Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsAllergicNon-AllergicCough-VariantNocturnalExercise-InducedOccupationalOther Types
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Allergic
Non-Allergic
Cough-Variant
Nocturnal
Exercise-Induced
Occupational
Other Types
Different types of asthma include:
They have similarities, but several also have unique characteristics that influence how they are triggered, diagnosed, and treated.
What Asthma Types Have in Common
Asthma has certain features that remain the same across most types:
Because of this, it’s easy to assume that all types of asthma are fundamentally the same. While that’s true to an extent, differences between the types matter—making an accurate diagnosis crucial.
The Most Common Types of AsthmaThe five most common types of asthma are:AllergicExercise-inducedSeasonalOccupationalNon-allergic
The Most Common Types of Asthma
The five most common types of asthma are:AllergicExercise-inducedSeasonalOccupationalNon-allergic
The five most common types of asthma are:
Allergic Asthma
Allergies are involved in between 50% and 80% of asthma cases.People withseasonal allergies(hay fever) may also be diagnosed with seasonalallergic asthma.
Symptom Triggers
Common triggers of allergic asthma include:
Additional Symptoms
Causes and Risk Factors
Allergic asthma is believed to have a heavy genetic component plus hypersensitivity and exposure to the triggering substances.
Additional Diagnostic Tests
To confirm allergic asthma and determine triggers, allergy tests may also be ordered, like:
Additional Treatments
You’ll need to manage both asthma and allergies. That may include avoiding triggers, taking allergy medication (antihistamines), orallergy shots (immunotherapy).
Non-Allergic Asthma
Between 10% and 33% of all people with asthma have non-allergic asthma.It usually develops later in life than allergic asthma.
Some research suggests that non-allergic asthma is more severe than other forms. Studies also indicate it is more common in women.
Non-allergic asthma symptoms can have a variety of triggers, including:
Non-allergic asthma isn’t associated with additional symptoms.
Things that may lead to non-allergic asthma include:
Conditions such asrhinosinusitis(inflammation of the nasal and sinus cavities) andgastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)frequently affect people who have non-allergic asthma and may contribute to its development.
No test can specifically diagnose non-allergic asthma. Diagnosis can involve skin and blood tests to rule out allergies.
You may not need treatments beyond what’s generally prescribed for asthma.
However, some people with non-allergic asthma don’t respond well toinhaled corticosteroids (ICS). These drugs are used as daily preventive medication for moderate to severe asthma.
If ICS don’t work for you, you may need other preventive drugs such as:
Cough-Variant Asthma
A dry cough is the main symptom ofcough variant asthma (CVA).It may remain your sole symptom or go on to develop other symptoms, especially if not adequately treated.
Because a dry cough doesn’t usually make people think they have asthma, symptom triggers are an important part of figuring out you have the condition.
Watch for bouts of coughing that:
CVA doesn’t have additional symptoms.
Cough-variant asthma may be an early symptom of emerging asthma; children have it more often than adults. Even so, about 30%-40% of people with CVA develop classic asthma.
CVA is hard to diagnose. In addition to standard asthma tests, asputum testmay be ordered to look for white blood cells that are often increased with asthma. Sputum is a type of mucus coughed up from the lungs.
Treatment for cough-variant asthma is generally the same as for other types of asthma.
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Nocturnal Asthma
Nocturnal asthma, as a diagnosis, is usually added to a pre-existing asthma diagnosis. If you have marked nighttime symptoms, you might have nocturnal asthma, or it could be that your asthma is not well controlled.
More than 50% of adults with asthma have nocturnal asthma.About 26% of children with asthma have this form as well.
Nighttime symptoms of asthma may happen monthly, weekly, or even every night.
Environmental symptom triggers can include irritants present in the bedroom, like pet dander or dust, or sleeping with the window open.
The symptoms of nocturnal asthma are the same as classic asthma symptoms. They just happen to be prominent at night.
Sleep interruptions from nocturnal asthma may happen several times per night and cause daytime tiredness. Many people fall back to sleep quickly and do not recall waking up.
