies glycemic levels in people with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.Nutr J. 2020;19(1):130. doi:10.1186/s12937-020-00647-4
Kim HJ, Ahn HY, Kwak JH, et al.The effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) supplementation on glucose control in subjects with prediabetes.Food Funct. 2014;5(10):2662-2669. doi:10.1039/c4fo00469h
Huang H, Zou Y, Chi H.Quantitative assessment of the effects of chitosan intervention on blood pressure control.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;12:67-75. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S148064
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