While certain symptoms can narrow the possible causes—such as rash, swelling, discoloration, crusting, scaling, sores, and blister—you may need to see a skin specialist called adermatologistto diagnose the cause and get the correct treatment.
This article looks at 12 skin conditions and the different forms they can take. It also offers an overview of treatment and describes some of the key risk factors and causes.
1
Acne
Acne vulgaris.Jena Ardell / Getty Images
Jena Ardell / Getty Images
There are several different types of acne:
Treatment options for acne include over-the-counter products like benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid and prescription medications like topical antibiotics and retinoids.
How Different Acnes Are Treated
2EczemaPansLaos / Getty Images.Eczema(atopic dermatitis)is an inflammatory skin condition causing itchy, red, and swollen skin. Its cause is not known, but it is thought to involve an abnormal immune reaction.Symptoms of eczema include:Scaly and cracking patches of skinTiny bumps (papules)SwellingOozing of clear fluidScratch marks and scarringThickening of the skin (lichenification)While eczema is not an allergy, it is atopic (meaning related to allergies) and closely associated with conditions like hay fever and asthma. Genetics is believed to play a part.Eczema treatment usually involves a combination of good skin care, moisturizing, topical steroids or calcineurin inhibitors, and oral immunosuppressants.How Common Is Eczema?Up to 15% of people experience some degree of atopic dermatitis in childhood, usually before age 5. Around 16.5 million adults and children in the United States are affected.How Eczema Is Treated
2
EczemaPansLaos / Getty Images.Eczema(atopic dermatitis)is an inflammatory skin condition causing itchy, red, and swollen skin. Its cause is not known, but it is thought to involve an abnormal immune reaction.Symptoms of eczema include:Scaly and cracking patches of skinTiny bumps (papules)SwellingOozing of clear fluidScratch marks and scarringThickening of the skin (lichenification)While eczema is not an allergy, it is atopic (meaning related to allergies) and closely associated with conditions like hay fever and asthma. Genetics is believed to play a part.Eczema treatment usually involves a combination of good skin care, moisturizing, topical steroids or calcineurin inhibitors, and oral immunosuppressants.How Common Is Eczema?Up to 15% of people experience some degree of atopic dermatitis in childhood, usually before age 5. Around 16.5 million adults and children in the United States are affected.How Eczema Is Treated
Eczema
PansLaos / Getty Images.
Eczema(atopic dermatitis)is an inflammatory skin condition causing itchy, red, and swollen skin. Its cause is not known, but it is thought to involve an abnormal immune reaction.
Symptoms of eczema include:
While eczema is not an allergy, it is atopic (meaning related to allergies) and closely associated with conditions like hay fever and asthma. Genetics is believed to play a part.
Eczema treatment usually involves a combination of good skin care, moisturizing, topical steroids or calcineurin inhibitors, and oral immunosuppressants.
How Common Is Eczema?Up to 15% of people experience some degree of atopic dermatitis in childhood, usually before age 5. Around 16.5 million adults and children in the United States are affected.
How Common Is Eczema?
Up to 15% of people experience some degree of atopic dermatitis in childhood, usually before age 5. Around 16.5 million adults and children in the United States are affected.
How Eczema Is Treated
3
Bacterial Skin Infections
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See PhotoMRSA.Wikimedia Commons
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See Photo
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.
These and other bacteria can cause a wide range of infections:
Bacterial skin infections are typically treated with oral or intravenousantibioticsdepending in on their severity.
4Fungal Skin InfectionsRingworm.CDC/Dr. Lucille K. GeorgManyfungal skin infectionsare transmitted, meaning passed through direct contact or contact with contaminated items. Others areopportunistic, meaning that fungus naturally inhabiting the skin will suddenly overgrow when the immune system is down.Symptoms can vary but often involve a ring-like rash with raised edges. There may also be peeling, cracking, itching, and tiny blisters.Fungal skin infections include:Tinea pedis: Also known as Athlete’s footTinea corporis: Also known as ringwormTinea cruris: Also known as jock itchOnychomycosis: A fungal nail infectionCutaneous candidiasis: A yeast infection of the skinIntertrigo: A yeast infection of skin foldsFungal skin infections are treated withantifungals. Milder infections may be treated with an over-the-counter antifungal like Lotrimin (terbinafine), while more serious infections may need oral antifungals.
