Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat They Look LikeTypes of LesionsEndometriosis vs. AdenomyosisStagingTreating PainFinding a SpecialistFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What They Look Like
Types of Lesions
Endometriosis vs. Adenomyosis
Staging
Treating Pain
Finding a Specialist
Frequently Asked Questions
Endometriosisoccurs when tissue similar to theendometrium(lining of the uterus, or womb) grows outside the uterus. The lesions or implants can grow anywhere in the body. However, they are most commonly found in thepelvic area(between the hips) and in or aroundreproductive organs.
These lesions respond to hormones and grow and bleed, causing inflammation, pain, heavy periods, and sometimes infertility.Many of the symptoms of endometriosis are tied to the location, size, and depth of lesions.
This article reviews endometriosis lesions, what they look like, their location, and their types. It also covers the difference between endometriosis andadenomyosis, endometriosis staging, and how to find a specialist.
Grace Cary / Getty Images
What Do Endometriosis Lesions Look Like?
Endometriosis lesions are patches of endometrial-like tissue that can differ in size and color. Some are small, flat, or raised and grow superficially in the pelvis (between the hips). Others grow deeper and look like nodules or growths.
Color
Endometrial lesions can be clear, brown, black, blue, red, or white. The black lesions are sometimes described as powder burns or gunshot lesions.
Location
Endometrial lesions are often found in the pelvic area (between the hips) near the uterus and theperitoneum(lining of the abdomen and pelvis). They can also grow on or around structures of the female reproductive system, such as the ovaries or fallopian tubes. Sometimes, they are found in or on the:
What Causes Rectal (Anal) Pain?
Size and Depth
Endometrial lesions can vary in size and are typically characterized as either superficial (shallow) or deep.
Superficial Peritoneal Lesions
Superficialperitoneallesionsare the most common. They are small, flat, or raised patches found on the peritoneum.Around 80% of all endometriosis lesions fall into this category.
PeritoneumThe peritoneum is the tissue in the pelvic cavity. It covers the reproductive organs, digestive tract, and liver.
Peritoneum
The peritoneum is the tissue in the pelvic cavity. It covers the reproductive organs, digestive tract, and liver.
Endometriomas
Endometriomasare a type of cyst most commonly found on the ovaries.When this lesion bleeds into the cysts, it creates a thick brown fluid, which is why they are also called chocolate cysts.
Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis (DIE)
Deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) is aggressive and affects 5 millimeters (mm) or more of the tissue. It grows deep in the peritoneum and looks like nodules or growths in the affected tissue.
Sensation
The most common symptom of endometriosis is chronic achy or cramping pelvic pain. Endometriosis can also cause:
Theendometriumlines the uterus (womb) and thickens during your menstrual cycle to prepare for a possible pregnancy. When pregnancy does not occur, part of this lining sheds, causingmenstrual bleeding (a period).
Endometriosis occurs when endometrial-like tissue or lesions are present outside the uterus. They react like the uterus lining during your period or menstrual bleeding. They grow and bleed, causing inflammation, pain, and heavy menstrual bleeding.
Adenomyosisis similar to endometriosis in that it commonly causes heavy menstrual bleeding and painful periods. However, the misplaced endometrial tissue stays in the uterus and spreads to the myometrium (uterus muscles).
Staging is determined following surgery. According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM),endometriosis stagesare as follows:
Treating Pain From Endometriosis Lesions
Treatment for endometriosislesions depends on the type and location of lesions, symptom severity, the patient’s desire to have more children, the patient’s age, and their overall health. It can range from lifestyle modifications to surgery.
Lifestyle Modifications
Lifestyle changes that may help with endometriosis include:
Hot or Cold Therapy
You can try a heating pad, warm bath, hot water bottle, or heat patch to relax tissues and stimulate blood flow.
Heat PatchesHeat patches designed for menstrual pain are available over the counter (OTC). You can wear them all day, which is helpful when you are on the go. Keep an eye on your skin to ensure it doesn’t get too warm.
Heat Patches
Heat patches designed for menstrual pain are available over the counter (OTC). You can wear them all day, which is helpful when you are on the go. Keep an eye on your skin to ensure it doesn’t get too warm.