Disrupted sleep from nocturnal asthma canincrease the risk of serious complications, including heart disease, respiratory arrest, and asthma-associated death.
Additionally, obstructive sleep apnea, a sleep disorder that interrupts breathing during sleep, is common among people who have asthma. And theconditions can exacerbate one another.
Testing breathing during the day doesn’t help diagnose nocturnal asthma. Thus, an at-home monitor may be necessary to test breathing close to bedtime.
Depending on symptoms asleep studymay also be advised. This typically involves spending the night at a sleep lab to have symptoms monitored. Some sleep studies can also be done at home with special equipment.
Treatment Changes
Nocturnal asthma is treated with the same medications as classic asthma but may require adjusting the timing of regular doses.
For example, rather than taking a daily control medication in the morning, you might take it in the afternoon or early evening.
Some researchers have suggested time-release tablets for treating this type of asthma.These dissolve slowly, so they remain effective over a long period.
Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction
Exercise-inducedbronchoconstriction(EIB)used to be called exercise-induced asthma (EIA).
Up to 90% of people with any type of asthma may have exercise-related symptoms. However, many people with EIB don’t fulfill the diagnostic criteria for asthma.
In EIB, bronchial tubes (airways) narrow with exercise.It is believed that rapid breathing during exercise can dehydrate the bronchial tubes, which then constrict.
Typically, symptoms begin during exercise but can continue to worsen for 10 to 15 minutes after exercise is stopped.
Symptoms generally clear up without treatment within 30 minutes. However, it’s safer to use a rescue inhaler than wait to see if symptoms will improve without it.
When combined with exercise, certain factors may make EIB more likely. They include:
Low-intensity activities (e.g., walking, hiking) or sports with short bursts of exertion (e.g., baseball, wrestling, gymnastics) are less likely to trigger EIB.
EIB can have a few symptoms not common in asthma, including:
If you have asthma, minor irritation or dehydration from exercise may cause EIB. In this case, the cause of EIB is underlying asthma.
For people who don’t have asthma, repeated exposure to cold, dry air, or airborne irritants while exercising may damage bronchial tubes and cause EIB.
This may explain why EIB is especially common in cold-related sports (like ice hockey and skiing) and among competitive swimmers (due to chlorine fumes).
People with environmental allergies or those with close relatives with environmental allergies have a higher risk of developing EIB.
Regardless of whether there has been a diagnosis of asthma, breathing will be tested before and after exercise to determine EIB.
Forced expiratory volume (FEV1), which is a measure of how much air you can force out of your lungs, will also be tested before and after exercise. A decrease of 15% or more generally leads to a diagnosis of EIB.
Treatment
In people diagnosed with asthma, preventing bronchoconstriction will be part of an overall treatment plan.
A healthcare provider may recommend the following:
Occupational Asthma
Some jobs expose people to substances that can lead tooccupational asthma (OA). This may account for about 15% of asthma cases in the U.S.
If other forms of asthma are present, these workplace exposures can make symptoms worse.
Common triggers include:
Many other potential triggers exist.
Many people with IgE-mediated (allergic) asthma develop occupational rhinitis (nasal allergy) symptoms before the onset of OA symptoms.
Symptoms from work-related exposures can happen right away or take years to develop.
Regular exposure to fumes, gasses, dust, or other irritants causes OA. The exposure either directly damages airways or causessensitizationto the offending substance.
With sensitization, your body gradually develops an abnormal immune reaction to a substance. You’re at risk for OA if you work in the following places:
These and many other workplaces may expose you to potentially problematic substances.
Those who outgrew childhood asthma or have a family history of asthma, are more likely to develop the occupational type.
What Are You Exposed to at Work?Employers are required to provide Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for any hazardous substances employees may come into contact with at work. Knowing these helps healthcare providers identify substances that may be triggering asthma.
What Are You Exposed to at Work?
Employers are required to provide Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for any hazardous substances employees may come into contact with at work. Knowing these helps healthcare providers identify substances that may be triggering asthma.
If asthma is diagnosed and seasonal allergies are ruled out as a trigger, work-related causes will be investigated. It helps to provide Material Safety Data Sheets for chemicals you are exposed to at work.
