Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsUsesDeficiencySide EffectsWhen to Avoid Potassium SupplementationOverdoseToxicityInteractionsHow to StoreSources & What to Look For
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Uses
Deficiency
Side Effects
When to Avoid Potassium Supplementation
Overdose
Toxicity
Interactions
How to Store
Sources & What to Look For
Potassium is an essential mineral and electrolyte. It works in your nervous and skeletal systems, controls theelectrical activity of your heart, and is involved in blood pressure control. Potassium bicarbonate is one available form of potassium supplement. Others include potassium chloride, potassium acetate, potassium citrate, and potassium gluconate.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
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Uses of Potassium Bicarbonate
Potassium supplements can be used to treat or prevent low potassium levels.Blood potassium levelscan be easily checked with a blood draw to determine if supplementation is needed.
While this article is specific to potassium bicarbonate, the potential uses are related to potassium supplementation in general. Your healthcare provider can discuss which form is most appropriate for your needs.
Below are the potential uses in which potassium supplementation may have a role.
Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia(low levels of potassium in the blood) can lead to serious health problems, such asarrhythmias(irregular heart rhythms) and even cardiac arrest.Potassium supplementation helps return potassium to normal levels in the body.
Certain health conditions or medications can cause persistent hypokalemia. In these cases, you may need potassium supplementation over a longer period.
Hypokalemia can be a side effect of certain medications, including:Diuretics such as Lasix (furosemide), Zaroxolyn (metolazone), and Bumex (bumetanide)Beta2-receptor agonists such as ProAir HFA (albuterol), Symbicort (budesonide and formoterol), and Xopenex (levalbuterol)Antimicrobials like penicillin, ampicillin, and amphotericin BGlucocorticoids (a type of corticosteroid) such as hydrocortisone and Rayos (prednisone)Laxatives such as SPS (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) and sorbitol
Hypokalemia can be a side effect of certain medications, including:
Blood Pressure
The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet is designed to help lower blood pressure. It includes manypotassium-rich foods. In fact, theDASH dietprovides three times the amount of potassium compared to the typical American diet.
The following research looks at the role of potassium in reducing blood pressure:
It is important to note that not all reviews included meta-analyses that used potassium bicarbonate as the supplementation.
However, based on the research, the FDA has approved the health claim that diets containing potassium-rich foods that are low in sodium may reduce the risk of high blood pressure and stroke.
Bone Health
Potassium may play a role in improving bone health.
In a 2013 study,people received 60 milliequivalents of potassium citrate or a placebo for years. Bone mineral density (BMD) improved significantly with potassium supplementation compared to placebo.
A meta-analysis of 14 studies reviewed the effects of potassium bicarbonate and potassium citrate on calcium metabolism. The authors found there was a reduction in bone resorption indicating a potential benefit to bone health.
A 2018 study found potassium citrate supplementation improved the beneficial effects of calcium and vitamin D on bone health in women with osteopenia and documented low potassium and citrate levels.
Kidney Stones
There is some evidence that higher potassium intake may prevent the development ofkidney stones.
Two large studies found that a high intake of potassium was associated with a lower risk of developing kidney stones.It is thought that fruits and vegetables help prevent stone formation because of their high water, potassium, and magnesium content.
However, it should be noted that this does not establish a cause-and-effect relationship. Additionally, the higher potassium intake was not from supplementation.
More research has suggested that increasing potassium intake may lower how much calcium is excreted in the urine, which in turn helps manage hypercalciuria (excessive calcium in the urine) and kidney stones.
Further research in the form of clinical trials is needed to determine if potassium supplements can prevent kidney stones.
Stroke
Higher intakes of potassium may help preventstroke.
Two separate meta-analyses found a reduction in stroke occurrence in those who had higher potassium intake. Higher intakes of potassium (greater than 155 millimoles per day) resulted in a 24% reduction in stroke.
Another meta-analysis found an inverse relationship between potassium intake and the risk of stroke. The higher potassium intake was associated with a reduced risk of stroke.Approximately 3,500 milligrams (mg) of potassium per day were needed to see the reduced risk.
Again, these studies evaluated potassium intake from the diet and not specifically potassium supplementation.