Cold therapy utilizes ice or cool clothes to decrease inflammation or swelling. Apply ice to the painful or inflamed area for 15 minutes several times a day.
Ice Pack Skin SafetyWhen using an ice pack, it’s best to place a thin material between your skin and direct ice.
Ice Pack Skin Safety
When using an ice pack, it’s best to place a thin material between your skin and direct ice.
Is Ice or Heat Better for Treating an Injury?
NSAIDs
Complementary and Alternative Treatments
Complementary and alternative treatmentsthat may provide relief include:
Topical Medications
Topical medicationscome in patches, creams, or gels. Sometimes placing these medications on the lower back can help decrease inflammation in nerves such as the sciatic nerve.
These medications decrease swelling or numb the area and include:
Sciatic Endometriosis
Hormone Therapy
Endometriosis lesions often resolve with hormone therapy. The goal is to reduce the growth of new lesions and regulate the menstrual cycle.Types of hormone therapy include:
Research LimitationsSome scientists have called for further research to help fully understand the role of oral contraceptive pills in managing endometriosis pain. One review pointed out that the research quality of evidence is low, the trials were small, the researchers had poorly documented participant satisfaction, and there were possible biases.
Research Limitations
Some scientists have called for further research to help fully understand the role of oral contraceptive pills in managing endometriosis pain. One review pointed out that the research quality of evidence is low, the trials were small, the researchers had poorly documented participant satisfaction, and there were possible biases.
Medical Interventions
If the pain is severe or progressing, your healthcare provider may suggest the following:
Immediate Relief OptionsIf you are looking for immediate relief, try one of the following options:Topical medicationsHot packsCold packsWarm bath or showerOTC pain reliever
Immediate Relief Options
If you are looking for immediate relief, try one of the following options:Topical medicationsHot packsCold packsWarm bath or showerOTC pain reliever
If you are looking for immediate relief, try one of the following options:
How to Find an Endometriosis Specialist
Endometriosis specialists are obstetrician-gynecologists (ob-gyns) and surgeons with access to modern surgical equipment. This includes robotic surgery orlaparoscopy(minimally invasive surgery). They usually work in medical centers, teaching hospitals, or private practices that utilize gynecological surgeons.
Questions to ask yourself when looking for an endometriosis specialist include:
Self AdvocacyIt’s important that your provider listens to your concerns, shows respect, and works with you as a partner to develop a plan. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications, including infertility.Being your own advocate is always a good practice and may include getting a second or third opinion.This is especially true if you feel your healthcare provider is dismissive, has a poor attitude, or does not include you in care planning.
Self Advocacy
It’s important that your provider listens to your concerns, shows respect, and works with you as a partner to develop a plan. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications, including infertility.Being your own advocate is always a good practice and may include getting a second or third opinion.This is especially true if you feel your healthcare provider is dismissive, has a poor attitude, or does not include you in care planning.
It’s important that your provider listens to your concerns, shows respect, and works with you as a partner to develop a plan. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications, including infertility.
Being your own advocate is always a good practice and may include getting a second or third opinion.This is especially true if you feel your healthcare provider is dismissive, has a poor attitude, or does not include you in care planning.
How to Get an Endometriosis Diagnosis
Summary
Endometrial (endo) lesions are tissue similar to the endometrium (lining of the uterus or womb) that grow outside the uterus. They can grow anywhere, but are most commonly found in the pelvis (between the hips) or around reproductive organs.
Treatment ranges from lifestyle modifications to surgery depending on symptoms, future pregnancy intentions, and overall health.
A Word From Verywell
Endometriosis can be painful and affect your activities of daily living. Due to its complexity and overlap with other conditions, it can take years to receive an endometriosis diagnosis. If you think you have it, seek a specialist or second opinion. Early diagnosis and treatment can increase your quality of life and prevent complications, including infertility.