The next steps can include:
Occupational asthma is sometimes misdiagnosed as bronchitis. If the symptoms of diagnosed bronchitis are not helped with treatment or tend to be worse at work than elsewhere, bring this up with your healthcare provider.
Getting a proper diagnosis and treatment is important. If OA continues unchecked, it can cause permanent lung damage.
Standard asthma treatments are typically used for OA. The problem substance(s) should be avoided, if possible.
This may requireReasonable Accommodationfrom an employer, which is required under theAmericans With Disabilities Act (ADA). Some people have to change jobs to avoid triggers.
Rarest Type of Asthma
Other Types of Asthma
Asthma has several less-common forms.
Obese Asthma
Obese asthma is a recently identified asthma type. It appears to be different from other types of asthma, even in people with obesity. Genetic studies suggest that airway constriction comes from a different mechanism.
Obese asthma is a stand-alone diagnosis. Research suggests it has a different genetic and molecular basis plus many other unique characteristics. Not everyone diagnosed with obesity who also has asthma has obese asthma.
Medication-Induced Asthma
This can be a stand-alone diagnosis, or it may be added to a previous asthma diagnosis. It typically makes pre-existing asthma worse and can be severe or even fatal.
Viral-Induced Asthma
Inviral-induced asthma, a respiratory tract infection (e.g., a common cold,flu,COVID-19) can trigger or worsen asthma. An estimated 50% of acute asthma attacks have a viral trigger.
This type can also be a stand-alone or add-on diagnosis.
Glucocorticoid-Resistant Asthma
Glucocorticoid-resistant asthma is always an add-on to an earlier asthma diagnosis.
Classifying Different Types of Asthma
Some of these classifications may also be combined—for example, mild intermittent adult-onset allergic asthma or glucocorticoid-resistant occupational asthma. It’s also possible to have more than one type of asthma. For example, you could have non-allergic and nocturnal asthma.
If you’re unsure what’s behind the name being used to describe your case, be sure to ask your healthcare provider.
What Are the Classifications of Asthma?The 2020 NAEPP guidelines use the severity of asthma classification, which includes:Intermittent asthmaMild persistent asthmaModerate persistent asthmaSevere persistent asthma.
What Are the Classifications of Asthma?
The 2020 NAEPP guidelines use the severity of asthma classification, which includes:Intermittent asthmaMild persistent asthmaModerate persistent asthmaSevere persistent asthma.
The 2020 NAEPP guidelines use the severity of asthma classification, which includes:
These are more than just names. They indicate something about your condition that is important to its management, among other things. For example, compared to childhood-onset asthma, adult-onset asthma typically:
What Is the Most Serious Type of Asthma?The most serious type of asthma is severe, persistent asthma that is uncontrolled despite treatment with medium or high-dose inhaled corticosteroids combined with other longer-acting medications.However, all forms of asthma are serious and may lead tostatus asthmaticus, a potentially fatal asthma attack.
What Is the Most Serious Type of Asthma?
The most serious type of asthma is severe, persistent asthma that is uncontrolled despite treatment with medium or high-dose inhaled corticosteroids combined with other longer-acting medications.However, all forms of asthma are serious and may lead tostatus asthmaticus, a potentially fatal asthma attack.
Summary
An accurate asthma diagnosis means effective treatment. Pay close attention to symptoms, frequency, triggers, and other factors that can help your healthcare provider reach the correct diagnosis and treatment plan.