Potassium Deficiency
Generally speaking, nutrient deficiencies (including potassium) occur with too little food intake or a high amount of nutrient loss.
Most Americans get only about half of the recommended amount of potassium in their diets.Although this intake isn’t optimal for overall health, it doesn’t mean it will lead to potassium deficiency.
Verywell / Cindy Chung
What Causes a Potassium Deficiency?
Potassium deficiency is most often due to increased losses. Potassium losses can occur throughdiureticuse, laxative use, or the GI tract or kidneys.
Some diuretics (also known as “water pills”) cause higher amounts of potassium to be excreted. Potassium deficiency can also occur as a result oflaxative abuse, which can lead to GI symptoms like diarrhea.
Groups at Risk of Potassium Deficiency
You may be at risk of potassium deficiency if you:
How Do I Know if I Have a Potassium Deficiency?
Signs of a possible potassium deficiency include:
Your potassium level can be checked in your blood. Potassium levels are part of a basic chemistry panel. Normal blood potassium levels are 3.6 to 5 millimoles per liter, but potassium levels can change significantly from day to day.
What Are the Side Effects of Potassium Bicarbonate?
There may be some side effects from supplementing with potassium bicarbonate (and potassium in general). Talk to a healthcare provider about the risk of side effects.
Potassium bicarbonate increases potassium levels. Havinghigh potassium levels (hyperkalemia)is a health concern and can cause serious symptoms such as:
More serious side effects of consuming too much potassium can include:
Contact a healthcare provider and stop taking the supplement right away if any of these side effects occur.
If you have kidney disease, talk to your healthcare provider before taking potassium supplements. People with kidney disease often have high blood levels of potassium. Your healthcare provider may instruct you to avoid high-potassium foods and limit your intake to less than 2,000 milligrams (mg) daily.
Addison’s disease(a disorder that affects your adrenal glands) can also lead to high potassium levels.Therefore, potassium supplementation is not recommended.
Potassium bicarbonate may interact with some medications that affect potassium levels. These include ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, NSAIDs, and steroids. If you take any of these medications, talk to your healthcare provider before taking potassium bicarbonate.
Dosage: How Much Potassium Bicarbonate Should I Take?
There is no Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for potassium bicarbonate. However, there are Adequate Intakes (AIs) ofpotassium. AI refers to the recommended average daily nutrient level in healthy people.
The recommended daily dosage limit for potassium bicarbonate is 200 milliequivalents (mEq) per day in people up to 60 years old and 100 mEq in people 60 years and older.
Potassium bicarbonate is safe to eat if you are generally healthy, but you don’t want to overdo it. The FDA limits potassium bicarbonate supplements to less than 100 milligrams per serving.You should not take potassium bicarbonate along with other sources of potassium. Taking too much potassium can cause serious heart complications.
What Happens if I Take Too Much Potassium Bicarbonate?
If you take too much potassium bicarbonate, you are more likely to experience side effects such as nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, or diarrhea. Although not as common, some may experience an irregular heartbeat.
It is possible for death to occur from too much potassium intake, but it is rarely reported. The kidneys regulate potassium balance in the body. Assuming normal kidney function, excess potassium will be filtered through the kidneys and excreted in the urine.
There are several different medications that can affect the amount of potassium in your body.
Talk to a healthcare provider about taking potassium bicarbonate if you are also taking one of the following medications:
Food Interactions
Some people use salt substitutes in food to lower their overall sodium intake. Most salt substitutes replace sodium with potassium. The potassium content of salt substitutes ranges from 440 to 2,800 mg of potassium per teaspoon.
This should be included in the total potassium intake. Salt substitutes should be avoided while taking a potassium supplement.
How to Store Potassium Bicarbonate
Potassium supplements should be stored in a tightly closed container. Keep them protected from heat, moisture, and light.
As with all medications and supplements, store out of reach of children and pets.
Sources of Potassium and What to Look For
Potassium is widely available in a variety of foods that we eat. It is also available as an individual supplement or in multi-nutrient supplements.
Food Sources of Potassium
High-potassium foods include:
Is potassium bicarbonate the same as baking soda?No, potassium bicarbonate—which is potassium acid carbonate—is not baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). However, potassium bicarbonate can be used as a low-sodium alternative to baking soda. Use the same amount of potassium bicarbonate as baking soda in recipes.
