Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat Is Chlorella?Health BenefitsSide EffectsShould I Take Chlorella?InteractionsHow to TakeSimilar Supplements
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What Is Chlorella?
Health Benefits
Side Effects
Should I Take Chlorella?
Interactions
How to Take
Similar Supplements
Chlorella(Chlorella pyrenoidosaorChlorella vulgaris) is a bright green algae dense in nutrients. It is considered a “superfood” because it contains protein,iron, dietary fiber,B vitamins, andcomplex carbohydrates.
It’s easy to grow, with uses that have been studied for treating high cholesterol, managing blood sugar, improving pregnancy-related anemia, and more. Additional research is needed, however, to confirm evidence of these and other health benefits.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
Verywell / Getty Images
Chlorella is a nutrient-dense, mainly freshwater algae. Scientists have discovered 20 chlorella species and over 100 strains.However, the two most commonly studied types of chlorella includeChlorella pyrenoidosaandChlorella vulgaris.
Chlorella can be easily cultivated over large areas and has a high growth rate, making it both a sustainable ingredient and an efficient high-protein food substitute.Many countries produce chlorella, which can be found in foods like candies, gums, pasta, noodles, breakfast cereals, and beverages.
It is also available as a supplement in tablet, capsule, powder, and extract forms.
Chlorella has been studied for its potential to lower cholesterol levels and help reduce anemia risk during pregnancy, among other possible benefits.Some claim it can treat a range of health conditions. However, there is not enough evidence to support most of these claims.
Health Benefits of Chlorella
Below are a few possible health benefits of chlorella.
Nutrient-Dense
It’s called a “superfood” because it contains protein with vitamin D2 and all essential amino acids,iron, dietary fiber,B vitamins,complex carbohydrates, and more.
In addition, chlorella contains antioxidant carotenoids like lutein, beta-carotene, and zeaxanthin. It also has high levels of other antioxidants likevitamin Candomega-3 fatty acids, which combatfree radicals.
A 2-teaspoon (5-gram) serving of chlorella contains the following:
Lowers High Cholesterol
High cholesterol is a risk factor for heart disease. Diet modifications are recommended for reducing cholesterol levels when they’re high.Medicationsare also often prescribed to treat high cholesterol levels. However, there is much interest in alternative ways to reduce cholesterol. Chlorella has improved lipid levels in several studies.
A 2014 study found that 416 mg of chlorella daily loweredtotal cholesterol,triglycerides, andLDL (“bad”) cholesteroland increasedHDL (“good”) cholesterol.A 2022 meta-analysis noted similar benefits for reducing total and LDL cholesterol at 1,500 mg daily but not at higher doses.
In 2018, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that 4 g of chlorella taken daily significantly reduced cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar.
It’s been suggested that the vitamin B12, niacin, and folate levels in chlorella may further bolster heart health.
More research is needed before recommending chlorella for high cholesterol. Speak with your healthcare provider before starting any supplement.
Herbs and Supplements That Lower Cholesterol
Chlorella may be useful in lowering cholesterol levels, but further research is necessary to determine efficacy and the appropriate dose.Chlorella is also a good source of iron for those at risk of iron deficiency anemia.
Chlorella may be useful in lowering cholesterol levels, but further research is necessary to determine efficacy and the appropriate dose.
Chlorella is also a good source of iron for those at risk of iron deficiency anemia.
Reduces Anemia Risk During Pregnancy
During pregnancy, iron requirements increase.Anemiacan develop if an iron deficiency occurs. Chlorella happens to be a great source of iron.
In a 2010 study, Japanese researchers gave 70 pregnant women either 6 grams (6,000 milligrams) of chlorella or a placebo (no treatment) daily from 12 to 18 weeks of pregnancy until delivery. Those taking chlorella had higherhemoglobinlevels in the second and third trimesters compared to the placebo group.
Chlorella also lowered rates ofedema(tissue swelling),proteinuria(protein in urine), and gestational hypertension (high blood pressure during pregnancy).