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Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.American Lung Association.Asthma causes & risk factors.Horak F, Doberer D, Eber E, et al.Diagnosis and management of asthma - Statement on the 2015 GINA Guidelines.Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2016;128(15-16):541–554. doi:10.1007/s00508-016-1019-4Northeast Allergy.A Comprehensive Guide to the Different Types of Asthma.Baos S, Calzada D, Cremades-Jimeno L, et al.Nonallergic asthma and its severity: Biomarkers for its discrimination in peripheral samples.Front Immunol. 2018;9:1416. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01416Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America.Allergens and allergic asthma.Lemire P, Dumas O, Chanoine S, et al.Domestic exposure to irritant cleaning agents and asthma in women.Environ Int. 2020;144:106017. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106017American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology.Non-allergic asthma.Niimi A.Narrative Review: how long should patients with cough variant asthma or non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis be treated?J Thorac Dis. 2021;13(5):3197-3214. doi:10.21037/jtd-20-2026Saito N, Itoga M, Tamaki M, Yamamoto A, Kayaba H.Cough variant asthma patients are more depressed and anxious than classic asthma patients.J Psychosom Res. 2015;79(1):18-26. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.011Francisco CO, Bhatawadekar SA, Babineau J, Reid WD, Yadollahi A.Effects of physical exercise training on nocturnal symptoms in asthma: Systematic review.PLoS ONE. 2018;13(10):e0204953. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204953Horner CC, Dula C, Bacharier LB, et al.Daily global stress is associated with nocturnal asthma awakenings in school-age children.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(4):1196-1199.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.01.054Ingebrigtsen TS, Marott JL, Vestbo J, Nordestgaard BG, Lange P.Coronary heart disease and heart failure in asthma, COPD and asthma-COPD overlap.BMJ Open Respir Res. 2020;7(1):e000470. doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2019-000470Krakowiak K, Durrington HJ.The role of the body clock in asthma and COPD: implication for treatment.Pulm Ther. 2018;4(1):29-43. doi:10.1007/s41030-018-0058-6Senaratna CV, Walters EH, Hamilton G, et al.Nocturnal symptoms perceived as asthma are associated with obstructive sleep apnoea risk, but not bronchial hyper-reactivity.Respirology. 2019;24(12):1176-1182. doi:10.1111/resp.13576Thakur S, Singh B, Mishra V, et al.Bilayer tablet based chronotherapeutics in the management of nocturnal asthma: An overview.Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 2019;13(2):74-82. doi:10.2174/1872211313666190227204127American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB).Côté A, Turmel J, Boulet LP.Exercise and asthma.Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;39(1):19-28. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1606215Aggarwal B, Mulgirigama A, Berend N.Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: prevalence, pathophysiology, patient impact, diagnosis and management.NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2018;28(1):31. doi:10.1038/s41533-018-0098-2American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.Occupational asthma.Vandenplas O, Suojalehto H, Cullinan P.Diagnosing occupational asthma.Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;47(1):6-18. doi:10.1111/cea.12858MedlinePlus.Occupational asthma.Ray A, Oriss TB, Wenzel SE.Emerging molecular phenotypes of asthma.Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2015;308(2):L130-L140. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00070.2014Lo PC, Tsai YT, Lin SK, Lai JN.Risk of asthma exacerbation associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in childhood asthma: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan.Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(41):e5109. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000005109Oliver BG, Robinson P, Peters M, Black J.Viral infections and asthma: an inflammatory interface?Eur Respir J. 2014;44(6):1666-81. doi:10.1183/09031936.00047714Yang X, Li H, Ma Q, Zhang Q, Wang C.Neutrophilic asthma is associated with increased airway bacterial burden and disordered community composition.Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:9230234. Published 2018 Jul 9. doi:10.1155/2018/9230234American Lung Association.Types of asthma.Expert Panel Working Group of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) administered and coordinated National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee (NAEPPCC), Cloutier MM, Baptist AP, et al.2020 Focused Updates to the Asthma Management Guidelines: A Report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group [published correction appears in J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021 Apr;147(4):1528-1530. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.02.010].J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(6):1217-1270. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.003American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.Severe asthma.Additional ReadingBonini M, Palange P.Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: New evidence in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.Asthma Res Pract. 2015;1:2. doi:10.1186/s40733-015-0004-4Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.BMI frequently asked questions.Tan NC, Nadkarni NV, Lye WK, Sankari U, Nguyen vH.Ten-year longitudinal study of factors influencing nocturnal asthma symptoms among Asian patients in primary care.NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2015;25:15064.doi:10.1038/npjpcrm.2015.64UpToDate.Patient education: Exercise-induced asthma (Beyond the basics).