Is potassium bicarbonate the same as baking soda?
No, potassium bicarbonate—which is potassium acid carbonate—is not baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). However, potassium bicarbonate can be used as a low-sodium alternative to baking soda. Use the same amount of potassium bicarbonate as baking soda in recipes.
Potassium Supplements
Potassium supplements are available as pills or tablets, liquids, and powders.
Several forms of potassium supplements are available, including potassium chloride, potassium bicarbonate, potassium acetate, potassium gluconate, and potassium citrate. All forms are absorbed in the body equally as well.
The Supplement Facts label should include the amount of elemental potassium. Potassium is often referred to in amounts of milliequivalents (mEq) or milligrams. For conversion, 1 milliequivalent is equal to 39.09 milligrams of potassium.
Potassium supplements will come with a warning if they provide greater than 99 milligrams of potassium. This is because some potassium salts have led to small-bowel lesions.
Summary
Healthy people can maintain potassium balance in their bodies quite easily. Some health conditions or medications may cause low potassium levels (hypokalemia), requiring some people to take potassium in supplement form. Potassium bicarbonate is one available form of potassium supplement.
Before starting any new supplement, talk to your healthcare provider about your current prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medication use. Certain drugs may affect potassium levels in your body; therefore, potassium supplementation could lead to serious health problems if taken with these medications.
Potassium supplements are available for those who may benefit. However, too much potassium can be harmful, so checking in with your healthcare provider before taking supplements is important.
How Potassium Affects Blood Pressure
26 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institute of Health.Potassium - fact sheet for health professionals.MedlinePlus.Low blood potassium.Viera AJ, Wouk N.Potassium disorders: hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.Am Fam Physician. 2015;92(6):487-495. PMID: 26371733.Veltri KT, Mason C.Medication-induced hypokalemia.P T. 2015;40(3):185-190.Filippini T, Violi F, D’Amico R, Vinceti M.The effect of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International Journal of Cardiology. 2017;230:127-135. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.048Binia A, Jaeger J, Hu Y, Singh A, Zimmermann D.Daily potassium intake and sodium-to-potassium ratio in the reduction of blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Journal of Hypertension. 2015;33(8):1509-1520. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000611Dickinson HO, Nicolson DJ, Campbell F, Beyer FR, Mason J.Potassium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD004641. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004641.pub2Jehle S, Hulter HN, Krapf R.Effect of potassium citrate on bone density, microarchitecture, and fracture risk in healthy older adults without osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial.The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;98(1):207-217. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3099Lambert H, Frassetto L, Moore JB, et al.The effect of supplementation with alkaline potassium salts on bone metabolism: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2015 Apr;26(4):1311-8. doi: 10.1007/s00198-014-3006-9Granchi D, Caudarella R, Ripamonti C, et al.Potassium Citrate Supplementation Decreases the Biochemical Markers of Bone Loss in a Group of Osteopenic Women: The Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2018 Sep 12;10(9):1293. doi: 10.3390/nu10091293He FJ, MacGregor GA.Beneficial effects of potassium on human health.Physiol Plant. 2008;133(4):725-735. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.01033.xCurhan GC.Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk for kidney stones in women.Ann Intern Med. 1997;126(7):497. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-126-7-199704010-00001Ferraro PM, Bargagli M.Dietetic and lifestyle recommendations for stone formers. Arch Esp Urol. 2021 Jan;74(1):112-122. English, Spanish. Erratum in: Arch Esp Urol. 2021 Oct;74(8):725-726. PMID: 33459627.D’Elia L, Barba G, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P.Potassium intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease.Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011;57(10):1210-1219. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.070Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, et al.Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses.BMJ. 2013;346(apr03 3):f1378-f1378. doi:10.1136/bmj.f1378Vinceti M, Filippini T, Crippa A, de Sesmaisons A, Wise LA, Orsini N.Meta-analysis of potassium intake and the risk of stroke.JAHA. 2016;5(10):e004210. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.004210Harvard Medical School.The importance of potassium.National Kidney Foundation.Potassium.National Kidney Foundation.Hyperkalemia (high potassium).Yamada S, Inaba M.Potassium metabolism and management in patients with CKD.Nutrients. 