Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsUsesNutritionSide EffectsPrecautionsHow to ConsumeToxicityInteractionsStorageSimilar SupplementsSources & What to Look For
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Uses
Nutrition
Side Effects
Precautions
How to Consume
Toxicity
Interactions
Storage
Similar Supplements
Sources & What to Look For
Black walnuts come from the black walnut tree (Juglans nigra), which is native to North America. Black walnut (not the same thing as Englishwalnuts) has long been used in complementary and alternative medicine. The kernels of the nuts are thought to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties.
Yet research is lacking to support health claims for black walnut. It’s also important to remember that black walnuts are tree nuts, a common allergen.Anyone with atree nut allergyshould avoid black walnuts.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
Verywell / Getty Images
Uses of Black Walnut
Due to components such asmonounsaturated fats,omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants, tree nut consumption has been linked to the prevention and treatment of various health conditions, including:
However, studies specific to black walnut for these and other purposes are scarce, and most studies have been performed in a lab or on animal models. There is not enough scientific evidence to support using black walnut for any health benefits in humans, and no supplement is intended to treat, cure, or prevent disease.It’s also worth noting that researchers are still investigating how to extract the active compounds from the black walnut effectively.Without proper extraction methods, black walnut supplements may not provide benefits at all.
Here is a look at some of the research on black walnuts.
Inflammation
Black walnut has been examined for its role in treating and preventing inflammation.
One lab study looked into black walnut extracts and their effects oninflammation in the body. Researchers found that compounds in black walnut inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory compounds in the body. These compounds were found in the kernel (nut) of the black walnut and included gallic acid,quercetin, andnaringin, among others.
Other research has shown that the intake of nuts may improve inflammation. However, large-scale studies to confirm these effects have not been performed.
Antibacterial Properties
Somephytonutrients(plant compounds believed to promote health) in black walnut are thought to have antibacterial effects.
Research has shown that these phenolic compounds may disrupt the membrane structures of bacteria and inhibit theirDNAsynthesis.
One study investigated which components of black walnut may possess antibacterial properties. In the study, researchers examined 22 cultivars (varieties of cultivated plants) of black walnut and found that some exhibited antibacterial activity againstStaphylococcus aureus(S. aureus). However, other cultivars were found to have no effects againstS. aureus.
Heart Health
Highernutconsumption has been inversely associated with heart (cardiovascular) disease. Eating tree nuts two times per week has been linked to a lower risk ofheart disease.
A small study compared the cardiovascular effects of black walnuts to those of English walnuts. For the study, participants ate about 1.06 ounces of either black walnuts or English walnuts every day for 30 days. Results showed that those who ate English walnuts experienced greater improvements in several measures of cardiovascular health compared to those who ate black walnuts.
Other research suggests that black walnuts may provide as much nutritional value, if not more, than English walnuts or other types of tree nuts.As some scientists have pointed out, more research is needed on the effects of black walnuts on heart health.
FrankvandenBergh / Getty Images
Nutritional Benefits of Black Walnuts
Black walnuts contain protein and healthy fats. A 1-ounce serving (about 1/4 cup) contains:
Black walnuts also contain antioxidants (includingtocopherols,catechins, andresveratrol) and minerals, such as:
Just like other nuts, black walnuts can go bad over time because the oils become rancid. Black walnuts may also lose flavor and some nutritional value as they reach and pass theirexpirationdate.
What Are the Side Effects of Black Walnut?
Black walnuts are generally considered safe. Consuming black walnuts in reasonable food amounts is thought to pose little risk. However, if you have a tree nut allergy, consuming black walnuts or using black walnut supplements may cause a serious allergic reaction. Symptoms may include:
Due to a lack of research, little is known about the safety of long-term use of black walnut extract supplements.
Only use black walnut supplements as directed to prevent potential adverse events.
If you suspect you may have a tree nut allergy, talk with a healthcare provider about getting properly diagnosed.
Verywell / Anastasia Tretiak
Black walnut supplements are not appropriate for everyone. Certain people must take extra precautions, while others should avoid taking black walnut altogether.
