Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsAnthocyaninsUsesSide EffectsPrecautionsDosageInteractionsSimilar SupplementsSources
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Anthocyanins
Uses
Side Effects
Precautions
Dosage
Interactions
Similar Supplements
Sources
Anthocyaninsare a group of bioactive pigments naturally found in many fruits and vegetables. They haveantioxidantbenefits, which may can help decrease inflammation.
A diet rich in anthocyanins may reduce the risk of heart disease and some types of cancer. Research suggests that anthocyanins may also improve cognition in older adults and boost insulin resistance in people with diabetes.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN or RD), or pharmacist.
Verywell / Getty Images
What Are Anthocyanins?
Anthocyanins belong to a class of compounds calledflavonoids, many of which are thought to contain antioxidant effects, including anthocyanins.Antioxidants fight unstable molecules, calledfree radicals, that have the potential to damage cells and increase the risk of certain diseases.
Some contend that anthocyanins can also boost the immune system and help fight inflammation, diabetes, viral infections, and cancer.
There are many different anthocyanins; the six most common include:
Anthocyanins and other flavonoids are a class ofpolyphenols.
Polyphenols are found in many plant foods and contain various health benefits. Polyphenols are thought to be beneficial for heart health and may help treat other conditions like insulin resistance and inflammation.
Anthocyanins Benefits
In herbal medicine, anthocyanins are thought to be useful for several health conditions, including:
It should be noted that this is not an exhaustive list. Anthocyanins continue to be researched for many other health conditions.
While it is clear that anthocyanin-rich foods play a role in human nutrition, it remains unclear if they can prevent or treat any health condition independently. Evidence is lacking, and even where there is evidence that anthocyanins are beneficial, it is unknown how much is needed for anthocyanins to be considered preventive.
Below is a look into some of the research on anthocyanins.
Heart Disease
Some research suggests that anthocyanins may reduce the risk of heart disease.
A 2021 review on the effect of anthocyanin-rich berries on heart disease showed promising results. The review included 44 studies and evaluated anthocyanin-rich berries such as cranberries,blueberries, bilberries, and blackcurrants. According to the review, regular intake of anthocyanins may improveblood lipidswhile reducing inflammation that can lead to the development of heart disease.
Anthocyanins are also believed to have potential blood pressure–lowering effects. However, study results have been mixed, which means anthocyanins may help lowerblood pressureonly in some cases.
A 2023 review and meta-analysis on anthocyanin-rich foods found anthocyanins may benefit people withmetabolic syndrome, which can increase the likelihood of heart disease. People who followed an anthocyanin-rich diet saw improvements in markers of heart health, including total cholesterol,triglycerides,low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, andtumor necrosis factor (TNF). However, the evidence to back up these findings was of low quality.
Heart Healthy Foods: What to Eat and What to Avoid
Cancer
Although some researchers believe that anthocyanins may possess protective properties against certain types of cancer, no human studies have found any significant benefit.
Lab studies have shown that anthocyanins extracted from various sources were able to shrink, kill, or inhibit cancer cells. This was demonstrated in colon, bladder, breast, and thyroid cancer cells, among others.
Another lab study showed anthocyanins may be beneficial in pancreatic cancer. The blood plasma of people who drank a daily dose of anthocyanin-rich juice had significant effects on reducingmigration of cancer cellsin a test tube. These findings could have big implications for pancreatic cancer treatment, but human studies need to be conducted first.
Animal studies have had similar results, yet human trials on anthocyanins and cancer remain limited.
One small human study looked at the effect of anthocyanins on colon cancer. Despite positive findings from preliminary research, anthocyanins were found to have no significant impact on colon cancer in the human trial.
More research is certainly needed in this area.
RecapAlthough anthocyanin-rich foods are considered “heart-healthy,” there is little evidence that they can actively treat or prevent any health condition. This is especially true with respect to anthocyanins and the prevention of cancer.
Recap
Although anthocyanin-rich foods are considered “heart-healthy,” there is little evidence that they can actively treat or prevent any health condition. This is especially true with respect to anthocyanins and the prevention of cancer.
Diabetes
There is research that suggests anthocyanins may be beneficial for diabetes management.
In a small human study cited in 2015, 58 people withtype 2 diabeteswere given eitherplacebo(an intentionally given ineffective substance) or 160 milligrams (mg) of anthocyanins twice daily for 24 weeks. By the end of the study, those taking anthocyanins had decreased fastingblood sugar. The anthocyanins were also thought to improveinsulin resistance(when cells stop responding to insulin, causing glucose to build up in the blood) in the study participants.