While promising, further research is needed. It’s also advisable to avoid supplements during pregnancy unless you’ve cleared it with your healthcare provider.
May Lower Blood Sugar
Chlorella has lowered blood sugar levels in several clinical trials. This may impact people withdiabetesor those looking to moderate their glucose levels.
For example, a 2015 randomized trial concluded that chlorella supplementation may be useful in preventing or lessening the course of type 2 diabetes development inborderline diabetics.
A 2021 study using 1,500mg of chlorella daily lowered blood sugar and cholesterol levels in people with diabetes.
Further study is needed. Be mindful of using chlorella and blood-sugar-lowering medications together.
May Reduce Blood Pressure
Chlorella has lowered blood pressure levels in clinical studies. This may benefit people withhypertension.
A systematic review published in 2018 suggested that four grams or higher daily of chlorella for eight weeks or more significantly reduced the participants' systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
While promising, further research is warranted.
May Enhance Physical Exercise
Scientists have studied the impact of chlorella on physical exercise, specifically for performance and recovery.
A 2023 review suggested chlorella improved the following:
The review concluded that these effects might be due, in part, to chlorella’s protein, fiber, fatty acid, and antioxidant content.
More studies are needed to confirm these promising results.
May Bolster Eye Health
Chlorella contains noteworthy carotenoids to bolster your eye health.
A single 6-gram dose ofC. vulgarisin healthy males increasedlutein,zeaxanthin, andbeta-carotenelevels in the body.
If you have age-relatedmacular degeneration (AMD)in one or both eyes, science suggests thatspecial dietary supplements called AREDS 2help slow vision loss.
AREDS 2 typically contains the following nutrients:
Chlorella may be promising for supporting eye health, with a nutrient profile that includes carotenoids used in supplements engineered for eye health. However, further research is needed.
Benefits Liver Health
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, is a condition that abnormally deposits fat in the liver. It affects an estimated 32% of the global adult population.
A clinical trial of 70 people with MASLD used 1.2 g/dayC. vulgarisor a placebo for eight weeks. The chlorella treatment lowered liver enzymes and increased serum insulin levels compared to the placebo group.
Chlorella supplementation may benefit blood sugar, inflammation, and liver function in people with MASLD.
May Help Symptoms of Fibromyalgia
Some preliminary (early) evidence indicates that chlorella supplementation can help to reduce pain symptoms associated withfibromyalgia.
In one study, a combination of chlorella tablets and liquid extract helped reduce pain symptoms compared to a placebo.
More research would help determine the best form of supplement and appropriate doses. If you are considering using chlorella, be sure to talk with your healthcare provider.
Reduces Toxins
Researchers have investigated chlorella’s ability to decrease toxins in the body. In a preliminary animal study, chlorella supplementation increased the ability to eliminate dioxin, a potent carcinogen.
In humans, chlorella supplementation (100 mg daily) for two weeks decreased the excretion of carcinogenic (cancer-causing) heterocyclic amines. This research suggests chlorella may help inactivate cancer-causing molecules.
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a metal compound toxic to the brain, nervous system, and kidneys. Results of a 2018 clinical trial suggest that supplementation with chlorella for 3 months in healthy people might reduce their whole-body levels of MeHg.
While these effects are promising, more research is needed.
Has Antioxidant Effects
Chlorella is packed with antioxidant carotenoids like lutein, beta-carotene, and zeaxanthin.It contains high levels of other antioxidants likevitamin Candomega-3 fatty acids, which combatfree radicals.
Research centered on older adults using 8 g of chlorella daily for two months showed increases in carotenoid and antioxidant status. The treatment also lowered phospholipid hydroperoxide (PLOOH) concentrations, which build up abnormally in the red blood cells of people withdementia.
It’s plausible that chlorella has antioxidant effects.