There is not enough evidence to know if black walnut supplements are safe for people who are pregnant or breastfeeding. It’s best to play it safe and avoid black walnut supplements during these life stages. However, black walnut is likely safe when consumed in amounts normally found in foods.
Safety tests for black walnut supplements have not yet been performed on children. Additionally, evidence is lacking regarding the safety of black walnut supplements for people with various health conditions.
Finally, anyone with a tree nutallergyshould avoid using black walnut.
If you’re considering using black walnut for a health condition, consult a healthcare provider first. And remember that supplements should not replace standard medical care.
How to Consume Black Walnuts
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your individual needs.
Currently, there are no recommended dosage guidelines for black walnut supplements. This is because there is not enough reliable evidence supporting black walnut as a medicine or treatment for any health condition.
If you decide to use black walnut supplements, follow the dosing recommendations as listed on the product label. Or, consult a healthcare provider regarding proper dosing for you.
As a food, a typical serving of black walnuts is about 1 ounce (equal to a small handful).Black walnuts have a distinctively different flavor from English walnuts but can be used in the same ways, such as:
Can Black Walnuts Be Toxic?
When consumed as food or in supplement form, black walnut is not considered toxic to humans.
There is some concern about a substance calledjuglone, which is found in the hulls (outer covering) of black walnuts. It is thought that juglone may produce reactive oxygen species, which are unstable molecules that may be harmful. Interestingly, though, juglone may also act as an antioxidant.
More safety studies are needed on black walnut, but black walnut has not been reported as toxic.
Black walnut may interact with various medications, herbs, and supplements.
Black walnuts contain substances called tannins that have antioxidant potential.Tannins are thought to be complex structures that may increase the risk of interactions.
Some research shows that tannins may interact with anticoagulants (blood thinners) and medicines used to treatmalaria.Yet, these interactions are not well understood.
It should be noted that there are no documented interactions for black walnut. More research is needed.
Before choosing a new supplement, carefully read the ingredients list and nutrition facts panel to learn which ingredients are included. It’s important to review supplement labels with your healthcare provider to discuss any potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications.
How to Store Black Walnut
Black walnuts and black walnut supplements should be stored in a cool, dry place. They should also be stored in their original container and kept out of direct sunlight.
Black walnut supplements and extracts typically do not require refrigeration. Be sure to follow storage instructions as written on the product label. Some people recommend refrigerating whole black walnuts.
Keep black walnut supplements out of reach of small children and pets.
Discard black walnuts and black walnut supplements once they reach their expiration date.
Black walnut has been researched for various health benefits. These potential health benefits are similar to those of many other herbs and supplements.
Supplements that may work similarly to black walnut include:
If you’re interested in trying these or other supplements, talk with a healthcare provider about which ones are best for you.
Supplement FactsActive ingredient(s):Phenolic compoundsAlternate name(s):Juglans nigra, eastern black walnut, American walnutLegal status:Legal and available over the counter in the United StatesSuggested dose:No dosage guidelines for black walnut supplements since research is lackingSafety considerations:Possible upset stomach and allergic reactions
Supplement Facts
Active ingredient(s):Phenolic compoundsAlternate name(s):Juglans nigra, eastern black walnut, American walnutLegal status:Legal and available over the counter in the United StatesSuggested dose:No dosage guidelines for black walnut supplements since research is lackingSafety considerations:Possible upset stomach and allergic reactions
Sources of Black Walnut and What to Look For
It’s always best to take a food-first approach to nutrition. This means eating whole black walnuts is recommended over black walnut supplements. Whole foods tend to contain more nutrients and benefits than dietary supplements.
Food Sources of Black Walnut
Black walnuts may not be as easy to find in stores as English walnuts, but they are available for purchase online.
You can find black walnuts in their raw, whole form and still in the shell. Chopped and shelled black walnuts are also available. Black walnuts can be eaten alone or added to variouscookingandbakingrecipes.
Black Walnut Supplements
Black walnut supplements are often in the form of tinctures and essential oils. You may also find black walnut supplements in capsule form.