Frequently Asked QuestionsEndometrial lesions are often found in the pelvic area (between the hips) near the uterus or femalereproductive organsor on the peritoneum (lining of the abdomen and pelvis). Sometimes they occur around the digestive or urinary system or, rarely, outside the pelvic region.Some studies show a minor increase in the risk of some types of rare ovarian cancer.However, the risk is still less than 1%.One study noted that the minor difference was not significant enough to differentiate between those who have endometriosis and those who don’t.Learn MoreCan Endometriosis Cause Cancer?Being your own advocate is always a good practice and often means getting a second or third opinion. This is especially true if you feel your healthcare provider is dismissive or disrespectful. Finding an endo specialist can be helpful as endometriosis is complex and often mistaken for similar conditions.Learn MoreTips To Help You Advocate For Your Health
Endometrial lesions are often found in the pelvic area (between the hips) near the uterus or femalereproductive organsor on the peritoneum (lining of the abdomen and pelvis). Sometimes they occur around the digestive or urinary system or, rarely, outside the pelvic region.
Some studies show a minor increase in the risk of some types of rare ovarian cancer.However, the risk is still less than 1%.One study noted that the minor difference was not significant enough to differentiate between those who have endometriosis and those who don’t.Learn MoreCan Endometriosis Cause Cancer?
Some studies show a minor increase in the risk of some types of rare ovarian cancer.However, the risk is still less than 1%.One study noted that the minor difference was not significant enough to differentiate between those who have endometriosis and those who don’t.
Learn MoreCan Endometriosis Cause Cancer?
Being your own advocate is always a good practice and often means getting a second or third opinion. This is especially true if you feel your healthcare provider is dismissive or disrespectful. Finding an endo specialist can be helpful as endometriosis is complex and often mistaken for similar conditions.Learn MoreTips To Help You Advocate For Your Health
Being your own advocate is always a good practice and often means getting a second or third opinion. This is especially true if you feel your healthcare provider is dismissive or disrespectful. Finding an endo specialist can be helpful as endometriosis is complex and often mistaken for similar conditions.
Learn MoreTips To Help You Advocate For Your Health
22 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Abd El-Kader AI, Gonied AS, Lotfy Mohamed M, et al.Impact of endometriosis-related adhesions on quality of life among infertile women.Int J Fertil Steril. 2019;13(1):72-76. doi:10.22074/ijfs.2019.5572Critchley HOD, Maybin JA, Armstrong GM, et al.Physiology of the endometrium and regulation of menstruation.Physiol Rev. 2020;100(3):1149-1179. doi:10.1152/physrev.00031.2019Maharajaa SP, Asally R, Markham R, Manconi F.Endometriotic lesions.J Endometr Pelvic Pain Disord. 2019;11(2):62-76. doi:10.1177/2284026519838748Vermeulen N, Abrao M, Einarsson J et al.Endometriosis classification, staging and reporting systems: a review on the road to a universally accepted endometriosis classification.J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2021;28(11):1822-1848. doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2021.07.023American Society for Reproductive Medicine.Endometriosis: a guide for patients.Horne AW, Daniels J, Hummelshoj L, et al.Surgical removal of superficial peritoneal endometriosis for managing women with chronic pelvic pain: time for a rethink?BJOG.2019;126(12): 1414–1416. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.15894Johns Hopkins Medicine.Endometriosis.Foti PV, Farina R, Palmucci S, et al.Endometriosis: clinical features, MR imaging findings and pathologic correlation.Insights Imaging. 2018;9(2):149-172. doi:10.1007/s13244-017-0591-0Brigham and Women’s Hospital.Endometriosis and fertility.Endometriosis Foundation (UK).Diet & lifestyle.Awad E, Ahmed HAH, Yousef A, et al.Efficacy of exercise on pelvic pain and posture associated with endometriosis: within subject design.J Phys Ther Sci. 2017;29(12):2112-2115. doi:10.1589/jpts.29.2112Becker C, Bokor A, Heikinheimo O, et al.ESHRE guideline: endometriosis.Hum Reprod Open: 2022;2022(2):hoac009. doi:10.1093/hropen/hoac009Newmark AL, Luciano DE, Ulrich A, et al.Medical management of endometriosis.Minerva Obstet Gynecol. 