Does chlorella help to alkalinize the body?Though marketing uses this term to promote products, no food or beverage can significantly change your blood’spH level(pH refers to whether a substance is acidic, alkaline, or neutral).The idea that many foods we eat in our diet are acidic and can lead to disease is theoretical and not based on evidence. Our lungs and kidneys are involved in tightly regulating blood pH no matter what we eat.An abnormal pH level in your blood is not desirable and can lead to further health concerns.
Does chlorella help to alkalinize the body?
Though marketing uses this term to promote products, no food or beverage can significantly change your blood’spH level(pH refers to whether a substance is acidic, alkaline, or neutral).The idea that many foods we eat in our diet are acidic and can lead to disease is theoretical and not based on evidence. Our lungs and kidneys are involved in tightly regulating blood pH no matter what we eat.An abnormal pH level in your blood is not desirable and can lead to further health concerns.
Though marketing uses this term to promote products, no food or beverage can significantly change your blood’spH level(pH refers to whether a substance is acidic, alkaline, or neutral).
The idea that many foods we eat in our diet are acidic and can lead to disease is theoretical and not based on evidence. Our lungs and kidneys are involved in tightly regulating blood pH no matter what we eat.
An abnormal pH level in your blood is not desirable and can lead to further health concerns.
Side Effects of Chlorella
Chlorella is generally considered safe and well tolerated. That said, chlorella can cause side effects, especially during the first few weeks of treatment. These include:
Additionally, some have reported allergic reactions, including asthma and anaphylaxis.
Most of these side effects tend to resolve as your body adapts to treatment.
Chlorella may increase the risk of sun rash and sunburn.To help lower this risk, wear plenty of sunscreen and limit sun exposure.
Chlorella may be safe for most people. However, here are a few things to consider before trying it:
Chlorella may interact with some medications, such as the following:
Reach out to your healthcare provider before adding chlorella to your diet.
How to Take Chlorella
There are no guidelines for the appropriate use or amounts of chlorella to take.
Common daily intake orally ranges from 3 g to 10 g.
Never exceed the dose the manufacturer recommends. It’s best to start with a small amount and increase the dose gradually. Doing so may help you avoid gastrointestinal and other side effects.
Tablets are the easiest form of chlorella to take because the dose remains controlled and consistent. If taking it as a powder or liquid, stick to the exact measurements recommended.
Chlorella powder can be mixed with water, juice, yogurt, and smoothies, but be aware that it has a slightly seaweedy smell and flavor. Some find that adding it to vinaigrette dressings, miso soups, stir-fries, orwheatgrasscan conceal its smell and taste. Cooking chlorella does not diminish its nutritional value.
Spirulina and kelp are two other popular algae-based supplements.
Spirulinais a blue-green algae that contains nutrients, including fat-soluble vitamins, beta carotene, and minerals.
Kelp is a type of brownseaweedthat typically grows in underwater forests. It provides nutrition for sea life but is also a food staple for humans. As a supplement, it often serves as a source of iodine.
The Health Benefits of Spirulina Algae
Summary
Chlorella is an algae-based supplement rich in vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants. It is frequently promoted as a good source of these nutrients for people who don’t consume adequate fruits and vegetables in their diet. While some research has been promising, there is not enough evidence to support many of chlorella’s purported health benefits.
Chlorella may interact with certain medications, and there are other precautions you should be aware of before using it. It’s always best to speak with your healthcare provider before adding any supplement to your diet, particularly if you are taking any medication or have a chronic condition.