In another study performed onwomen with diabetes, intake of anthocyanins was associated with lower levels of inflammation. This study also found an association between a high intake of anthocyanin-rich foods and improved insulin resistance.
A further study on anthocyanins in Aronia berries found people with type 2 diabetes who consumed fermented or non-fermented Aronia pulp had improved glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) levels. GIP helps increase the amount of insulin the pancreas produces. However, more research is needed to determine the exact benefits of anthocyanin-rich berries in diabetes management.
It should be noted that no large-scale studies looking at the effects of anthocyanins on diabetes have been performed to date. Larger and better-designed studies on the subject certainly are needed.
How to Stop Prediabetes from Turning into Diabetes
Alzheimer’s Disease
There is evidence that anthocyanins benefit brain function in people at risk of age-related cognitive diseases like Alzheimer’s disease.
A 2023 study found positive effects of anthocyanin supplementation in older people at increased risk of dementia. The study participants had eithermild cognitive impairmentor two or more cardiometabolic disorders (diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity).
Those who took a capsule containing anthocyanin for 24 weeks had better cognition results than those in the placebo group. While these findings are promising, more studies need to be conducted before the relationship between anthocyanins and dementia prevention is understood.
Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease
What Are the Side Effects of Anthocyanins?
As a natural substance in many foods, anthocyanins are not thought to have side effects when eaten in normal amounts. For this reason, it is recommended to take a food-first approach to the intake of anthocyanins.
Supplements containing high doses of anthocyanins may be more likely to cause mild or severe side effects.
Common Side Effects
You are more likely to experience side effects if you take a dose of anthocyanins that is too high. However, anthocyanins are generally considered safe, especially when consumed through food.
In the human trials that we do have on anthocyanins as supplements, little to no adverse events have been reported. In the few cases where side effects have occurred, they have mostly been mild. Reported side effects includeeczemaandgastrointestinal (stomach) upset.
Severe Side Effects
Reports of anthocyanin toxicity oroverdosehave not been made. Anthocyanins have also been labeled as having low to no toxicity.
To avoid all side effects, choose to obtain anthocyanins through food. If you do take supplements containing anthocyanins, use them only as directed, and never take more than you should.
Anthocyanins are thought to be safe when consumed through food. Even in supplement form, anthocyanins are generally considered safe.
However, the safety of anthocyanin supplements in certain populations has not been established at this time. Children, people who arepregnantorbreastfeeding, and those with medical conditions should seek advice from their healthcare provider before using supplements of any kind.
Dosage: How Much Anthocyanins Should I Take?
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your individual needs.
When it comes to anthocyanin supplements, there are no guidelines for recommended dosage. More research is needed to establish safe dosage information for all people.
There is also no Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for anthocyanins from food.
However, a joint committee comprising the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) has established 2.5 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) of anthocyanins as an acceptable daily intake. However, this recommendation applies to anthocyanins from grape skin extracts, not anthocyanins in general. The committee found this to be a safe, nontoxic dose.
If necessary, your healthcare provider can help determine the right anthocyanin dose for you.
Anthocyanins may interact with certain nutrients and medications.
Some research suggests that anthocyanins interfere with variousenzymesand protein transporters responsible for helping the body absorb some nutrients, likethiamineandfolic acid. Anthocyanins may also affect enzymes or transporters needed to metabolize certain medications.
Unfortunately, anthocyanin interactions are not well-documented or understood.
It is also important that you carefully read the ingredients list and nutrition facts panel of a supplement. This will ensure you know which ingredients are in the product and how much of each ingredient is included in the supplement. For best practice, please speak with your healthcare provider regarding the potential for interactions between anthocyanins and any other supplements or medications you take.
Various supplements have been researched for similar uses to anthocyanins. These include:
Talk with your healthcare provider about which supplement is best for you.
Sources of Anthocyanins and What to Look For
Although supplements are available, the best way to get anthocyanins is through food.
A food-first approach to anthocyanins ensures better absorption and utilization of nutrients. However, supplements may be necessary in certain cases.
Food Sources of Anthocyanins
Anthocyanins are found in many plant foods, most of which are fruits or vegetables.
Plants that are rich in anthocyanins include:
Some foods, like baked goods, dairy products, and beverages may even be fortified with anthocyanins.
You can also purchase anthocyanin-rich supplements, including tart cherry extract,blueberry extract, bilberry extract, and black raspberry extract.