2021;13(6):1751. doi:10.3390/nu13061751MedlinePlus.Autoimmune Addison disease.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Dietary guidelines for Americans 2020-2025.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.Mount Sinai.Potassium.Sahil F, Kumar J, Raiz G, Bhutto NS, et al.Association between long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hyperkalemia in diabetic patients.Cureus. 2021;13(6):e15648. doi:10.7759/cureus.15648Dietary Guidelines for Americans.Food sources of potassium.Additional ReadingAdebamowo SN, Spiegelman D, Flint AJ, Willett WC, Rexrode KM.Intakes of magnesium, potassium, and calcium and the risk of stroke among men.Int J Stroke.2015;10(7):1093-1100. doi:10.1111/ijs.12516Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Palermo NJ, et al.Potassium bicarbonate supplementation lowers bone turnover and calcium excretion in older men and women: a randomized dose-finding trial.J Bone Miner Res.2015;30:2103-2111. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2554Seth A, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Kamensky V, et al.Potassium intake and risk of stroke in women with hypertension and nonhypertension in the Women’s Health Initiative.Stroke. 2014;45:2874-2880. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006046
26 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institute of Health.Potassium - fact sheet for health professionals.MedlinePlus.Low blood potassium.Viera AJ, Wouk N.Potassium disorders: hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.Am Fam Physician. 2015;92(6):487-495. PMID: 26371733.Veltri KT, Mason C.Medication-induced hypokalemia.P T. 2015;40(3):185-190.Filippini T, Violi F, D’Amico R, Vinceti M.The effect of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International Journal of Cardiology. 2017;230:127-135. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.048Binia A, Jaeger J, Hu Y, Singh A, Zimmermann D.Daily potassium intake and sodium-to-potassium ratio in the reduction of blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Journal of Hypertension. 2015;33(8):1509-1520. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000611Dickinson HO, Nicolson DJ, Campbell F, Beyer FR, Mason J.Potassium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD004641. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004641.pub2Jehle S, Hulter HN, Krapf R.Effect of potassium citrate on bone density, microarchitecture, and fracture risk in healthy older adults without osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial.The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;98(1):207-217. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3099Lambert H, Frassetto L, Moore JB, et al.The effect of supplementation with alkaline potassium salts on bone metabolism: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2015 Apr;26(4):1311-8. doi: 10.1007/s00198-014-3006-9Granchi D, Caudarella R, Ripamonti C, et al.Potassium Citrate Supplementation Decreases the Biochemical Markers of Bone Loss in a Group of Osteopenic Women: The Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2018 Sep 12;10(9):1293. doi: 10.3390/nu10091293He FJ, MacGregor GA.Beneficial effects of potassium on human health.Physiol Plant. 2008;133(4):725-735. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.01033.xCurhan GC.Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk for kidney stones in women.Ann Intern Med. 1997;126(7):497. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-126-7-199704010-00001Ferraro PM, Bargagli M.Dietetic and lifestyle recommendations for stone formers. Arch Esp Urol. 2021 Jan;74(1):112-122. English, Spanish. Erratum in: Arch Esp Urol. 2021 Oct;74(8):725-726. PMID: 33459627.D’Elia L, Barba G, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P.Potassium intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease.Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011;57(10):1210-1219. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.070Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, et al.Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses.BMJ. 2013;346(apr03 3):f1378-f1378. doi:10.1136/bmj.f1378Vinceti M, Filippini T, Crippa A, de Sesmaisons A, Wise LA, Orsini N.Meta-analysis of potassium intake and the risk of stroke.JAHA. 2016;5(10):e004210. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.004210Harvard Medical School.The importance of potassium.National Kidney Foundation.Potassium.National Kidney Foundation.Hyperkalemia (high potassium).Yamada S, Inaba M.Potassium metabolism and management in patients with CKD.Nutrients. 2021;13(6):1751. doi:10.3390/nu13061751MedlinePlus.Autoimmune Addison disease.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Dietary guidelines for Americans 2020-2025.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.Mount Sinai.Potassium.Sahil F, Kumar J, Raiz G, Bhutto NS, et al.Association between long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hyperkalemia in diabetic patients.Cureus. 