26 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Bito T, Okumura E, Fujishima M, Watanabe F.Potential ofChlorellaas a dietary supplement to promote human health.Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2524. doi:10.3390/nu12092524Mosibo OK, Ferrentino G, Udenigwe CC.Microalgae Proteins as Sustainable Ingredients in Novel Foods: Recent Developments and Challenges.Foods. 2024;13(5):733. Published 2024 Feb 28. doi:10.3390/foods13050733Gurney T, Brouner J, Spendiff O.The Efficacy of Chlorella Supplementation on Multiple Indices of Cycling Performance.J Diet Suppl. 2024;21(1):99-115. doi:10.1080/19390211.2023.2186557Ryu NH, Lim Y, Park JE, et al.Impact of dailyChlorellaconsumption on serum lipid and carotenoid profiles in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.Nutr J.2014 Jun 11;13:57. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-57Sherafati N, Bideshki MV, Behzadi M, et al.Effect of supplementation withChlorella vulgarison lipid profile in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2022;66:102822.Fallah AA, Sarmast E, Habibian Dehkordi S, et al.Effect of Chlorella supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition. 2018;37(6):1892-1901.Nakano S, Takekoshi H, Nakano M.Chlorella pyrenoidosa supplementation reduces the risk of anemia, proteinuria and edema in pregnant women.Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2010 Mar;65(1):25-30. doi:10.1007/s11130-009-0145-9Itakura H, Kobayashi M, Nakamura S.Chlorella ingestion suppresses resistin gene expression in peripheral blood cells of borderline diabetics.Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2015;10(3):e95-e101. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2015.04.002Hosseini AM, Keshavarz SA, Nasli-Esfahani E, et al.The effects of Chlorella supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile and anthropometric measures on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(6):3131-3141.van der Heijden I, West S, Monteyne AJ, et al.Algae Ingestion Increases Resting and Exercised Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates to a Similar Extent as Mycoprotein in Young Adults.J Nutr. 2023;153(12):3406-3417. doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.035Lorenzo K, Santocildes G, Torrella JR, et al.Bioactivity of Macronutrients fromChlorellain Physical Exercise.Nutrients. 2023;15(9):2168. Published 2023 Apr 30. doi:10.3390/nu15092168Serra AT, Silva SD, Pleno de Gouveia L, et al.A Single Dose of MarineChlorella vulgarisIncreases Plasma Concentrations of Lutein, β-Carotene and Zeaxanthin in Healthy Male Volunteers.Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(8):1164. Published 2021 Jul 22. doi:10.3390/antiox10081164National Eye Institute.AREDS 2 Supplements for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD).Teng ML, Ng CH, Huang DQ, et al.Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29(Suppl):S32-S42. doi:10.3350/cmh.2022.0365Ebrahimi-Mameghani M, Sadeghi Z, Abbasalizad Farhangi M, Vaghef-Mehrabany E, Aliashrafi S.Glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Beneficial effects of supplementation with microalgae Chlorella vulgaris: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.Clin Nutr. 2017;36(4):1001-1006. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.004Merchant RE, Andre CA, Wise CM.Nutritional supplementation withChlorella pyrenoidosafor fibromyalgia syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. 2001;9(4):37-54. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(200005)14:3<167::aid-ptr560>3.0.co;2-rMorita K, Matsueda T, Iida T, Hasegawa T.Chlorella accelerates dioxin excretion in rats.J Nutr. 1999;129(9):1731-1736. doi:10.1093/jn/129.9.1731Lee I, Tran M, Evans-Nguyen T, et al.Detoxification of chlorella supplement on heterocyclic amines in Korean young adults.Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015;39(1):441-446. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2014.11.015Maruyama I, Uchikawa T, Kanno T, Ando Y, Kitsuki H, Yasutake A.Chlorellasupplementation decreases methylmercury concentrations of hair and blood in healthy volunteers.Fundamental Toxicological Sciences. 2018;5(3):117-122. doi:https://doi.org/10.2131/fts.5.117Miyazawa T, Nakagawa K, Takekoshi H, et al.Ingestion of Chlorella reduced the oxidation of erythrocyte membrane lipids in senior Japanese subjects.J Oleo Sci. 2013;62(11):873-881. doi:10.5650/jos.62.873Chlorella. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2006–. 2021 Jun 21. PMID: 30000882.Desideri D, Cantaluppi C, Ceccotto F, Meli MA, Roselli C, Feduzi L.Essential and toxic elements in seaweeds for human consumption.J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2016;79(3):112-122. doi:10.1080/15287394.2015.1113598)Rzymski P, Jaśkiewicz M.Microalgal food supplements from the perspective of Polish consumers: patterns of use, adverse events, and beneficial effects.J Appl Phycol. 2017;29(4):1841-1850. doi: 10.1007/s10811-017-1079-5Siriwatanametanon N.Warfarin-chlorophyll products, herb-drug interactions.Pharm Sci Asia. 2017; 44 (4), 173-189. doi:10.29090/psa.2017.04.173University of Rochester Medical Center Health Encyclopedia.Kelp.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Traditional Chinese medicine: what you need to know.
