In the medical world, the termarrestis used often to describe a condition where something that should be happening has stopped.
Though respiratory arrest and cardiac arrest mean specific things, the terms can be confusing for patients or laypeople. The difference between them is the presence of a pulse.
Without treatment, respiratory arrest will lead to cardiac arrest, and cardiac arrest will quickly cause respiratory arrest.When the two occur together—when the person’s heart has stopped and they’re not breathing—it’s typically just called cardiac arrest.
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How to Tell the Difference
In bothrespiratory arrestandcardiac arrest, the patient will be unconscious and not be breathing. However, respiratory arrest patients still have a beating heart that is pushing blood around the body. Cardiac arrest patients do not.
Without fancy equipment, the only way to tell if the blood has stopped flowing is to feel for a pulse. The way to feel that beating heart is through the blood pulsing through the arteries. It’s not a perfect procedure and there is a possibility of getting it wrong, even if you’re a trained healthcare provider.
Both respiratory arrest and cardiac arrest are treated withcardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). If you encounter a person whose heart has stopped or isn’t breathing, you should do the same thing: Call 911 and push on the chest.
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Respiratory Arrest Leads to Cardiac Arrest
These two conditions are absolutely linked. Respiratory arrest will always lead to cardiac arrest if nothing is done to treat it. When a patient has respiratory arrest, two things happen:
Without treatment, respiratory arrest always leads to cardiac arrest. Sometimes, however, it can take several minutes.
Cardiac Arrest Always Includes Respiratory Arrest
Cardiac arrest means the heart is no longer moving blood through the body. It might be beating or not, but either way, there isn’t any blood pulsing around. Without blood, the brain cannot survive. A constant supply of fresh blood is required to keep the brain alive and functioning properly.
When blood supply stops, the brain shuts down, including its respiratory center. So, when the heart stops, so does breathing, usually within a minute or less. A person may have irregular, “gasping” breaths (calledagonal breathing) before they stop breathing completely.
5 Sources
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Chen N, Callaway CW, Guyette FX, et al.Arrest etiology among patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest.Resuscitation. 2018;130:33-40. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.06.024
Patel K, Hipskind JE.Cardiac arrest. In: StatPearls. Updated January 21, 2020.
Johnson NJ, Caldwell E, Carlbom DJ, et al.The acute respiratory distress syndrome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes.Resuscitation. 2019;135:37-44. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.01.009
Breindahl N, Granholm A, Jensen TW, et al.Assessment of breathing in cardiac arrest: a randomised controlled trial of three teaching methods among laypersons.BMC Emerg Med. 2021;21(1):114. Published 2021 Oct 9. doi:10.1186/s12873-021-00513-4
Eberle B, Dick WF, Schneider T, Wisser G, Doetsch S, Tzanova I. Checking the carotid pulse check: diagnostic accuracy of first responders in patients with and without a pulse.Resuscitation. 1996 Dec;33(2):107-16.
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