RecapFruits, vegetables, beans, and grains that are deep red,purple, or blue are generally rich in anthocyanins. You can also buy berry-based, anthocyanin-rich dietary supplements.
Fruits, vegetables, beans, and grains that are deep red,purple, or blue are generally rich in anthocyanins. You can also buy berry-based, anthocyanin-rich dietary supplements.
Verywell / Hugo Lin
Anthocyanin Supplements
Anthocyanin supplements are mostly available as various berry extracts. These may come in the form of capsules, soft gels, tablets, or gummies.
Summary
Anthocyanins are natural pigments in certain plants that give them their purple, blue, or red color. Anthocyanins are rich in antioxidants and other bioactive ingredients that may offer health benefits.
Anthocyanin-rich foods are highly nutritious and an excellent part of a well-balanced diet, but it is still unknown if anthocyanin supplements provide any true benefits.
If you’re thinking about taking an anthocyanin supplement, talk with your healthcare provider first. Remember that supplements cannot cure or prevent any health condition and that nothing beats nutrition from whole food sources.
22 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Khoo HE, Azlan A, Tang ST, Lim SM.Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits.Food Nutr Res. 2017;61(1):1361779. doi:10.1080/16546628.2017.1361779.Mattioli R, Francioso A, Mosca L, Silva P.Anthocyanins: a comprehensive review of their chemical properties and health effects on cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.Molecules. 2020;25(17):3809. doi:10.3390/molecules25173809Rana A, Samtiya M, Dhewa T, Mishra V, Aluko RE.Health benefits of polyphenols: A concise review.J Food Biochem. 2022;46(10):e14264. doi:10.1111/jfbc.14264.Liu J, Zhou H, Song L, et al.Anthocyanins: promising natural products with diverse pharmacological activities.Molecules.2021 Jul;26(13):3807. doi:10.3390/molecules26133807Xu L, Tian Z, Chen H, Zhao Y, Yang Y.Anthocyanins, anthocyanin-rich berries, and cardiovascular risks: systematic review and meta-analysis of 44 randomized controlled trials and 15 prospective cohort studies.Front Nutr. 2021;8:747884. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.747884Vendrame S, Klimis-Zacas D.Potential factors influencing the effects of anthocyanins on blood pressure regulation in humans: a review.Nutrients. 2019;11(6):1431. doi:10.3390/nu11061431.Araya-Quintanilla F, Beatriz-Pizarro A, Sepúlveda-Loyola W, et al.Effectiveness of anthocyanins rich foods on cardiometabolic factors in individuals with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur J Nutr. 2023;62(5):1923-1940. doi:10.1007/s00394-023-03142-8Gonçalves AC, Nunes AR, Falcão A, Alves G, Silva LR.Dietary effects of anthocyanins in human health: a comprehensive review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14(7):690. doi:10.3390/ph14070690.Mostafa H, Behrendt I, Meroño T, et al.Plasma anthocyanins and their metabolites reduce in vitro migration of pancreatic cancer cells, PANC-1, in a FAK- and NF-kB dependent manner: results from the ATTACH-study a randomized, controlled, crossover trial in healthy subjects.Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;158:114076. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114076Medic N, Tramer F, Passamonti S.Anthocyanins in colorectal cancer prevention. a systematic review of the literature in search of molecular oncotargets.Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:675. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00675Li D, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Sun R, Xia M.Purified anthocyanin supplementation reduces dyslipidemia, enhances antioxidant capacity, and prevents insulin resistance in diabetic patients.J Nutr. 2015;145(4):742-748. doi:10.3945/jn.114.205674.Jennings A, Welch AA, Spector T, Macgregor A, Cassidy A.Intakes of anthocyanins and flavones are associated with biomarkers of insulin resistance and inflammation in women.J Nutr. 2014;144(2):202-208. doi:10.3945/jn.113.184358.Christiansen CB, Jeppesen PB, Hermansen K, Gregersen S.Aronia in the type 2 diabetes treatment regimen.Nutrients. 2023;15(19):4188. doi:10.3390/nu15194188Aarsland D, Khalifa K, Bergland AK, et al.A randomised placebo-controlled study of purified anthocyanins on cognition in individuals at increased risk for dementia.Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2023;31(2):141-151. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2022.10.002Wallace TC, Giusti MM.Anthocyanins.Adv Nutr. 2015;6(5):620-622. doi:10.3945/an.115.009233Cory H, Passarelli S, Szeto J, Tamez M, Mattei J.The role of polyphenols in human health and food systems: a mini-review.Front Nutr. 2018;5:87. doi:10.3389/fnut.2018.00087.Koppen LM, Whitaker A, Rosene A, Beckett RD.Efficacy of berberine alone and in combination for the treatment of hyperlipidemia: a systematic review.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(4):956-968. doi:10.1177/2156587216687695Abukhodair AW, Abukhudair W, Alqarni MS.The effects of L-arginine in hypertensive patients: a literature review.Cureus. 2021;13(12):e20485. doi:10.7759/cureus.20485Asbaghi O, Fatemeh N, Mahnaz RK, et al.Effects of chromium supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Pharmacol Res. 2020;161:105098. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105098.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D.Lin BW, Gong CC, Song HF, Cui YY.Effects of anthocyanins on the prevention and treatment of cancer.Br J Pharmacol. 2017;174(11):1226–1243. doi:10.1111/bph.13627Echegaray N, Munekata PES, Gullón P, et al.Recent advances in food products fortification with anthocyanins.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(6):1553-1567. doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1844141