2021;13(6):e15648. doi:10.7759/cureus.15648Dietary Guidelines for Americans.Food sources of potassium.Additional ReadingAdebamowo SN, Spiegelman D, Flint AJ, Willett WC, Rexrode KM.Intakes of magnesium, potassium, and calcium and the risk of stroke among men.Int J Stroke.2015;10(7):1093-1100. doi:10.1111/ijs.12516Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Palermo NJ, et al.Potassium bicarbonate supplementation lowers bone turnover and calcium excretion in older men and women: a randomized dose-finding trial.J Bone Miner Res.2015;30:2103-2111. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2554Seth A, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Kamensky V, et al.Potassium intake and risk of stroke in women with hypertension and nonhypertension in the Women’s Health Initiative.Stroke. 2014;45:2874-2880. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006046
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Institute of Health.Potassium - fact sheet for health professionals.MedlinePlus.Low blood potassium.Viera AJ, Wouk N.Potassium disorders: hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.Am Fam Physician. 2015;92(6):487-495. PMID: 26371733.Veltri KT, Mason C.Medication-induced hypokalemia.P T. 2015;40(3):185-190.Filippini T, Violi F, D’Amico R, Vinceti M.The effect of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International Journal of Cardiology. 2017;230:127-135. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.048Binia A, Jaeger J, Hu Y, Singh A, Zimmermann D.Daily potassium intake and sodium-to-potassium ratio in the reduction of blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Journal of Hypertension. 2015;33(8):1509-1520. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000611Dickinson HO, Nicolson DJ, Campbell F, Beyer FR, Mason J.Potassium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD004641. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004641.pub2Jehle S, Hulter HN, Krapf R.Effect of potassium citrate on bone density, microarchitecture, and fracture risk in healthy older adults without osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial.The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;98(1):207-217. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3099Lambert H, Frassetto L, Moore JB, et al.The effect of supplementation with alkaline potassium salts on bone metabolism: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2015 Apr;26(4):1311-8. doi: 10.1007/s00198-014-3006-9Granchi D, Caudarella R, Ripamonti C, et al.Potassium Citrate Supplementation Decreases the Biochemical Markers of Bone Loss in a Group of Osteopenic Women: The Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2018 Sep 12;10(9):1293. doi: 10.3390/nu10091293He FJ, MacGregor GA.Beneficial effects of potassium on human health.Physiol Plant. 2008;133(4):725-735. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.01033.xCurhan GC.Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk for kidney stones in women.Ann Intern Med. 1997;126(7):497. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-126-7-199704010-00001Ferraro PM, Bargagli M.Dietetic and lifestyle recommendations for stone formers. Arch Esp Urol. 2021 Jan;74(1):112-122. English, Spanish. Erratum in: Arch Esp Urol. 2021 Oct;74(8):725-726. PMID: 33459627.D’Elia L, Barba G, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P.Potassium intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease.Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011;57(10):1210-1219. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.070Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, et al.Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses.BMJ. 2013;346(apr03 3):f1378-f1378. doi:10.1136/bmj.f1378Vinceti M, Filippini T, Crippa A, de Sesmaisons A, Wise LA, Orsini N.Meta-analysis of potassium intake and the risk of stroke.JAHA. 2016;5(10):e004210. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.004210Harvard Medical School.The importance of potassium.National Kidney Foundation.Potassium.National Kidney Foundation.Hyperkalemia (high potassium).Yamada S, Inaba M.Potassium metabolism and management in patients with CKD.Nutrients. 2021;13(6):1751. doi:10.3390/nu13061751MedlinePlus.Autoimmune Addison disease.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Dietary guidelines for Americans 2020-2025.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.Mount Sinai.Potassium.Sahil F, Kumar J, Raiz G, Bhutto NS, et al.Association between long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hyperkalemia in diabetic patients.Cureus. 2021;13(6):e15648. doi:10.7759/cureus.15648Dietary Guidelines for Americans.Food sources of potassium.
National Institute of Health.Potassium - fact sheet for health professionals.
MedlinePlus.Low blood potassium.
Viera AJ, Wouk N.Potassium disorders: hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.Am Fam Physician. 2015;92(6):487-495. PMID: 26371733.
Veltri KT, Mason C.Medication-induced hypokalemia.P T. 2015;40(3):185-190.