Often, black walnuts are paired with other ingredients and nutrients when sold as a dietary supplement. Read the full ingredients list on the supplement label before choosing a brand.
Vegan, gluten-free, and/ororganicblack walnut supplements are available. These and other details should be listed on the supplement’s nutrition label or product packaging.
Summary
Black walnuts come from the black walnut tree and may have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties However, there is very little research on the potential health benefits of black walnuts and black walnut supplements.
Generally, it’s best to take a food-first approach to get the nutrition you need, so consider consuming black walnuts as food before opting for their supplement form. A typical serving of nuts is about 1 ounce (or 1/4 cup).
If you’re considering black walnut supplements, talk with a healthcare provider to ensure it’s the right choice for your health needs.
20 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Ho KV, Roy A, Foote S, Vo PH, Lall N, Lin CH.Profiling anticancer and antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds present in black walnuts (Juglans nigra) using a high-throughput screening approach.Molecules. 2020;25(19):4516. doi:10.3390/molecules25194516USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service.Food allergies.Câmara C, Schlegel V.A review on the potential human health benefits of the black walnut: a comparison with the English walnuts and other tree nuts.International Journal of Food Properties. 2015;19(10):2175-2189. doi:10.1080/10942912.2015.1114951Wenzel J, Storer Samaniego C, Wang L, et al.Antioxidant potential ofJuglans nigra,black walnut, husks extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide with an ethanol modifier.Food Sci Nutr. 2016;5(2):223–232. doi:10.1002/fsn3.385Ho KV, Schreiber KL, Vu DC, et al.Black walnut (juglans nigra) extracts inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human promonocytic cell line U-937.Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1059. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01059Guasch-Ferré M, Liu X, Malik VS, et al.Nut consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(20):2519-2532. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.09.035C. Vu D, D. Nguyen TH, L. Ho T.An overview of phytochemicals and potential health-promoting properties of black walnut.RSC Advances. 2020;10(55):33378-33388. doi:10.1039/D0RA05714BHo KV, Lei Z, Sumner LW, et al.Identifying antibacterial compounds in black walnuts (juglans nigra) using a metabolomics approach.Metabolites. 2018;8(4):58. doi:10.3390/metabo8040058Fitschen PJ, Rolfhus KR, Winfrey MR, Allen BK, Manzy M, Maher MA.Cardiovascular effects of consumption of black versus English walnuts.J Med Food. 2011 Sep;14(9):890-8. doi:10.1089/jmf.2010.0169U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Nuts, walnuts, black, dried.Antora SA, Ho KV, Lin CH, Thomas AL, Lovell ST, Krishnaswamy K.Quantification of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids in black walnut (Juglans nigra).Front Nutr. 2022;9:936189. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.936189Ampofo J, Grilo FS, Langstaff S, Wang SC.Oxidative stability of walnut kernel and oil: chemical compositions and sensory aroma compounds.Foods. 2022;11(19):3151. doi:10.3390/foods11193151Weinberger T, Sicherer S.Current perspectives on tree nut allergy: a review.J Asthma Allergy. 2018;11:41-51. doi:10.2147/JAA.S141636Brown R, Gray AR, Chua MG, Ware L, Chisholm A, Tey SL.Is a handful an effective way to guide nut recommendations?Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(15):7812. doi:10.3390/ijerph18157812Ahmad T, Suzuki YJ.Juglone in oxidative stress and cell signaling.Antioxidants (Basel). 2019;8(4):91. doi:10.3390/antiox8040091Fasinu PS, Bouic PJ, Rosenkranz B.An overview of the evidence and mechanisms of herb-drug interactions.Front Pharmacol. 2012;3:69. doi:10.3389/fphar.2012.00069.Bottega R, Persico I, De Seta F, Romano F, Di Lorenzo G.Anti-inflammatory properties of a proprietary bromelain extract (Bromeyal™) afterin vitrosimulated gastrointestinal digestion.Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2021;35:20587384211034686. doi:10.1177/20587384211034686Puškárová A, Bučková M, Kraková L, Pangallo D, Kozics K.The antibacterial and antifungal activity of six essential oils and their cyto/genotoxicity to human HEL 12469 cells.Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08673-9Patel RV, Mistry BM, Shinde SK, Syed R, Singh V, Shin HS.Therapeutic potential of quercetin as a cardiovascular agent.Eur J Med Chem. 2018;155:889-904. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.053Imran M, Ghorat F, Ul-Haq I, et al.Lycopene as a natural antioxidant used to prevent human health disorders.Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(8):706. doi:10.3390/antiox9080706