26 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Bito T, Okumura E, Fujishima M, Watanabe F.Potential ofChlorellaas a dietary supplement to promote human health.Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2524. doi:10.3390/nu12092524Mosibo OK, Ferrentino G, Udenigwe CC.Microalgae Proteins as Sustainable Ingredients in Novel Foods: Recent Developments and Challenges.Foods. 2024;13(5):733. Published 2024 Feb 28. doi:10.3390/foods13050733Gurney T, Brouner J, Spendiff O.The Efficacy of Chlorella Supplementation on Multiple Indices of Cycling Performance.J Diet Suppl. 2024;21(1):99-115. doi:10.1080/19390211.2023.2186557Ryu NH, Lim Y, Park JE, et al.Impact of dailyChlorellaconsumption on serum lipid and carotenoid profiles in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.Nutr J.2014 Jun 11;13:57. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-57Sherafati N, Bideshki MV, Behzadi M, et al.Effect of supplementation withChlorella vulgarison lipid profile in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2022;66:102822.Fallah AA, Sarmast E, Habibian Dehkordi S, et al.Effect of Chlorella supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition. 2018;37(6):1892-1901.Nakano S, Takekoshi H, Nakano M.Chlorella pyrenoidosa supplementation reduces the risk of anemia, proteinuria and edema in pregnant women.Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2010 Mar;65(1):25-30. doi:10.1007/s11130-009-0145-9Itakura H, Kobayashi M, Nakamura S.Chlorella ingestion suppresses resistin gene expression in peripheral blood cells of borderline diabetics.Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2015;10(3):e95-e101. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2015.04.002Hosseini AM, Keshavarz SA, Nasli-Esfahani E, et al.The effects of Chlorella supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile and anthropometric measures on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(6):3131-3141.van der Heijden I, West S, Monteyne AJ, et al.Algae Ingestion Increases Resting and Exercised Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates to a Similar Extent as Mycoprotein in Young Adults.J Nutr. 2023;153(12):3406-3417. doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.035Lorenzo K, Santocildes G, Torrella JR, et al.Bioactivity of Macronutrients fromChlorellain Physical Exercise.Nutrients. 2023;15(9):2168. Published 2023 Apr 30. doi:10.3390/nu15092168Serra AT, Silva SD, Pleno de Gouveia L, et al.A Single Dose of MarineChlorella vulgarisIncreases Plasma Concentrations of Lutein, β-Carotene and Zeaxanthin in Healthy Male Volunteers.Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(8):1164. Published 2021 Jul 22. doi:10.3390/antiox10081164National Eye Institute.AREDS 2 Supplements for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD).Teng ML, Ng CH, Huang DQ, et al.Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29(Suppl):S32-S42. doi:10.3350/cmh.2022.0365Ebrahimi-Mameghani M, Sadeghi Z, Abbasalizad Farhangi M, Vaghef-Mehrabany E, Aliashrafi S.Glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Beneficial effects of supplementation with microalgae Chlorella vulgaris: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.Clin Nutr. 2017;36(4):1001-1006. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.004Merchant RE, Andre CA, Wise CM.Nutritional supplementation withChlorella pyrenoidosafor fibromyalgia syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. 2001;9(4):37-54. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(200005)14:3<167::aid-ptr560>3.0.co;2-rMorita K, Matsueda T, Iida T, Hasegawa T.Chlorella accelerates dioxin excretion in rats.J Nutr. 1999;129(9):1731-1736. doi:10.1093/jn/129.9.1731Lee I, Tran M, Evans-Nguyen T, et al.Detoxification of chlorella supplement on heterocyclic amines in Korean young adults.Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015;39(1):441-446. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2014.11.015Maruyama I, Uchikawa T, Kanno T, Ando Y, Kitsuki H, Yasutake A.Chlorellasupplementation decreases methylmercury concentrations of hair and blood in healthy volunteers.Fundamental Toxicological Sciences. 2018;5(3):117-122. doi:https://doi.org/10.2131/fts.5.117Miyazawa T, Nakagawa K, Takekoshi H, et al.Ingestion of Chlorella reduced the oxidation of erythrocyte membrane lipids in senior Japanese subjects.J Oleo Sci. 2013;62(11):873-881. doi:10.5650/jos.62.873Chlorella. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2006–. 2021 Jun 21. PMID: 30000882.Desideri D, Cantaluppi C, Ceccotto F, Meli MA, Roselli C, Feduzi L.Essential and toxic elements in seaweeds for human consumption.J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2016;79(3):112-122. doi:10.1080/15287394.2015.1113598)Rzymski P, Jaśkiewicz M.Microalgal food supplements from the perspective of Polish consumers: patterns of use, adverse events, and beneficial effects.J Appl Phycol. 2017;29(4):1841-1850. doi: 10.1007/s10811-017-1079-5Siriwatanametanon N.Warfarin-chlorophyll products, herb-drug interactions.Pharm Sci Asia. 2017; 44 (4), 173-189. doi:10.29090/psa.2017.04.173University of Rochester Medical Center Health Encyclopedia.Kelp.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Traditional Chinese medicine: what you need to know.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Bito T, Okumura E, Fujishima M, Watanabe F.Potential ofChlorellaas a dietary supplement to promote human health.Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2524. doi:10.3390/nu12092524Mosibo OK, Ferrentino G, Udenigwe CC.Microalgae Proteins as Sustainable Ingredients in Novel Foods: Recent Developments and Challenges.Foods. 2024;13(5):733. Published 2024 Feb 28. doi:10.3390/foods13050733Gurney T, Brouner J, Spendiff O.The Efficacy of Chlorella Supplementation on Multiple Indices of Cycling Performance.J Diet Suppl. 2024;21(1):99-115. doi:10.1080/19390211.2023.2186557Ryu NH, Lim Y, Park JE, et al.Impact of dailyChlorellaconsumption on serum lipid and carotenoid profiles in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.Nutr J.2014 Jun 11;13:57. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-57Sherafati N, Bideshki MV, Behzadi M, et al.Effect of supplementation withChlorella vulgarison lipid profile in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2022;66:102822.Fallah AA, Sarmast E, Habibian Dehkordi S, et al.Effect of Chlorella supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition. 2018;37(6):1892-1901.Nakano S, Takekoshi H, Nakano M.Chlorella pyrenoidosa supplementation reduces the risk of anemia, proteinuria and edema in pregnant women.Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2010 Mar;65(1):25-30. doi:10.1007/s11130-009-0145-9Itakura H, Kobayashi M, Nakamura S.Chlorella ingestion suppresses resistin gene expression in peripheral blood cells of borderline diabetics.Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2015;10(3):e95-e101. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2015.04.002Hosseini AM, Keshavarz SA, Nasli-Esfahani E, et al.The effects of Chlorella supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile and anthropometric measures on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(6):3131-3141.van der Heijden I, West S, Monteyne AJ, et al.Algae Ingestion Increases Resting and Exercised Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates to a Similar Extent as Mycoprotein in Young Adults.J Nutr. 2023;153(12):3406-3417. doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.035Lorenzo K, Santocildes G, Torrella JR, et al.Bioactivity of Macronutrients fromChlorellain Physical Exercise.Nutrients. 2023;15(9):2168. Published 2023 Apr 30. doi:10.3390/nu15092168Serra AT, Silva SD, Pleno de Gouveia L, et al.A Single Dose of MarineChlorella vulgarisIncreases Plasma Concentrations of Lutein, β-Carotene and Zeaxanthin in Healthy Male Volunteers.Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(8):1164. Published 2021 Jul 22. doi:10.3390/antiox10081164National Eye Institute.AREDS 2 Supplements for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD).Teng ML, Ng CH, Huang DQ, et al.Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29(Suppl):S32-S42. doi:10.3350/cmh.2022.0365Ebrahimi-Mameghani M, Sadeghi Z, Abbasalizad Farhangi M, Vaghef-Mehrabany E, Aliashrafi S.Glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Beneficial effects of supplementation with microalgae Chlorella vulgaris: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.Clin Nutr. 2017;36(4):1001-1006. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.004Merchant RE, Andre CA, Wise CM.Nutritional supplementation withChlorella pyrenoidosafor fibromyalgia syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. 2001;9(4):37-54. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(200005)14:3<167::aid-ptr560>3.0.co;2-rMorita K, Matsueda T, Iida T, Hasegawa T.Chlorella accelerates dioxin excretion in rats.J Nutr. 1999;129(9):1731-1736. doi:10.1093/jn/129.9.1731Lee I, Tran M, Evans-Nguyen T, et al.Detoxification of chlorella supplement on heterocyclic amines in Korean young adults.Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015;39(1):441-446. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2014.11.015Maruyama I, Uchikawa T, Kanno T, Ando Y, Kitsuki H, Yasutake A.Chlorellasupplementation decreases methylmercury concentrations of hair and blood in healthy volunteers.Fundamental Toxicological Sciences. 2018;5(3):117-122. doi:https://doi.org/10.2131/fts.5.117Miyazawa T, Nakagawa K, Takekoshi H, et al.Ingestion of Chlorella reduced the oxidation of erythrocyte membrane lipids in senior Japanese subjects.J Oleo Sci. 2013;62(11):873-881. doi:10.5650/jos.62.873Chlorella. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2006–. 2021 Jun 21. PMID: 30000882.Desideri D, Cantaluppi C, Ceccotto F, Meli MA, Roselli C, Feduzi L.Essential and toxic elements in seaweeds for human consumption.J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2016;79(3):112-122. doi:10.1080/15287394.2015.1113598)Rzymski P, Jaśkiewicz M.Microalgal food supplements from the perspective of Polish consumers: patterns of use, adverse events, and beneficial effects.J Appl Phycol. 2017;29(4):1841-1850. doi: 10.1007/s10811-017-1079-5Siriwatanametanon N.Warfarin-chlorophyll products, herb-drug interactions.Pharm Sci Asia. 2017; 44 (4), 173-189. doi:10.29090/psa.2017.04.173University of Rochester Medical Center Health Encyclopedia.Kelp.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Traditional Chinese medicine: what you need to know.
Bito T, Okumura E, Fujishima M, Watanabe F.Potential ofChlorellaas a dietary supplement to promote human health.Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2524. doi:10.3390/nu12092524
Mosibo OK, Ferrentino G, Udenigwe CC.Microalgae Proteins as Sustainable Ingredients in Novel Foods: Recent Developments and Challenges.Foods. 2024;13(5):733. Published 2024 Feb 28. doi:10.3390/foods13050733
Gurney T, Brouner J, Spendiff O.The Efficacy of Chlorella Supplementation on Multiple Indices of Cycling Performance.J Diet Suppl. 2024;21(1):99-115. doi:10.1080/19390211.2023.2186557
Ryu NH, Lim Y, Park JE, et al.Impact of dailyChlorellaconsumption on serum lipid and carotenoid profiles in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.Nutr J.2014 Jun 11;13:57. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-57
Sherafati N, Bideshki MV, Behzadi M, et al.Effect of supplementation withChlorella vulgarison lipid profile in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2022;66:102822.
Fallah AA, Sarmast E, Habibian Dehkordi S, et al.Effect of Chlorella supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition. 2018;37(6):1892-1901.