2021;73(5):572-587. doi:10.23736/S2724-606X.21.04776-XNezhat C, Vang N, Tanaka P.Optimal management of endometriosis and pain.Obstet Gynecol. 2019:134(4):834-839. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003461Maloney J, Pew S, Wie C, et al.Comprehensive review of topical analgesics for chronic pain.Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021;25(2):7. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00923-2Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Kalso EA, et al.Topical analgesics for acute and chronic pain in adults—an overview of Cochrane reviews.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;5(5):CD008609. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008609.pub2Brown J, Crawford TJ, Datta S, et alOral contraceptives for pain associated with endometriosis.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;5(5):CD001019. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001019.pub3Pereira A, Herrero-Trujillano M, Vaquero G, et al.Clinical management of chronic pelvic pain in endometriosis unresponsive to conventional therapy.J Pers Med. 2022;12(1):101. doi:10.3390/jpm12010101Endometriosis Foundation of America.Seeking a doctor: finding the right endometriosis specialist.Brilhante AVM, Augusto KL, Portela MC, et al.Endometriosis and ovarian cancer: an integrative review (endometriosis and ovarian cancer).Asian Pac J Cancer Prev.2017;18(1):11-16. doi:10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.1.11MD Anderson Center.Does endometriosis increase cancer risk?Kvaskoff M, Horne AW, Missmer SA.Informing women with endometriosis about ovarian cancer risk.Lancet. 2017;390(10111):2433-2434. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33049-0
22 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Abd El-Kader AI, Gonied AS, Lotfy Mohamed M, et al.Impact of endometriosis-related adhesions on quality of life among infertile women.Int J Fertil Steril. 2019;13(1):72-76. doi:10.22074/ijfs.2019.5572Critchley HOD, Maybin JA, Armstrong GM, et al.Physiology of the endometrium and regulation of menstruation.Physiol Rev. 2020;100(3):1149-1179. doi:10.1152/physrev.00031.2019Maharajaa SP, Asally R, Markham R, Manconi F.Endometriotic lesions.J Endometr Pelvic Pain Disord. 2019;11(2):62-76. doi:10.1177/2284026519838748Vermeulen N, Abrao M, Einarsson J et al.Endometriosis classification, staging and reporting systems: a review on the road to a universally accepted endometriosis classification.J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2021;28(11):1822-1848. doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2021.07.023American Society for Reproductive Medicine.Endometriosis: a guide for patients.Horne AW, Daniels J, Hummelshoj L, et al.Surgical removal of superficial peritoneal endometriosis for managing women with chronic pelvic pain: time for a rethink?BJOG.2019;126(12): 1414–1416. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.15894Johns Hopkins Medicine.Endometriosis.Foti PV, Farina R, Palmucci S, et al.Endometriosis: clinical features, MR imaging findings and pathologic correlation.Insights Imaging. 2018;9(2):149-172. doi:10.1007/s13244-017-0591-0Brigham and Women’s Hospital.Endometriosis and fertility.Endometriosis Foundation (UK).Diet & lifestyle.Awad E, Ahmed HAH, Yousef A, et al.Efficacy of exercise on pelvic pain and posture associated with endometriosis: within subject design.J Phys Ther Sci. 2017;29(12):2112-2115. doi:10.1589/jpts.29.2112Becker C, Bokor A, Heikinheimo O, et al.ESHRE guideline: endometriosis.Hum Reprod Open: 2022;2022(2):hoac009. doi:10.1093/hropen/hoac009Newmark AL, Luciano DE, Ulrich A, et al.Medical management of endometriosis.Minerva Obstet Gynecol. 2021;73(5):572-587. doi:10.23736/S2724-606X.21.04776-XNezhat C, Vang N, Tanaka P.Optimal management of endometriosis and pain.Obstet Gynecol. 2019:134(4):834-839. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003461Maloney J, Pew S, Wie C, et al.Comprehensive review of topical analgesics for chronic pain.Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021;25(2):7. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00923-2Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Kalso EA, et al.Topical analgesics for acute and chronic pain in adults—an overview of Cochrane reviews.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;5(5):CD008609. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008609.pub2Brown J, Crawford TJ, Datta S, et alOral contraceptives for pain associated with endometriosis.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;5(5):CD001019. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001019.pub3Pereira A, Herrero-Trujillano M, Vaquero G, et al.Clinical management of chronic pelvic pain in endometriosis unresponsive to conventional therapy.J Pers Med. 2022;12(1):101. doi:10.3390/jpm12010101Endometriosis Foundation of America.Seeking a doctor: finding the right endometriosis specialist.Brilhante AVM, Augusto KL, Portela MC, et al.Endometriosis and ovarian cancer: an integrative review (endometriosis and ovarian cancer).Asian Pac J Cancer Prev.2017;18(1):11-16. doi:10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.1.11MD Anderson Center.Does endometriosis increase cancer risk?Kvaskoff M, Horne AW, Missmer SA.Informing women with endometriosis about ovarian cancer risk.Lancet. 2017;390(10111):2433-2434. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33049-0
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Abd El-Kader AI, Gonied AS, Lotfy Mohamed M, et al.Impact of endometriosis-related adhesions on quality of life among infertile women.Int J Fertil Steril. 2019;13(1):72-76. doi:10.22074/ijfs.2019.5572Critchley HOD, Maybin JA, Armstrong GM, et al.Physiology of the endometrium and regulation of menstruation.Physiol Rev. 2020;100(3):1149-1179. doi:10.1152/physrev.00031.2019Maharajaa SP, Asally R, Markham R, Manconi F.Endometriotic lesions.J Endometr Pelvic Pain Disord. 2019;11(2):62-76. doi:10.1177/2284026519838748Vermeulen N, Abrao M, Einarsson J et al.Endometriosis classification, staging and reporting systems: a review on the road to a universally accepted endometriosis classification.J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2021;28(11):1822-1848. doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2021.07.023American Society for Reproductive Medicine.Endometriosis: a guide for patients.Horne AW, Daniels J, Hummelshoj L, et al.Surgical removal of superficial peritoneal endometriosis for managing women with chronic pelvic pain: time for a rethink?BJOG.2019;126(12): 1414–1416. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.15894Johns Hopkins Medicine.Endometriosis.Foti PV, Farina R, Palmucci S, et al.Endometriosis: clinical features, MR imaging findings and pathologic correlation.Insights Imaging. 2018;9(2):149-172. doi:10.1007/s13244-017-0591-0Brigham and Women’s Hospital.Endometriosis and fertility.Endometriosis Foundation (UK).Diet & lifestyle.Awad E, Ahmed HAH, Yousef A, et al.Efficacy of exercise on pelvic pain and posture associated with endometriosis: within subject design.J Phys Ther Sci. 2017;29(12):2112-2115. doi:10.1589/jpts.29.2112Becker C, Bokor A, Heikinheimo O, et al.ESHRE guideline: endometriosis.Hum Reprod Open: 2022;2022(2):hoac009. doi:10.1093/hropen/hoac009Newmark AL, Luciano DE, Ulrich A, et al.Medical management of endometriosis.Minerva Obstet Gynecol. 2021;73(5):572-587. doi:10.23736/S2724-606X.21.04776-XNezhat C, Vang N, Tanaka P.Optimal management of endometriosis and pain.Obstet Gynecol. 2019:134(4):834-839. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003461Maloney J, Pew S, Wie C, et al.Comprehensive review of topical analgesics for chronic pain.Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021;25(2):7. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00923-2Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Kalso EA, et al.Topical analgesics for acute and chronic pain in adults—an overview of Cochrane reviews.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;5(5):CD008609. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008609.pub2Brown J, Crawford TJ, Datta S, et alOral contraceptives for pain associated with endometriosis.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;5(5):CD001019. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001019.pub3Pereira A, Herrero-Trujillano M, Vaquero G, et al.Clinical management of chronic pelvic pain in endometriosis unresponsive to conventional therapy.J Pers Med. 2022;12(1):101. doi:10.3390/jpm12010101Endometriosis Foundation of America.Seeking a doctor: finding the right endometriosis specialist.Brilhante AVM, Augusto KL, Portela MC, et al.Endometriosis and ovarian cancer: an integrative review (endometriosis and ovarian cancer).Asian Pac J Cancer Prev.2017;18(1):11-16. doi:10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.1.11MD Anderson Center.Does endometriosis increase cancer risk?Kvaskoff M, Horne AW, Missmer SA.Informing women with endometriosis about ovarian cancer risk.Lancet. 2017;390(10111):2433-2434. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33049-0
