Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat Is Oxalate?How the Diet WorksFoods to EatWhat to Limit or AvoidCan It Prevent Kidney Stones?Other Potential BenefitsDownsidesPreventionWhen to Call a Provider
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What Is Oxalate?
How the Diet Works
Foods to Eat
What to Limit or Avoid
Can It Prevent Kidney Stones?
Other Potential Benefits
Downsides
Prevention
When to Call a Provider
A low-oxalatediet may be recommended for various medical conditions, including kidney stones. It involves cutting out foods high in oxalates and eating calcium-rich foods. A food list can make the diet easier to follow.
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Oxalate, also known as oxalic acid, is a natural substance found in many plants, such as fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, seeds, and cocoa.The body can also produce it.
Once eaten, oxalate can bind to minerals such ascalciumand iron. This usually happens in the digestive tract but can also occur in the kidneys and parts of the urinary tract. It is most often excreted in stool or urine.
Most people can tolerate oxalate well. However, high-oxalate diets can cause health problems, such askidney stones, in some individuals.
Foods high in oxalates include certain plant-based foods such as some vegetables, fruits, nuts, seeds, grains, and legumes. The oxalate limit to stay under per day will vary from person to person depending on the condition you have, lab results, and other personal health factors.
Soaking, boiling,and cookingsome vegetables and legumes can help decrease the amount of oxalate in those foods.
Other dietary modifications include eating more calcium-rich foods, avoiding excess protein, avoidingvitamin Csupplements, and decreasing the amount of sodium in your diet.
Low-oxalate foods that are recommended include:
Low-Oxalate BeveragesLow-oxalate beverages include:WaterMilk and buttermilkPlant-based milk alternatives, such as soy, almond, and rice milksCoffeeFruit juice, such as cranberry, orange, pineapple, apple, and grape juicesWine and distilled alcohol
Low-Oxalate Beverages
Low-oxalate beverages include:WaterMilk and buttermilkPlant-based milk alternatives, such as soy, almond, and rice milksCoffeeFruit juice, such as cranberry, orange, pineapple, apple, and grape juicesWine and distilled alcohol
Low-oxalate beverages include:
High-oxalate foods recommended to avoid or limit include:
High-Oxalate BeveragesHigh-oxalate beverages to avoid or limit include:Carrot juiceChocolate milkGreen and black teaHot cocoaTomato juice
High-Oxalate Beverages
High-oxalate beverages to avoid or limit include:Carrot juiceChocolate milkGreen and black teaHot cocoaTomato juice
High-oxalate beverages to avoid or limit include:
Can the Diet Prevent Kidney Stones?
A 2024 study comparing a conventional diet to a low-oxalate diet in 112 people suffering from kidney stone disease found that a low-oxalate diet helped prevent kidney stones. The researchers noted that a low‐oxalate diet is associated with a lower risk ofhyperoxaluria(too much oxalate in the urine) without altering the metabolism.
A 2021 review examining the appropriateness of a low-oxalate diet for people with kidney stone disease determined that current available evidence indicates that dietary intake of oxalate has strong associations with urinary oxalate and the risk of kidney stones.
Aside from following a low-oxalate diet to reduce the risk of kidney stones, some people follow it for other health-related reasons.
Individuals withcystic fibrosis(CF) tend to have more kidney stones than those without the condition.To help decrease the risk of kidney stone formation, people with CF are often required to follow a low-oxalate diet.
The association between diet andautism spectrum disorderhas arisen in recent years, causing controversy. Although there may sometimes be an overlap of gastrointestinal disorders and autism,there is no available research suggesting that dietary oxalates cause autism, nor is there any evidence that a low-oxalate diet is beneficial for treating autism.
A low-oxalate diet can be difficult to follow long term. Careful attention is needed to ensure oxalate intake isn’t too high each day. Eating out or attending social events where food is involved may pose a particular challenge to finding low-oxalate food options.
A low-oxalate diet restricts several nutritious foods, including many vegetables, fruits, nuts, seeds, legumes, and starches. In restricting these foods, the intake of beneficial nutrients such as dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals is also prevented.