Nakano S, Takekoshi H, Nakano M.Chlorella pyrenoidosa supplementation reduces the risk of anemia, proteinuria and edema in pregnant women.Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2010 Mar;65(1):25-30. doi:10.1007/s11130-009-0145-9
Itakura H, Kobayashi M, Nakamura S.Chlorella ingestion suppresses resistin gene expression in peripheral blood cells of borderline diabetics.Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2015;10(3):e95-e101. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2015.04.002
Hosseini AM, Keshavarz SA, Nasli-Esfahani E, et al.The effects of Chlorella supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile and anthropometric measures on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(6):3131-3141.
van der Heijden I, West S, Monteyne AJ, et al.Algae Ingestion Increases Resting and Exercised Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates to a Similar Extent as Mycoprotein in Young Adults.J Nutr. 2023;153(12):3406-3417. doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.035
Lorenzo K, Santocildes G, Torrella JR, et al.Bioactivity of Macronutrients fromChlorellain Physical Exercise.Nutrients. 2023;15(9):2168. Published 2023 Apr 30. doi:10.3390/nu15092168
Serra AT, Silva SD, Pleno de Gouveia L, et al.A Single Dose of MarineChlorella vulgarisIncreases Plasma Concentrations of Lutein, β-Carotene and Zeaxanthin in Healthy Male Volunteers.Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(8):1164. Published 2021 Jul 22. doi:10.3390/antiox10081164
National Eye Institute.AREDS 2 Supplements for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD).
Teng ML, Ng CH, Huang DQ, et al.Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29(Suppl):S32-S42. doi:10.3350/cmh.2022.0365
Ebrahimi-Mameghani M, Sadeghi Z, Abbasalizad Farhangi M, Vaghef-Mehrabany E, Aliashrafi S.Glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Beneficial effects of supplementation with microalgae Chlorella vulgaris: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.Clin Nutr. 2017;36(4):1001-1006. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.004
Merchant RE, Andre CA, Wise CM.Nutritional supplementation withChlorella pyrenoidosafor fibromyalgia syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. 2001;9(4):37-54. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(200005)14:3<167::aid-ptr560>3.0.co;2-r
Morita K, Matsueda T, Iida T, Hasegawa T.Chlorella accelerates dioxin excretion in rats.J Nutr. 1999;129(9):1731-1736. doi:10.1093/jn/129.9.1731
Lee I, Tran M, Evans-Nguyen T, et al.Detoxification of chlorella supplement on heterocyclic amines in Korean young adults.Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015;39(1):441-446. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2014.11.015
Maruyama I, Uchikawa T, Kanno T, Ando Y, Kitsuki H, Yasutake A.Chlorellasupplementation decreases methylmercury concentrations of hair and blood in healthy volunteers.Fundamental Toxicological Sciences. 2018;5(3):117-122. doi:https://doi.org/10.2131/fts.5.117
Miyazawa T, Nakagawa K, Takekoshi H, et al.Ingestion of Chlorella reduced the oxidation of erythrocyte membrane lipids in senior Japanese subjects.J Oleo Sci. 2013;62(11):873-881. doi:10.5650/jos.62.873
Chlorella. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2006–. 2021 Jun 21. PMID: 30000882.
Desideri D, Cantaluppi C, Ceccotto F, Meli MA, Roselli C, Feduzi L.Essential and toxic elements in seaweeds for human consumption.J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2016;79(3):112-122. doi:10.1080/15287394.2015.1113598)
Rzymski P, Jaśkiewicz M.Microalgal food supplements from the perspective of Polish consumers: patterns of use, adverse events, and beneficial effects.J Appl Phycol. 2017;29(4):1841-1850. doi: 10.1007/s10811-017-1079-5
Siriwatanametanon N.Warfarin-chlorophyll products, herb-drug interactions.Pharm Sci Asia. 2017; 44 (4), 173-189. doi:10.29090/psa.2017.04.173
University of Rochester Medical Center Health Encyclopedia.Kelp.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Traditional Chinese medicine: what you need to know.
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