Abd El-Kader AI, Gonied AS, Lotfy Mohamed M, et al.Impact of endometriosis-related adhesions on quality of life among infertile women.Int J Fertil Steril. 2019;13(1):72-76. doi:10.22074/ijfs.2019.5572
Critchley HOD, Maybin JA, Armstrong GM, et al.Physiology of the endometrium and regulation of menstruation.Physiol Rev. 2020;100(3):1149-1179. doi:10.1152/physrev.00031.2019
Maharajaa SP, Asally R, Markham R, Manconi F.Endometriotic lesions.J Endometr Pelvic Pain Disord. 2019;11(2):62-76. doi:10.1177/2284026519838748
Vermeulen N, Abrao M, Einarsson J et al.Endometriosis classification, staging and reporting systems: a review on the road to a universally accepted endometriosis classification.J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2021;28(11):1822-1848. doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2021.07.023
American Society for Reproductive Medicine.Endometriosis: a guide for patients.
Horne AW, Daniels J, Hummelshoj L, et al.Surgical removal of superficial peritoneal endometriosis for managing women with chronic pelvic pain: time for a rethink?BJOG.2019;126(12): 1414–1416. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.15894
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Endometriosis.
Foti PV, Farina R, Palmucci S, et al.Endometriosis: clinical features, MR imaging findings and pathologic correlation.Insights Imaging. 2018;9(2):149-172. doi:10.1007/s13244-017-0591-0
Brigham and Women’s Hospital.Endometriosis and fertility.
Endometriosis Foundation (UK).Diet & lifestyle.
Awad E, Ahmed HAH, Yousef A, et al.Efficacy of exercise on pelvic pain and posture associated with endometriosis: within subject design.J Phys Ther Sci. 2017;29(12):2112-2115. doi:10.1589/jpts.29.2112
Becker C, Bokor A, Heikinheimo O, et al.ESHRE guideline: endometriosis.Hum Reprod Open: 2022;2022(2):hoac009. doi:10.1093/hropen/hoac009
Newmark AL, Luciano DE, Ulrich A, et al.Medical management of endometriosis.Minerva Obstet Gynecol. 2021;73(5):572-587. doi:10.23736/S2724-606X.21.04776-X
Nezhat C, Vang N, Tanaka P.Optimal management of endometriosis and pain.Obstet Gynecol. 2019:134(4):834-839. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003461
Maloney J, Pew S, Wie C, et al.Comprehensive review of topical analgesics for chronic pain.Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021;25(2):7. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00923-2
Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Kalso EA, et al.Topical analgesics for acute and chronic pain in adults—an overview of Cochrane reviews.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;5(5):CD008609. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008609.pub2
Brown J, Crawford TJ, Datta S, et alOral contraceptives for pain associated with endometriosis.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;5(5):CD001019. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001019.pub3
Pereira A, Herrero-Trujillano M, Vaquero G, et al.Clinical management of chronic pelvic pain in endometriosis unresponsive to conventional therapy.J Pers Med. 2022;12(1):101. doi:10.3390/jpm12010101
Endometriosis Foundation of America.Seeking a doctor: finding the right endometriosis specialist.
Brilhante AVM, Augusto KL, Portela MC, et al.Endometriosis and ovarian cancer: an integrative review (endometriosis and ovarian cancer).Asian Pac J Cancer Prev.2017;18(1):11-16. doi:10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.1.11
MD Anderson Center.Does endometriosis increase cancer risk?
Kvaskoff M, Horne AW, Missmer SA.Informing women with endometriosis about ovarian cancer risk.Lancet. 2017;390(10111):2433-2434. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33049-0
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