22 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Khoo HE, Azlan A, Tang ST, Lim SM.Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits.Food Nutr Res. 2017;61(1):1361779. doi:10.1080/16546628.2017.1361779.Mattioli R, Francioso A, Mosca L, Silva P.Anthocyanins: a comprehensive review of their chemical properties and health effects on cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.Molecules. 2020;25(17):3809. doi:10.3390/molecules25173809Rana A, Samtiya M, Dhewa T, Mishra V, Aluko RE.Health benefits of polyphenols: A concise review.J Food Biochem. 2022;46(10):e14264. doi:10.1111/jfbc.14264.Liu J, Zhou H, Song L, et al.Anthocyanins: promising natural products with diverse pharmacological activities.Molecules.2021 Jul;26(13):3807. doi:10.3390/molecules26133807Xu L, Tian Z, Chen H, Zhao Y, Yang Y.Anthocyanins, anthocyanin-rich berries, and cardiovascular risks: systematic review and meta-analysis of 44 randomized controlled trials and 15 prospective cohort studies.Front Nutr. 2021;8:747884. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.747884Vendrame S, Klimis-Zacas D.Potential factors influencing the effects of anthocyanins on blood pressure regulation in humans: a review.Nutrients. 2019;11(6):1431. doi:10.3390/nu11061431.Araya-Quintanilla F, Beatriz-Pizarro A, Sepúlveda-Loyola W, et al.Effectiveness of anthocyanins rich foods on cardiometabolic factors in individuals with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur J Nutr. 2023;62(5):1923-1940. doi:10.1007/s00394-023-03142-8Gonçalves AC, Nunes AR, Falcão A, Alves G, Silva LR.Dietary effects of anthocyanins in human health: a comprehensive review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14(7):690. doi:10.3390/ph14070690.Mostafa H, Behrendt I, Meroño T, et al.Plasma anthocyanins and their metabolites reduce in vitro migration of pancreatic cancer cells, PANC-1, in a FAK- and NF-kB dependent manner: results from the ATTACH-study a randomized, controlled, crossover trial in healthy subjects.Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;158:114076. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114076Medic N, Tramer F, Passamonti S.Anthocyanins in colorectal cancer prevention. a systematic review of the literature in search of molecular oncotargets.Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:675. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00675Li D, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Sun R, Xia M.Purified anthocyanin supplementation reduces dyslipidemia, enhances antioxidant capacity, and prevents insulin resistance in diabetic patients.J Nutr. 2015;145(4):742-748. doi:10.3945/jn.114.205674.Jennings A, Welch AA, Spector T, Macgregor A, Cassidy A.Intakes of anthocyanins and flavones are associated with biomarkers of insulin resistance and inflammation in women.J Nutr. 2014;144(2):202-208. doi:10.3945/jn.113.184358.Christiansen CB, Jeppesen PB, Hermansen K, Gregersen S.Aronia in the type 2 diabetes treatment regimen.Nutrients. 2023;15(19):4188. doi:10.3390/nu15194188Aarsland D, Khalifa K, Bergland AK, et al.A randomised placebo-controlled study of purified anthocyanins on cognition in individuals at increased risk for dementia.Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2023;31(2):141-151. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2022.10.002Wallace TC, Giusti MM.Anthocyanins.Adv Nutr. 2015;6(5):620-622. doi:10.3945/an.115.009233Cory H, Passarelli S, Szeto J, Tamez M, Mattei J.The role of polyphenols in human health and food systems: a mini-review.Front Nutr. 2018;5:87. doi:10.3389/fnut.2018.00087.Koppen LM, Whitaker A, Rosene A, Beckett RD.Efficacy of berberine alone and in combination for the treatment of hyperlipidemia: a systematic review.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(4):956-968. doi:10.1177/2156587216687695Abukhodair AW, Abukhudair W, Alqarni MS.The effects of L-arginine in hypertensive patients: a literature review.Cureus. 2021;13(12):e20485. doi:10.7759/cureus.20485Asbaghi O, Fatemeh N, Mahnaz RK, et al.Effects of chromium supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Pharmacol Res. 2020;161:105098. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105098.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D.Lin BW, Gong CC, Song HF, Cui YY.Effects of anthocyanins on the prevention and treatment of cancer.Br J Pharmacol. 2017;174(11):1226–1243. doi:10.1111/bph.13627Echegaray N, Munekata PES, Gullón P, et al.Recent advances in food products fortification with anthocyanins.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(6):1553-1567. doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1844141