For example, spinach is high in fiber, calcium, magnesium, and vitamin A.Beets are a good source of potassium, folate, and manganese.Finding alternative foods that provide these nutrients is crucial to ensuring a nutritionally adequate diet.
People who follow a special diet or have specific dietary restrictions may find it difficult to follow a low-oxalate diet in addition to their other dietary restrictions.
Vegetarians and vegans may have a hard time getting enough protein, as many plant-based protein sources such as beans, legumes, nuts, and tofu tend to be high in oxalates. Meal planning is especially important for this demographic to ensure adequate protein intake.
What About Oxalate Dumping?Oxalate dumping is an alleged condition some think occurs when dietary intake of oxalate is suddenly decreased or eliminated. Those who believe this exists say a decrease in dietary oxalates causes the body to rapidly eliminate oxalate stores, which might lead to several adverse side effects.No studies have been published on this perceived phenomenon, so evidence-based information surrounding this condition is lacking.If a healthcare provider has recommended a low-oxalate diet, discuss whether you should gradually reduce high-oxalate foods. Also, report any symptoms you develop after starting the diet, as they might point to other conditions that can be addressed.
What About Oxalate Dumping?
Oxalate dumping is an alleged condition some think occurs when dietary intake of oxalate is suddenly decreased or eliminated. Those who believe this exists say a decrease in dietary oxalates causes the body to rapidly eliminate oxalate stores, which might lead to several adverse side effects.No studies have been published on this perceived phenomenon, so evidence-based information surrounding this condition is lacking.If a healthcare provider has recommended a low-oxalate diet, discuss whether you should gradually reduce high-oxalate foods. Also, report any symptoms you develop after starting the diet, as they might point to other conditions that can be addressed.
Oxalate dumping is an alleged condition some think occurs when dietary intake of oxalate is suddenly decreased or eliminated. Those who believe this exists say a decrease in dietary oxalates causes the body to rapidly eliminate oxalate stores, which might lead to several adverse side effects.
No studies have been published on this perceived phenomenon, so evidence-based information surrounding this condition is lacking.
If a healthcare provider has recommended a low-oxalate diet, discuss whether you should gradually reduce high-oxalate foods. Also, report any symptoms you develop after starting the diet, as they might point to other conditions that can be addressed.
Reasons to Eat High-Calcium Foods
Eating foods high in calcium when eating foods containing oxalate in the same meal or snack can help decrease calcium oxalate stone formation.This is because the calcium is more likely to bind with oxalate in the stomach and intestines before it gets to the kidneys, helping to prevent kidney stones.
Because of this, some experts suggest that a balanced calcium intake of 1,000 to 1,200 milligrams (mg) per day may be an alternative to a low-oxalate diet in kidney stone prevention.
A prospective cohort study involving 24,620 participants aged 20 and older between 2007 and 2018 examined the association between milk consumption and the risk of kidney stones. The researchers concluded that higher and more frequent milk consumption in women is associated with a reduced risk of kidney stones.
Three servings of dairy per day can help you to get the recommended 1,000 to 1,200 mg of calcium per day to help lower the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stones.
How to Prevent Kidney Stones
A low-oxalate diet combined with drinking more water can be especially helpful in preventing kidney stones. Water can help flush or “detox” the body of other substances that are often involved in kidney stone formation, such as calcium and uric acid.
Additional strategies to help decrease the risk of developing calcium oxalate stones include:
When to Contact a Healthcare Provider
Before making any dietary changes, it’s recommended that you consult a healthcare professional. They can help you determine whether a low-oxalate diet is right for you.
If you are already following a low-oxalate diet, contact a healthcare provider if you experience any new or concerning symptoms such as:
Low-Oxalate Diet Nutrition ResourcesMeeting with a registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) can help provide you with tailored dietary recommendations and meal planning suggestions for following a low-oxalate diet. Having this support can help you stick to the diet while meeting your overall nutritional needs.TheNational Kidney Foundation websitehas free information regarding calcium oxalate stones and following a low-oxalate diet.