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
American Lung Association.Asthma causes & risk factors.Horak F, Doberer D, Eber E, et al.Diagnosis and management of asthma - Statement on the 2015 GINA Guidelines.Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2016;128(15-16):541–554. doi:10.1007/s00508-016-1019-4Northeast Allergy.A Comprehensive Guide to the Different Types of Asthma.Baos S, Calzada D, Cremades-Jimeno L, et al.Nonallergic asthma and its severity: Biomarkers for its discrimination in peripheral samples.Front Immunol. 2018;9:1416. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01416Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America.Allergens and allergic asthma.Lemire P, Dumas O, Chanoine S, et al.Domestic exposure to irritant cleaning agents and asthma in women.Environ Int. 2020;144:106017. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106017American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology.Non-allergic asthma.Niimi A.Narrative Review: how long should patients with cough variant asthma or non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis be treated?J Thorac Dis. 2021;13(5):3197-3214. doi:10.21037/jtd-20-2026Saito N, Itoga M, Tamaki M, Yamamoto A, Kayaba H.Cough variant asthma patients are more depressed and anxious than classic asthma patients.J Psychosom Res. 2015;79(1):18-26. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.011Francisco CO, Bhatawadekar SA, Babineau J, Reid WD, Yadollahi A.Effects of physical exercise training on nocturnal symptoms in asthma: Systematic review.PLoS ONE. 2018;13(10):e0204953. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204953Horner CC, Dula C, Bacharier LB, et al.Daily global stress is associated with nocturnal asthma awakenings in school-age children.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(4):1196-1199.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.01.054Ingebrigtsen TS, Marott JL, Vestbo J, Nordestgaard BG, Lange P.Coronary heart disease and heart failure in asthma, COPD and asthma-COPD overlap.BMJ Open Respir Res. 2020;7(1):e000470. doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2019-000470Krakowiak K, Durrington HJ.The role of the body clock in asthma and COPD: implication for treatment.Pulm Ther. 2018;4(1):29-43. doi:10.1007/s41030-018-0058-6Senaratna CV, Walters EH, Hamilton G, et al.Nocturnal symptoms perceived as asthma are associated with obstructive sleep apnoea risk, but not bronchial hyper-reactivity.Respirology. 2019;24(12):1176-1182. doi:10.1111/resp.13576Thakur S, Singh B, Mishra V, et al.Bilayer tablet based chronotherapeutics in the management of nocturnal asthma: An overview.Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 2019;13(2):74-82. doi:10.2174/1872211313666190227204127American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB).Côté A, Turmel J, Boulet LP.Exercise and asthma.Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;39(1):19-28. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1606215Aggarwal B, Mulgirigama A, Berend N.Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: prevalence, pathophysiology, patient impact, diagnosis and management.NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2018;28(1):31. doi:10.1038/s41533-018-0098-2American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.Occupational asthma.Vandenplas O, Suojalehto H, Cullinan P.Diagnosing occupational asthma.Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;47(1):6-18. doi:10.1111/cea.12858MedlinePlus.Occupational asthma.Ray A, Oriss TB, Wenzel SE.Emerging molecular phenotypes of asthma.Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2015;308(2):L130-L140. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00070.2014Lo PC, Tsai YT, Lin SK, Lai JN.Risk of asthma exacerbation associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in childhood asthma: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan.Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(41):e5109. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000005109Oliver BG, Robinson P, Peters M, Black J.Viral infections and asthma: an inflammatory interface?Eur Respir J. 2014;44(6):1666-81. doi:10.1183/09031936.00047714Yang X, Li H, Ma Q, Zhang Q, Wang C.Neutrophilic asthma is associated with increased airway bacterial burden and disordered community composition.Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:9230234. Published 2018 Jul 9. doi:10.1155/2018/9230234American Lung Association.Types of asthma.Expert Panel Working Group of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) administered and coordinated National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee (NAEPPCC), Cloutier MM, Baptist AP, et al.2020 Focused Updates to the Asthma Management Guidelines: A Report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group [published correction appears in J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021 Apr;147(4):1528-1530. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.02.010].J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(6):1217-1270. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.003American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.Severe asthma.
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