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Khoo HE, Azlan A, Tang ST, Lim SM.Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits.Food Nutr Res. 2017;61(1):1361779. doi:10.1080/16546628.2017.1361779.Mattioli R, Francioso A, Mosca L, Silva P.Anthocyanins: a comprehensive review of their chemical properties and health effects on cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.Molecules. 2020;25(17):3809. doi:10.3390/molecules25173809Rana A, Samtiya M, Dhewa T, Mishra V, Aluko RE.Health benefits of polyphenols: A concise review.J Food Biochem. 2022;46(10):e14264. doi:10.1111/jfbc.14264.Liu J, Zhou H, Song L, et al.Anthocyanins: promising natural products with diverse pharmacological activities.Molecules.2021 Jul;26(13):3807. doi:10.3390/molecules26133807Xu L, Tian Z, Chen H, Zhao Y, Yang Y.Anthocyanins, anthocyanin-rich berries, and cardiovascular risks: systematic review and meta-analysis of 44 randomized controlled trials and 15 prospective cohort studies.Front Nutr. 2021;8:747884. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.747884Vendrame S, Klimis-Zacas D.Potential factors influencing the effects of anthocyanins on blood pressure regulation in humans: a review.Nutrients. 2019;11(6):1431. doi:10.3390/nu11061431.Araya-Quintanilla F, Beatriz-Pizarro A, Sepúlveda-Loyola W, et al.Effectiveness of anthocyanins rich foods on cardiometabolic factors in individuals with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur J Nutr. 2023;62(5):1923-1940. doi:10.1007/s00394-023-03142-8Gonçalves AC, Nunes AR, Falcão A, Alves G, Silva LR.Dietary effects of anthocyanins in human health: a comprehensive review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14(7):690. doi:10.3390/ph14070690.Mostafa H, Behrendt I, Meroño T, et al.Plasma anthocyanins and their metabolites reduce in vitro migration of pancreatic cancer cells, PANC-1, in a FAK- and NF-kB dependent manner: results from the ATTACH-study a randomized, controlled, crossover trial in healthy subjects.Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;158:114076. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114076Medic N, Tramer F, Passamonti S.Anthocyanins in colorectal cancer prevention. a systematic review of the literature in search of molecular oncotargets.Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:675. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00675Li D, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Sun R, Xia M.Purified anthocyanin supplementation reduces dyslipidemia, enhances antioxidant capacity, and prevents insulin resistance in diabetic patients.J Nutr. 2015;145(4):742-748. doi:10.3945/jn.114.205674.Jennings A, Welch AA, Spector T, Macgregor A, Cassidy A.Intakes of anthocyanins and flavones are associated with biomarkers of insulin resistance and inflammation in women.J Nutr. 2014;144(2):202-208. doi:10.3945/jn.113.184358.Christiansen CB, Jeppesen PB, Hermansen K, Gregersen S.Aronia in the type 2 diabetes treatment regimen.Nutrients. 2023;15(19):4188. doi:10.3390/nu15194188Aarsland D, Khalifa K, Bergland AK, et al.A randomised placebo-controlled study of purified anthocyanins on cognition in individuals at increased risk for dementia.Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2023;31(2):141-151. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2022.10.002Wallace TC, Giusti MM.Anthocyanins.Adv Nutr. 2015;6(5):620-622. doi:10.3945/an.115.009233Cory H, Passarelli S, Szeto J, Tamez M, Mattei J.The role of polyphenols in human health and food systems: a mini-review.Front Nutr. 2018;5:87. doi:10.3389/fnut.2018.00087.Koppen LM, Whitaker A, Rosene A, Beckett RD.Efficacy of berberine alone and in combination for the treatment of hyperlipidemia: a systematic review.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(4):956-968. doi:10.1177/2156587216687695Abukhodair AW, Abukhudair W, Alqarni MS.The effects of L-arginine in hypertensive patients: a literature review.Cureus. 2021;13(12):e20485. doi:10.7759/cureus.20485Asbaghi O, Fatemeh N, Mahnaz RK, et al.Effects of chromium supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Pharmacol Res. 2020;161:105098. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105098.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D.Lin BW, Gong CC, Song HF, Cui YY.Effects of anthocyanins on the prevention and treatment of cancer.Br J Pharmacol. 2017;174(11):1226–1243. doi:10.1111/bph.13627Echegaray N, Munekata PES, Gullón P, et al.Recent advances in food products fortification with anthocyanins.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(6):1553-1567. doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1844141
Khoo HE, Azlan A, Tang ST, Lim SM.Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits.Food Nutr Res. 2017;61(1):1361779. doi:10.1080/16546628.2017.1361779.