Low-Oxalate Diet Nutrition Resources
Meeting with a registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) can help provide you with tailored dietary recommendations and meal planning suggestions for following a low-oxalate diet. Having this support can help you stick to the diet while meeting your overall nutritional needs.TheNational Kidney Foundation websitehas free information regarding calcium oxalate stones and following a low-oxalate diet.
Meeting with a registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) can help provide you with tailored dietary recommendations and meal planning suggestions for following a low-oxalate diet. Having this support can help you stick to the diet while meeting your overall nutritional needs.
TheNational Kidney Foundation websitehas free information regarding calcium oxalate stones and following a low-oxalate diet.
Summary
A low-oxalate diet involves reducing the amount of oxalate-containing foods. Foods high in oxalates include certain plant-based foods, such as some fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, grains, and cocoa. Notable high-oxalate foods include spinach, beets, chocolate, rhubarb, almonds, and navy beans.
A low-oxalate diet is often recommended for people prone to developing calcium oxalate kidney stones. Drinking plenty of water can help flush the body of substances that aid in kidney stone formation.
Eating the recommended amount of calcium each day can also help prevent kidney stones from forming. Additional dietary strategies in preventing kidney stones include limiting sodium intake, eating moderate amounts of protein, and avoiding vitamin C supplements.
Low-oxalate diets have also been recommended for people with cystic fibrosis, as they tend to have a higher risk of kidney stones. Low-oxalate diets have also been explored inconclusively with conditions such as vulvodynia and autism.
The downsides to a low-oxalate diet include long-term adherence, food restrictions that reduce nutrients, and its challenge to meet nutritional needs in people following other specialized diets.
Meeting with a registered dietitian nutritionist can provide guidance and ideas for increasing diet adherence while meeting nutritional requirements.
21 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Kidney Foundation.Calcium oxalate stones.Miller AW, Dale C, Dearing MD.The induction of oxalate metabolismin vivois more effective with functional microbial communities than with functional microbial species.mSystems. 2017;2(5):e00088-17. doi:10.1128/mSystems.00088-17Arias-Rico J, Macías-León FJ, Alanís-García E, et al.Study of edible plants: effects of boiling on nutritional, antioxidant, and physicochemical properties.Foods. 2020;9(5):599. doi:10.3390/foods9050599Akhtar MS, Israr B, Bhatty N, Ali A.Effect of cooking on soluble and insoluble oxalate contents in selected Pakistani vegetables and beans.International Journal of Food Properties. 2011;14(1):241-249.Shi L, Arntfield SD, Nickerson M.Changes in levels of phytic acid, lectins and oxalates during soaking and cooking of Canadian pulses.Food Res Int. 2018;107:660-668. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.056National Kidney Foundation.Kidney stone diet plan and prevention.UCI Kidney Stone Center.Oxalate content of foods.Medical College of Wisconsin.Kidney stone oxalate diet.Aziz K, Noreen S, Tufail T, Ishaq I, Shah MA.Impact of low-oxalate diet on hyperoxaluria among patients suffering from nephrolithiasis.Food Sci Nutr. 2024;12(6):4292-4298. doi:10.1002/fsn3.4088Crivelli JJ, Wood KD, Assimos DG.Is it time to retire the low-oxalate diet? No!.J Endourol. 2021;35(10):1435-1437. doi:10.1089/end.2021.0576Moryousef J, Kwong J, Kishibe T, Ordon M.Systematic review of the prevalence of kidney stones in cystic fibrosis.J Endourol. 2021;35(11):1693-1700. doi:10.1089/end.2021.0151Loflin BJ, Westmoreland K, Williams NT.Vulvodynia: a review of the literature.J Pharm Technol. 