20 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Ho KV, Roy A, Foote S, Vo PH, Lall N, Lin CH.Profiling anticancer and antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds present in black walnuts (Juglans nigra) using a high-throughput screening approach.Molecules. 2020;25(19):4516. doi:10.3390/molecules25194516USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service.Food allergies.Câmara C, Schlegel V.A review on the potential human health benefits of the black walnut: a comparison with the English walnuts and other tree nuts.International Journal of Food Properties. 2015;19(10):2175-2189. doi:10.1080/10942912.2015.1114951Wenzel J, Storer Samaniego C, Wang L, et al.Antioxidant potential ofJuglans nigra,black walnut, husks extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide with an ethanol modifier.Food Sci Nutr. 2016;5(2):223–232. doi:10.1002/fsn3.385Ho KV, Schreiber KL, Vu DC, et al.Black walnut (juglans nigra) extracts inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human promonocytic cell line U-937.Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1059. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01059Guasch-Ferré M, Liu X, Malik VS, et al.Nut consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(20):2519-2532. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.09.035C. Vu D, D. Nguyen TH, L. Ho T.An overview of phytochemicals and potential health-promoting properties of black walnut.RSC Advances. 2020;10(55):33378-33388. doi:10.1039/D0RA05714BHo KV, Lei Z, Sumner LW, et al.Identifying antibacterial compounds in black walnuts (juglans nigra) using a metabolomics approach.Metabolites. 2018;8(4):58. doi:10.3390/metabo8040058Fitschen PJ, Rolfhus KR, Winfrey MR, Allen BK, Manzy M, Maher MA.Cardiovascular effects of consumption of black versus English walnuts.J Med Food. 2011 Sep;14(9):890-8. doi:10.1089/jmf.2010.0169U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Nuts, walnuts, black, dried.Antora SA, Ho KV, Lin CH, Thomas AL, Lovell ST, Krishnaswamy K.Quantification of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids in black walnut (Juglans nigra).Front Nutr. 2022;9:936189. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.936189Ampofo J, Grilo FS, Langstaff S, Wang SC.Oxidative stability of walnut kernel and oil: chemical compositions and sensory aroma compounds.Foods. 2022;11(19):3151. doi:10.3390/foods11193151Weinberger T, Sicherer S.Current perspectives on tree nut allergy: a review.J Asthma Allergy. 2018;11:41-51. doi:10.2147/JAA.S141636Brown R, Gray AR, Chua MG, Ware L, Chisholm A, Tey SL.Is a handful an effective way to guide nut recommendations?Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(15):7812. doi:10.3390/ijerph18157812Ahmad T, Suzuki YJ.Juglone in oxidative stress and cell signaling.Antioxidants (Basel). 2019;8(4):91. doi:10.3390/antiox8040091Fasinu PS, Bouic PJ, Rosenkranz B.An overview of the evidence and mechanisms of herb-drug interactions.Front Pharmacol. 2012;3:69. doi:10.3389/fphar.2012.00069.Bottega R, Persico I, De Seta F, Romano F, Di Lorenzo G.Anti-inflammatory properties of a proprietary bromelain extract (Bromeyal™) afterin vitrosimulated gastrointestinal digestion.Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2021;35:20587384211034686. doi:10.1177/20587384211034686Puškárová A, Bučková M, Kraková L, Pangallo D, Kozics K.The antibacterial and antifungal activity of six essential oils and their cyto/genotoxicity to human HEL 12469 cells.Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08673-9Patel RV, Mistry BM, Shinde SK, Syed R, Singh V, Shin HS.Therapeutic potential of quercetin as a cardiovascular agent.Eur J Med Chem. 2018;155:889-904. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.053Imran M, Ghorat F, Ul-Haq I, et al.Lycopene as a natural antioxidant used to prevent human health disorders.Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(8):706. doi:10.3390/antiox9080706