Mattioli R, Francioso A, Mosca L, Silva P.Anthocyanins: a comprehensive review of their chemical properties and health effects on cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.Molecules. 2020;25(17):3809. doi:10.3390/molecules25173809
Rana A, Samtiya M, Dhewa T, Mishra V, Aluko RE.Health benefits of polyphenols: A concise review.J Food Biochem. 2022;46(10):e14264. doi:10.1111/jfbc.14264.
Liu J, Zhou H, Song L, et al.Anthocyanins: promising natural products with diverse pharmacological activities.Molecules.2021 Jul;26(13):3807. doi:10.3390/molecules26133807
Xu L, Tian Z, Chen H, Zhao Y, Yang Y.Anthocyanins, anthocyanin-rich berries, and cardiovascular risks: systematic review and meta-analysis of 44 randomized controlled trials and 15 prospective cohort studies.Front Nutr. 2021;8:747884. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.747884
Vendrame S, Klimis-Zacas D.Potential factors influencing the effects of anthocyanins on blood pressure regulation in humans: a review.Nutrients. 2019;11(6):1431. doi:10.3390/nu11061431.
Araya-Quintanilla F, Beatriz-Pizarro A, Sepúlveda-Loyola W, et al.Effectiveness of anthocyanins rich foods on cardiometabolic factors in individuals with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur J Nutr. 2023;62(5):1923-1940. doi:10.1007/s00394-023-03142-8
Gonçalves AC, Nunes AR, Falcão A, Alves G, Silva LR.Dietary effects of anthocyanins in human health: a comprehensive review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14(7):690. doi:10.3390/ph14070690.
Mostafa H, Behrendt I, Meroño T, et al.Plasma anthocyanins and their metabolites reduce in vitro migration of pancreatic cancer cells, PANC-1, in a FAK- and NF-kB dependent manner: results from the ATTACH-study a randomized, controlled, crossover trial in healthy subjects.Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;158:114076. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114076
Medic N, Tramer F, Passamonti S.Anthocyanins in colorectal cancer prevention. a systematic review of the literature in search of molecular oncotargets.Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:675. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00675
Li D, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Sun R, Xia M.Purified anthocyanin supplementation reduces dyslipidemia, enhances antioxidant capacity, and prevents insulin resistance in diabetic patients.J Nutr. 2015;145(4):742-748. doi:10.3945/jn.114.205674.
Jennings A, Welch AA, Spector T, Macgregor A, Cassidy A.Intakes of anthocyanins and flavones are associated with biomarkers of insulin resistance and inflammation in women.J Nutr. 2014;144(2):202-208. doi:10.3945/jn.113.184358.
Christiansen CB, Jeppesen PB, Hermansen K, Gregersen S.Aronia in the type 2 diabetes treatment regimen.Nutrients. 2023;15(19):4188. doi:10.3390/nu15194188
Aarsland D, Khalifa K, Bergland AK, et al.A randomised placebo-controlled study of purified anthocyanins on cognition in individuals at increased risk for dementia.Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2023;31(2):141-151. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2022.10.002
Wallace TC, Giusti MM.Anthocyanins.Adv Nutr. 2015;6(5):620-622. doi:10.3945/an.115.009233
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