4
Fungal Skin InfectionsRingworm.CDC/Dr. Lucille K. GeorgManyfungal skin infectionsare transmitted, meaning passed through direct contact or contact with contaminated items. Others areopportunistic, meaning that fungus naturally inhabiting the skin will suddenly overgrow when the immune system is down.Symptoms can vary but often involve a ring-like rash with raised edges. There may also be peeling, cracking, itching, and tiny blisters.Fungal skin infections include:Tinea pedis: Also known as Athlete’s footTinea corporis: Also known as ringwormTinea cruris: Also known as jock itchOnychomycosis: A fungal nail infectionCutaneous candidiasis: A yeast infection of the skinIntertrigo: A yeast infection of skin foldsFungal skin infections are treated withantifungals. Milder infections may be treated with an over-the-counter antifungal like Lotrimin (terbinafine), while more serious infections may need oral antifungals.
Fungal Skin Infections
Ringworm.CDC/Dr. Lucille K. Georg
Manyfungal skin infectionsare transmitted, meaning passed through direct contact or contact with contaminated items. Others areopportunistic, meaning that fungus naturally inhabiting the skin will suddenly overgrow when the immune system is down.
Symptoms can vary but often involve a ring-like rash with raised edges. There may also be peeling, cracking, itching, and tiny blisters.
Fungal skin infections include:
Fungal skin infections are treated withantifungals. Milder infections may be treated with an over-the-counter antifungal like Lotrimin (terbinafine), while more serious infections may need oral antifungals.
5
Contact Dermatitis
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See PhotoIrritant contact dermatitis.Reproduced with permission from ©DermNet NZ and ©Waikato District Health Board
Reproduced with permission from ©DermNet NZ and ©Waikato District Health Board
Contact dermatitisis a skin reaction that occurs when an irritant orallergen(allergy-causing substance) comes into contact with the skin. This can lead to symptoms like:
Withirritant contact dermatitis (ICD), the immune system will also respond, but IgE won’t be involved. Instead, the immune reaction will be more generalized. Common triggers include solvents, latex, cosmetics, strong soaps, detergents, and household cleaners.
Reactions from ACD often occur 24 to 72 hours after contact, causing itchy skin and occasionally blisters that can persist for a week or more. With IDC, the reaction tends to be immediate with pain rather than itch as well as dry, cracking skin.
Contact dermatitis may benefit from oralantihistaminesto reduce itchiness and swelling. Topical steroids likehydrocortisone creamcan also help.
6HerpesCold sore on lip.Todd Keith/E+/Getty ImagesHerpes simplex virus (HSV)is a highly contagious virus that causescold soresand genital herpes. Once you are infected, the virus stays in your body forever and can reactivate at any time.There are two types:Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)is mainly associated with cold sores but can be passed to the genitals through oral sex. It can also be passed through kissing or contact with fluids from the lesion.Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)is predominately associated with genital herpes and is almost exclusively passed through oral sex.Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 can start with a prickly or burning sensation prior to the outbreak of tiny blisters. These blisters can then grow and converge, causing a painful, open sore as the blisters rupture. After crusting, the sore will gradually heal, and the virus will go into remission.If started within 48 hours of the first sign of symptoms,antiviral drugslike Zovirax (acyclovir) or Valtrex (valacyclovir) may reduce the duration and severity of the infection.
6
HerpesCold sore on lip.Todd Keith/E+/Getty ImagesHerpes simplex virus (HSV)is a highly contagious virus that causescold soresand genital herpes. Once you are infected, the virus stays in your body forever and can reactivate at any time.There are two types:Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)is mainly associated with cold sores but can be passed to the genitals through oral sex. It can also be passed through kissing or contact with fluids from the lesion.Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)is predominately associated with genital herpes and is almost exclusively passed through oral sex.Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 can start with a prickly or burning sensation prior to the outbreak of tiny blisters. These blisters can then grow and converge, causing a painful, open sore as the blisters rupture. After crusting, the sore will gradually heal, and the virus will go into remission.If started within 48 hours of the first sign of symptoms,antiviral drugslike Zovirax (acyclovir) or Valtrex (valacyclovir) may reduce the duration and severity of the infection.