2019;35(1):11-24. doi:10.1177/8755122518793256Mocini E, Donini LM, Isidori AM, Minnetti M.Nutritional and metabolic aspects related to vulvodynia: What do we really know?.Nutrition. 2024;117:112232. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112232Wasilewska J, Klukowski M.Gastrointestinal symptoms and autism spectrum disorder: links and risks - a possible new overlap syndrome.Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2015;6:153-166. doi:10.2147/PHMT.S85717Önal S, Sachadyn-Król M, Kostecka M.A review of the nutritional approach and the role of dietary components in children with autism spectrum disorders in light of the latest scientific research.Nutrients. 2023;15(23):4852. doi:10.3390/nu15234852USDA FoodData Central.Spinach, raw.USDA FoodData Central.Beets, raw.Peerapen P, Thongboonkerd V.Kidney stone prevention.Adv Nutr. 2023;14(3):555-569. doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.03.002Ferraro PM, Bargagli M, Trinchieri A, Gambaro G.Risk of kidney stones: influence of dietary factors, dietary patterns, and vegetarian-vegan diets.Nutrients. 2020;12(3):779. doi:10.3390/nu12030779Xie Z, Zhuang Y, Peng S, et al.Association between milk consumption and kidney stones in U.S. adults: results from NHANES 2007-2018.Front Nutr. 2024;11:1394618. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1394618Knight J, Madduma-Liyanage K, Mobley JA, Assimos DG, Holmes RP.Ascorbic acid intake and oxalate synthesis.Urolithiasis. 2016;44(4):289-297. doi:10.1007/s00240-016-0868-7
21 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Kidney Foundation.Calcium oxalate stones.Miller AW, Dale C, Dearing MD.The induction of oxalate metabolismin vivois more effective with functional microbial communities than with functional microbial species.mSystems. 2017;2(5):e00088-17. doi:10.1128/mSystems.00088-17Arias-Rico J, Macías-León FJ, Alanís-García E, et al.Study of edible plants: effects of boiling on nutritional, antioxidant, and physicochemical properties.Foods. 2020;9(5):599. doi:10.3390/foods9050599Akhtar MS, Israr B, Bhatty N, Ali A.Effect of cooking on soluble and insoluble oxalate contents in selected Pakistani vegetables and beans.International Journal of Food Properties. 2011;14(1):241-249.Shi L, Arntfield SD, Nickerson M.Changes in levels of phytic acid, lectins and oxalates during soaking and cooking of Canadian pulses.Food Res Int. 2018;107:660-668. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.056National Kidney Foundation.Kidney stone diet plan and prevention.UCI Kidney Stone Center.Oxalate content of foods.Medical College of Wisconsin.Kidney stone oxalate diet.Aziz K, Noreen S, Tufail T, Ishaq I, Shah MA.Impact of low-oxalate diet on hyperoxaluria among patients suffering from nephrolithiasis.Food Sci Nutr. 2024;12(6):4292-4298. doi:10.1002/fsn3.4088Crivelli JJ, Wood KD, Assimos DG.Is it time to retire the low-oxalate diet? No!.J Endourol. 2021;35(10):1435-1437. doi:10.1089/end.2021.0576Moryousef J, Kwong J, Kishibe T, Ordon M.Systematic review of the prevalence of kidney stones in cystic fibrosis.J Endourol. 2021;35(11):1693-1700. doi:10.1089/end.2021.0151Loflin BJ, Westmoreland K, Williams NT.Vulvodynia: a review of the literature.J Pharm Technol. 2019;35(1):11-24. doi:10.1177/8755122518793256Mocini E, Donini LM, Isidori AM, Minnetti M.Nutritional and metabolic aspects related to vulvodynia: What do we really know?.Nutrition. 2024;117:112232. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112232Wasilewska J, Klukowski M.Gastrointestinal symptoms and autism spectrum disorder: links and risks - a possible new overlap syndrome.Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2015;6:153-166. doi:10.2147/PHMT.S85717Önal S, Sachadyn-Król M, Kostecka M.A review of the nutritional approach and the role of dietary components in children with autism spectrum disorders in light of the latest scientific research.Nutrients. 