Filippini T, Violi F, D’Amico R, Vinceti M.The effect of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International Journal of Cardiology. 2017;230:127-135. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.048
Binia A, Jaeger J, Hu Y, Singh A, Zimmermann D.Daily potassium intake and sodium-to-potassium ratio in the reduction of blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Journal of Hypertension. 2015;33(8):1509-1520. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000611
Dickinson HO, Nicolson DJ, Campbell F, Beyer FR, Mason J.Potassium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD004641. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004641.pub2
Jehle S, Hulter HN, Krapf R.Effect of potassium citrate on bone density, microarchitecture, and fracture risk in healthy older adults without osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial.The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;98(1):207-217. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3099
Lambert H, Frassetto L, Moore JB, et al.The effect of supplementation with alkaline potassium salts on bone metabolism: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2015 Apr;26(4):1311-8. doi: 10.1007/s00198-014-3006-9
Granchi D, Caudarella R, Ripamonti C, et al.Potassium Citrate Supplementation Decreases the Biochemical Markers of Bone Loss in a Group of Osteopenic Women: The Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2018 Sep 12;10(9):1293. doi: 10.3390/nu10091293
He FJ, MacGregor GA.Beneficial effects of potassium on human health.Physiol Plant. 2008;133(4):725-735. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.01033.x
Curhan GC.Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk for kidney stones in women.Ann Intern Med. 1997;126(7):497. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-126-7-199704010-00001
Ferraro PM, Bargagli M.Dietetic and lifestyle recommendations for stone formers. Arch Esp Urol. 2021 Jan;74(1):112-122. English, Spanish. Erratum in: Arch Esp Urol. 2021 Oct;74(8):725-726. PMID: 33459627.
D’Elia L, Barba G, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P.Potassium intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease.Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011;57(10):1210-1219. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.070
Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, et al.Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses.BMJ. 2013;346(apr03 3):f1378-f1378. doi:10.1136/bmj.f1378
Vinceti M, Filippini T, Crippa A, de Sesmaisons A, Wise LA, Orsini N.Meta-analysis of potassium intake and the risk of stroke.JAHA. 2016;5(10):e004210. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.004210
Harvard Medical School.The importance of potassium.
National Kidney Foundation.Potassium.
National Kidney Foundation.Hyperkalemia (high potassium).
Yamada S, Inaba M.Potassium metabolism and management in patients with CKD.Nutrients. 2021;13(6):1751. doi:10.3390/nu13061751
MedlinePlus.Autoimmune Addison disease.
U.S. Department of Agriculture.Dietary guidelines for Americans 2020-2025.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.
Mount Sinai.Potassium.
Sahil F, Kumar J, Raiz G, Bhutto NS, et al.Association between long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hyperkalemia in diabetic patients.Cureus. 2021;13(6):e15648. doi:10.7759/cureus.15648
Dietary Guidelines for Americans.Food sources of potassium.
Adebamowo SN, Spiegelman D, Flint AJ, Willett WC, Rexrode KM.Intakes of magnesium, potassium, and calcium and the risk of stroke among men.Int J Stroke.2015;10(7):1093-1100. doi:10.1111/ijs.12516Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Palermo NJ, et al.Potassium bicarbonate supplementation lowers bone turnover and calcium excretion in older men and women: a randomized dose-finding trial.J Bone Miner Res.2015;30:2103-2111. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2554Seth A, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Kamensky V, et al.Potassium intake and risk of stroke in women with hypertension and nonhypertension in the Women’s Health Initiative.Stroke. 2014;45:2874-2880. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006046
Adebamowo SN, Spiegelman D, Flint AJ, Willett WC, Rexrode KM.Intakes of magnesium, potassium, and calcium and the risk of stroke among men.Int J Stroke.2015;10(7):1093-1100. doi:10.1111/ijs.12516
Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Palermo NJ, et al.Potassium bicarbonate supplementation lowers bone turnover and calcium excretion in older men and women: a randomized dose-finding trial.J Bone Miner Res.2015;30:2103-2111. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2554
Seth A, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Kamensky V, et al.Potassium intake and risk of stroke in women with hypertension and nonhypertension in the Women’s Health Initiative.Stroke. 2014;45:2874-2880. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006046
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