Herpes
Cold sore on lip.Todd Keith/E+/Getty Images
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)is a highly contagious virus that causescold soresand genital herpes. Once you are infected, the virus stays in your body forever and can reactivate at any time.
There are two types:
Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 can start with a prickly or burning sensation prior to the outbreak of tiny blisters. These blisters can then grow and converge, causing a painful, open sore as the blisters rupture. After crusting, the sore will gradually heal, and the virus will go into remission.
If started within 48 hours of the first sign of symptoms,antiviral drugslike Zovirax (acyclovir) or Valtrex (valacyclovir) may reduce the duration and severity of the infection.
7
Chickenpox and Shingles
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See PhotoChickenpox blisters.Smith Collection/Gado / Getty Images
Chickenpox often starts with a fever, headache, sore throat, or stomach ache before a red, itchy rash appears on the belly, back, or face. The rash will form into tiny blisters that fill with pus, rupture, and crust over.
As with HSV, VZV will stay inside the body forever and can suddenly reactivate in later life, causingshingles.
As with herpes, immediate antiviral treatment can reduce the duration and severity of the infection. Both chickenpox and shingles can also be prevented withvaccines.
Should You Get the Shingles Vaccine?
8
Psoriasis
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See PhotoClassic plaque psoriasis.Lipowski/ Getty Images
Lipowski/ Getty Images
Many autoimmune diseases can cause a skin rash or lesions, includinglupus,Sjögren’sdisease, andceliac disease. They do so when the immune system targets and attacks different skin cells with inflammation.
The disease targets skin cells known askeratinocyteswith inflammation, causing them to multiply faster than they can be shed. This leads to patches of scaly, inflamed skin calledplaques. The scalp, elbows, and knees are most commonly affected, but other parts of the body can be affected as well.
In addition to classicplaque psoriasis, there are other forms known as:
The treatment may involve steroid creams, oral or topical retinoids, oral or injected methotrexate, phototherapy, biologic drugs, and immunosuppressants.
How Psoriasis Is Treated
9
Hives and Angioedema
Hives (urticaria).Wikicommons
Wikicommons
Urticaria(hives) andangioedemaare two skin reactions that cause a rash as fluids accumulate below the upper layer of skin known as theepidermis.
While related, the two conditions vary in different ways:
Depending on the cause, urticaria may be treated with antihistamines, oral steroids, immunosuppressants, or leukotriene modifiers likeSingulair (montelukast).
10
Rosecea
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See PhotoRosacea.Wikimedia Commons/CC-BY-2.0
Wikimedia Commons/CC-BY-2.0
Symptoms of rosacea include:
The treatment of rosacea involves the avoidance of triggers, gentle skin care, sunscreen, and possibly antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Laser treatments can reduce some of the cosmetic effects of rosacea.
11
Vitaligo
Vitiligo.Axel Bueckert / EyeEm / Getty Images
Vitiligo most commonly affects the extremities (especially the hands and wrists) and face (particularly around the mouth, eyes, and nostrils). The genitals and skin around the belly button are also commonly affected.
The loss of color occurs in smooth patches that initially start small but often grow and change shape. Some people experience itching before a new patch appears.
The treatment involves topical steroids and calcineurin inhibitors that suppress the immune response. Phototherapy (light therapy) is also commonly used.
In 2022, a new topical drug calledOpzelura (ruxolitinib)was licensed for the treatment of vitiligo in people 12 years of age and older.