2023;15(23):4852. doi:10.3390/nu15234852USDA FoodData Central.Spinach, raw.USDA FoodData Central.Beets, raw.Peerapen P, Thongboonkerd V.Kidney stone prevention.Adv Nutr. 2023;14(3):555-569. doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.03.002Ferraro PM, Bargagli M, Trinchieri A, Gambaro G.Risk of kidney stones: influence of dietary factors, dietary patterns, and vegetarian-vegan diets.Nutrients. 2020;12(3):779. doi:10.3390/nu12030779Xie Z, Zhuang Y, Peng S, et al.Association between milk consumption and kidney stones in U.S. adults: results from NHANES 2007-2018.Front Nutr. 2024;11:1394618. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1394618Knight J, Madduma-Liyanage K, Mobley JA, Assimos DG, Holmes RP.Ascorbic acid intake and oxalate synthesis.Urolithiasis. 2016;44(4):289-297. doi:10.1007/s00240-016-0868-7
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Kidney Foundation.Calcium oxalate stones.Miller AW, Dale C, Dearing MD.The induction of oxalate metabolismin vivois more effective with functional microbial communities than with functional microbial species.mSystems. 2017;2(5):e00088-17. doi:10.1128/mSystems.00088-17Arias-Rico J, Macías-León FJ, Alanís-García E, et al.Study of edible plants: effects of boiling on nutritional, antioxidant, and physicochemical properties.Foods. 2020;9(5):599. doi:10.3390/foods9050599Akhtar MS, Israr B, Bhatty N, Ali A.Effect of cooking on soluble and insoluble oxalate contents in selected Pakistani vegetables and beans.International Journal of Food Properties. 2011;14(1):241-249.Shi L, Arntfield SD, Nickerson M.Changes in levels of phytic acid, lectins and oxalates during soaking and cooking of Canadian pulses.Food Res Int. 2018;107:660-668. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.056National Kidney Foundation.Kidney stone diet plan and prevention.UCI Kidney Stone Center.Oxalate content of foods.Medical College of Wisconsin.Kidney stone oxalate diet.Aziz K, Noreen S, Tufail T, Ishaq I, Shah MA.Impact of low-oxalate diet on hyperoxaluria among patients suffering from nephrolithiasis.Food Sci Nutr. 2024;12(6):4292-4298. doi:10.1002/fsn3.4088Crivelli JJ, Wood KD, Assimos DG.Is it time to retire the low-oxalate diet? No!.J Endourol. 2021;35(10):1435-1437. doi:10.1089/end.2021.0576Moryousef J, Kwong J, Kishibe T, Ordon M.Systematic review of the prevalence of kidney stones in cystic fibrosis.J Endourol. 2021;35(11):1693-1700. doi:10.1089/end.2021.0151Loflin BJ, Westmoreland K, Williams NT.Vulvodynia: a review of the literature.J Pharm Technol. 2019;35(1):11-24. doi:10.1177/8755122518793256Mocini E, Donini LM, Isidori AM, Minnetti M.Nutritional and metabolic aspects related to vulvodynia: What do we really know?.Nutrition. 2024;117:112232. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112232Wasilewska J, Klukowski M.Gastrointestinal symptoms and autism spectrum disorder: links and risks - a possible new overlap syndrome.Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2015;6:153-166. doi:10.2147/PHMT.S85717Önal S, Sachadyn-Król M, Kostecka M.A review of the nutritional approach and the role of dietary components in children with autism spectrum disorders in light of the latest scientific research.Nutrients. 2023;15(23):4852. doi:10.3390/nu15234852USDA FoodData Central.Spinach, raw.USDA FoodData Central.Beets, raw.Peerapen P, Thongboonkerd V.Kidney stone prevention.Adv Nutr. 2023;14(3):555-569. doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.03.002Ferraro PM, Bargagli M, Trinchieri A, Gambaro G.Risk of kidney stones: influence of dietary factors, dietary patterns, and vegetarian-vegan diets.Nutrients. 2020;12(3):779. doi:10.3390/nu12030779Xie Z, Zhuang Y, Peng S, et al.Association between milk consumption and kidney stones in U.S. adults: results from NHANES 2007-2018.Front Nutr. 2024;11:1394618. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1394618Knight J, Madduma-Liyanage K, Mobley JA, Assimos DG, Holmes RP.Ascorbic acid intake and oxalate synthesis.Urolithiasis. 2016;44(4):289-297. doi:10.1007/s00240-016-0868-7
National Kidney Foundation.Calcium oxalate stones.