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Ho KV, Roy A, Foote S, Vo PH, Lall N, Lin CH.Profiling anticancer and antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds present in black walnuts (Juglans nigra) using a high-throughput screening approach.Molecules. 2020;25(19):4516. doi:10.3390/molecules25194516USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service.Food allergies.Câmara C, Schlegel V.A review on the potential human health benefits of the black walnut: a comparison with the English walnuts and other tree nuts.International Journal of Food Properties. 2015;19(10):2175-2189. doi:10.1080/10942912.2015.1114951Wenzel J, Storer Samaniego C, Wang L, et al.Antioxidant potential ofJuglans nigra,black walnut, husks extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide with an ethanol modifier.Food Sci Nutr. 2016;5(2):223–232. doi:10.1002/fsn3.385Ho KV, Schreiber KL, Vu DC, et al.Black walnut (juglans nigra) extracts inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human promonocytic cell line U-937.Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1059. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01059Guasch-Ferré M, Liu X, Malik VS, et al.Nut consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(20):2519-2532. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.09.035C. Vu D, D. Nguyen TH, L. Ho T.An overview of phytochemicals and potential health-promoting properties of black walnut.RSC Advances. 2020;10(55):33378-33388. doi:10.1039/D0RA05714BHo KV, Lei Z, Sumner LW, et al.Identifying antibacterial compounds in black walnuts (juglans nigra) using a metabolomics approach.Metabolites. 2018;8(4):58. doi:10.3390/metabo8040058Fitschen PJ, Rolfhus KR, Winfrey MR, Allen BK, Manzy M, Maher MA.Cardiovascular effects of consumption of black versus English walnuts.J Med Food. 2011 Sep;14(9):890-8. doi:10.1089/jmf.2010.0169U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Nuts, walnuts, black, dried.Antora SA, Ho KV, Lin CH, Thomas AL, Lovell ST, Krishnaswamy K.Quantification of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids in black walnut (Juglans nigra).Front Nutr. 2022;9:936189. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.936189Ampofo J, Grilo FS, Langstaff S, Wang SC.Oxidative stability of walnut kernel and oil: chemical compositions and sensory aroma compounds.Foods. 2022;11(19):3151. doi:10.3390/foods11193151Weinberger T, Sicherer S.Current perspectives on tree nut allergy: a review.J Asthma Allergy. 2018;11:41-51. doi:10.2147/JAA.S141636Brown R, Gray AR, Chua MG, Ware L, Chisholm A, Tey SL.Is a handful an effective way to guide nut recommendations?Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(15):7812. doi:10.3390/ijerph18157812Ahmad T, Suzuki YJ.Juglone in oxidative stress and cell signaling.Antioxidants (Basel). 2019;8(4):91. doi:10.3390/antiox8040091Fasinu PS, Bouic PJ, Rosenkranz B.An overview of the evidence and mechanisms of herb-drug interactions.Front Pharmacol. 2012;3:69. doi:10.3389/fphar.2012.00069.Bottega R, Persico I, De Seta F, Romano F, Di Lorenzo G.Anti-inflammatory properties of a proprietary bromelain extract (Bromeyal™) afterin vitrosimulated gastrointestinal digestion.Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2021;35:20587384211034686. doi:10.1177/20587384211034686Puškárová A, Bučková M, Kraková L, Pangallo D, Kozics K.The antibacterial and antifungal activity of six essential oils and their cyto/genotoxicity to human HEL 12469 cells.Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08673-9Patel RV, Mistry BM, Shinde SK, Syed R, Singh V, Shin HS.Therapeutic potential of quercetin as a cardiovascular agent.Eur J Med Chem. 2018;155:889-904. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.053Imran M, Ghorat F, Ul-Haq I, et al.Lycopene as a natural antioxidant used to prevent human health disorders.Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(8):706. doi:10.3390/antiox9080706
Ho KV, Roy A, Foote S, Vo PH, Lall N, Lin CH.Profiling anticancer and antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds present in black walnuts (Juglans nigra) using a high-throughput screening approach.Molecules. 2020;25(19):4516. doi:10.3390/molecules25194516
USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service.Food allergies.