12Skin CancerThis photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See PhotoSquamous Cell Carcinoma.https://dermnetnz.org/topics/squamous-cell-carcinoma-on-the-face-images/?stage=LiveA less likely cause of a skin lesion isskin cancer. These cancers are largely the consequence of excessive sun exposure, causing skin cells to mutate and grow out of control. Other factors may contribute, including genetics and skin tone.Some of the more common skin cancers are:Basal cell carcinoma (BCC): This is the most common type affecting cells in the middle part of the epidermis called basal cells. This slow-growing cancer may look like a reddish patch, shiny bump, or sore that never heals. It is often seen on sun-exposed areas like the head and neck.Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): This second most common type affects squamous cells on the outermost layer of the epidermis. It often affects the neck, ears, eyelids, and face, as well as the arms and legs. SCC may appear as reddish or brownish patches with rough, scaly, or crusted surfaces.Melanomais a less common but potentially deadly cancer that affects cells called melanocytes in the lowest part of the epidermis. It can quickly spread (metastasize) if not treated early. Melanoma can take many forms and look like a sore, age spot, bruise, or cyst with an uneven shape, color, and texture.Skin cancer is often treated with surgery to remove the tumor and a surrounding margin of normal skin. Sometimes chemotherapy or radiation may be used depending on the stage of the cancer (particularly with SCC and melanoma).How Common Is Skin Cancer?Around 5.4 million basal and squamous cell skin cancers are diagnosed each year in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society.Melanoma accounts for nearly 100,000 cases each year.How Skin Cancer Is Treated
12
Skin CancerThis photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See PhotoSquamous Cell Carcinoma.https://dermnetnz.org/topics/squamous-cell-carcinoma-on-the-face-images/?stage=LiveA less likely cause of a skin lesion isskin cancer. These cancers are largely the consequence of excessive sun exposure, causing skin cells to mutate and grow out of control. Other factors may contribute, including genetics and skin tone.Some of the more common skin cancers are:Basal cell carcinoma (BCC): This is the most common type affecting cells in the middle part of the epidermis called basal cells. This slow-growing cancer may look like a reddish patch, shiny bump, or sore that never heals. It is often seen on sun-exposed areas like the head and neck.Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): This second most common type affects squamous cells on the outermost layer of the epidermis. It often affects the neck, ears, eyelids, and face, as well as the arms and legs. SCC may appear as reddish or brownish patches with rough, scaly, or crusted surfaces.Melanomais a less common but potentially deadly cancer that affects cells called melanocytes in the lowest part of the epidermis. It can quickly spread (metastasize) if not treated early. Melanoma can take many forms and look like a sore, age spot, bruise, or cyst with an uneven shape, color, and texture.Skin cancer is often treated with surgery to remove the tumor and a surrounding margin of normal skin. Sometimes chemotherapy or radiation may be used depending on the stage of the cancer (particularly with SCC and melanoma).How Common Is Skin Cancer?Around 5.4 million basal and squamous cell skin cancers are diagnosed each year in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society.Melanoma accounts for nearly 100,000 cases each year.How Skin Cancer Is Treated
Skin Cancer
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See PhotoSquamous Cell Carcinoma.https://dermnetnz.org/topics/squamous-cell-carcinoma-on-the-face-images/?stage=Live
https://dermnetnz.org/topics/squamous-cell-carcinoma-on-the-face-images/?stage=Live
A less likely cause of a skin lesion isskin cancer. These cancers are largely the consequence of excessive sun exposure, causing skin cells to mutate and grow out of control. Other factors may contribute, including genetics and skin tone.
Some of the more common skin cancers are:
Skin cancer is often treated with surgery to remove the tumor and a surrounding margin of normal skin. Sometimes chemotherapy or radiation may be used depending on the stage of the cancer (particularly with SCC and melanoma).
How Common Is Skin Cancer?Around 5.4 million basal and squamous cell skin cancers are diagnosed each year in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society.Melanoma accounts for nearly 100,000 cases each year.
How Common Is Skin Cancer?
Around 5.4 million basal and squamous cell skin cancers are diagnosed each year in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society.Melanoma accounts for nearly 100,000 cases each year.
How Skin Cancer Is Treated
SummarySome of the most common skin conditions and diseases are acne, eczema, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, contact dermatitis, herpes, chickenpox and shingles, psoriasis, hive, angioedema, rosacea, and vitiligo. Skin cancer is a less likely cause but still affects around 5.5 million people in the United States each year.
Summary
Some of the most common skin conditions and diseases are acne, eczema, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, contact dermatitis, herpes, chickenpox and shingles, psoriasis, hive, angioedema, rosacea, and vitiligo. Skin cancer is a less likely cause but still affects around 5.5 million people in the United States each year.
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Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
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