Miller AW, Dale C, Dearing MD.The induction of oxalate metabolismin vivois more effective with functional microbial communities than with functional microbial species.mSystems. 2017;2(5):e00088-17. doi:10.1128/mSystems.00088-17
Arias-Rico J, Macías-León FJ, Alanís-García E, et al.Study of edible plants: effects of boiling on nutritional, antioxidant, and physicochemical properties.Foods. 2020;9(5):599. doi:10.3390/foods9050599
Akhtar MS, Israr B, Bhatty N, Ali A.Effect of cooking on soluble and insoluble oxalate contents in selected Pakistani vegetables and beans.International Journal of Food Properties. 2011;14(1):241-249.
Shi L, Arntfield SD, Nickerson M.Changes in levels of phytic acid, lectins and oxalates during soaking and cooking of Canadian pulses.Food Res Int. 2018;107:660-668. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.056
National Kidney Foundation.Kidney stone diet plan and prevention.
UCI Kidney Stone Center.Oxalate content of foods.
Medical College of Wisconsin.Kidney stone oxalate diet.
Aziz K, Noreen S, Tufail T, Ishaq I, Shah MA.Impact of low-oxalate diet on hyperoxaluria among patients suffering from nephrolithiasis.Food Sci Nutr. 2024;12(6):4292-4298. doi:10.1002/fsn3.4088
Crivelli JJ, Wood KD, Assimos DG.Is it time to retire the low-oxalate diet? No!.J Endourol. 2021;35(10):1435-1437. doi:10.1089/end.2021.0576
Moryousef J, Kwong J, Kishibe T, Ordon M.Systematic review of the prevalence of kidney stones in cystic fibrosis.J Endourol. 2021;35(11):1693-1700. doi:10.1089/end.2021.0151
Loflin BJ, Westmoreland K, Williams NT.Vulvodynia: a review of the literature.J Pharm Technol. 2019;35(1):11-24. doi:10.1177/8755122518793256
Mocini E, Donini LM, Isidori AM, Minnetti M.Nutritional and metabolic aspects related to vulvodynia: What do we really know?.Nutrition. 2024;117:112232. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112232
Wasilewska J, Klukowski M.Gastrointestinal symptoms and autism spectrum disorder: links and risks - a possible new overlap syndrome.Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2015;6:153-166. doi:10.2147/PHMT.S85717
Önal S, Sachadyn-Król M, Kostecka M.A review of the nutritional approach and the role of dietary components in children with autism spectrum disorders in light of the latest scientific research.Nutrients. 2023;15(23):4852. doi:10.3390/nu15234852
USDA FoodData Central.Spinach, raw.
USDA FoodData Central.Beets, raw.
Peerapen P, Thongboonkerd V.Kidney stone prevention.Adv Nutr. 2023;14(3):555-569. doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.03.002
Ferraro PM, Bargagli M, Trinchieri A, Gambaro G.Risk of kidney stones: influence of dietary factors, dietary patterns, and vegetarian-vegan diets.Nutrients. 2020;12(3):779. doi:10.3390/nu12030779
Xie Z, Zhuang Y, Peng S, et al.Association between milk consumption and kidney stones in U.S. adults: results from NHANES 2007-2018.Front Nutr. 2024;11:1394618. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1394618
Knight J, Madduma-Liyanage K, Mobley JA, Assimos DG, Holmes RP.Ascorbic acid intake and oxalate synthesis.Urolithiasis. 2016;44(4):289-297. doi:10.1007/s00240-016-0868-7
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