Câmara C, Schlegel V.A review on the potential human health benefits of the black walnut: a comparison with the English walnuts and other tree nuts.International Journal of Food Properties. 2015;19(10):2175-2189. doi:10.1080/10942912.2015.1114951
Wenzel J, Storer Samaniego C, Wang L, et al.Antioxidant potential ofJuglans nigra,black walnut, husks extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide with an ethanol modifier.Food Sci Nutr. 2016;5(2):223–232. doi:10.1002/fsn3.385
Ho KV, Schreiber KL, Vu DC, et al.Black walnut (juglans nigra) extracts inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human promonocytic cell line U-937.Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1059. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01059
Guasch-Ferré M, Liu X, Malik VS, et al.Nut consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(20):2519-2532. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.09.035
C. Vu D, D. Nguyen TH, L. Ho T.An overview of phytochemicals and potential health-promoting properties of black walnut.RSC Advances. 2020;10(55):33378-33388. doi:10.1039/D0RA05714B
Ho KV, Lei Z, Sumner LW, et al.Identifying antibacterial compounds in black walnuts (juglans nigra) using a metabolomics approach.Metabolites. 2018;8(4):58. doi:10.3390/metabo8040058
Fitschen PJ, Rolfhus KR, Winfrey MR, Allen BK, Manzy M, Maher MA.Cardiovascular effects of consumption of black versus English walnuts.J Med Food. 2011 Sep;14(9):890-8. doi:10.1089/jmf.2010.0169
U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Nuts, walnuts, black, dried.
Antora SA, Ho KV, Lin CH, Thomas AL, Lovell ST, Krishnaswamy K.Quantification of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids in black walnut (Juglans nigra).Front Nutr. 2022;9:936189. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.936189
Ampofo J, Grilo FS, Langstaff S, Wang SC.Oxidative stability of walnut kernel and oil: chemical compositions and sensory aroma compounds.Foods. 2022;11(19):3151. doi:10.3390/foods11193151
Weinberger T, Sicherer S.Current perspectives on tree nut allergy: a review.J Asthma Allergy. 2018;11:41-51. doi:10.2147/JAA.S141636
Brown R, Gray AR, Chua MG, Ware L, Chisholm A, Tey SL.Is a handful an effective way to guide nut recommendations?Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(15):7812. doi:10.3390/ijerph18157812
Ahmad T, Suzuki YJ.Juglone in oxidative stress and cell signaling.Antioxidants (Basel). 2019;8(4):91. doi:10.3390/antiox8040091
Fasinu PS, Bouic PJ, Rosenkranz B.An overview of the evidence and mechanisms of herb-drug interactions.Front Pharmacol. 2012;3:69. doi:10.3389/fphar.2012.00069.
Bottega R, Persico I, De Seta F, Romano F, Di Lorenzo G.Anti-inflammatory properties of a proprietary bromelain extract (Bromeyal™) afterin vitrosimulated gastrointestinal digestion.Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2021;35:20587384211034686. doi:10.1177/20587384211034686
Puškárová A, Bučková M, Kraková L, Pangallo D, Kozics K.The antibacterial and antifungal activity of six essential oils and their cyto/genotoxicity to human HEL 12469 cells.Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08673-9
Patel RV, Mistry BM, Shinde SK, Syed R, Singh V, Shin HS.Therapeutic potential of quercetin as a cardiovascular agent.Eur J Med Chem. 2018;155:889-904. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.053
Imran M, Ghorat F, Ul-Haq I, et al.Lycopene as a natural antioxidant used to prevent human health disorders.Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(8):706. doi:10.3390/antiox9080706
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