Everything You Need to Know About Guttate Psoriasis

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSymptomsGuttate Psoriasis TriggersDiagnosisTreatmentSummary

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

Symptoms

Guttate Psoriasis Triggers

Diagnosis

Treatment

Summary

You may develop guttate psoriasis only once, or it can recur in tandem with recurrent infections or other possibletriggers.It can sometimes be a sign that the more common form of the disease,plaque psoriasis, may eventually develop.

Guttate psoriasis mostly affects children and adults under 30 and accounts for around 10% of all psoriasis cases,according to the National Psoriasis Foundation. It is the second most common form of the disease (next toplaquepsoriasis) and, like all forms, can run in families.

Guttate psoriasis has similar features to plaque psoriasis in that it manifests in asudden flareof erythematous (red) rash covered in scales. But, unlike plaque psoriasis, the rash isn’t very thick and tends to be separate rather than clustered.

Guttate psoriasis manifests with the eruption of dozens or even hundreds of small, teardrop-shaped papules (bumps), mainly on the torso or limbs. It can sometimes spread to the face, ears, or scalp, but almost never affects the palms, soles, or nails likeother types of psoriasiscan.

Guttate psoriasis tends to be itchier than other forms of psoriasis and can be easily mistaken for a drug rash,pityriasis rosea, or other dermatologic conditions.

As the papules begin to heal, they can turn from light pink to dark red. They rarely leave a scar unless the skin has been scratched excessively.

An episode of guttate psoriasis may last several weeks or months and can affect people previously diagnosed with plaque psoriasis.

This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See PhotoGuttate psoriasis.DermNet /CC BY-NC-ND

This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See Photo

This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.

Guttate psoriasis

Guttate psoriasis, like all other types of psoriasis, is anon-contagiousautoimmune disease. In other words, for reasons not entirely understood, the immune system will suddenly regard skin cells as a threat and launch aninflammatory responseto “control” what it presumes to be an infection.

The inflammation, in turn, triggers the hyperproduction of skin cells, causing them to multiply faster than they can be shed. This leads to the appearance of the red, scaly lesions we recognize as psoriasis.

With guttate psoriasis, scientists have identified a number of mutations—mainly involving the human leukocyte antigen C (HLA-C) group of genes—that are believed to be linked to the disease.

In terms of disease triggers, around 80% of guttate psoriasis cases are attributed to a recent bout ofStreptococcal pyogenes(strep throat).

The eruption usually develops two to three weeks after strep infection (pharyngitisor perianal).Guttate psoriasis can also strike people who recently recovered fromtonsillitis,chickenpox, or an upper respiratory tract infection. Sinus infections, chronic rhinosinusitis, and the flu can also trigger outbreaks.Because many of these infections are common in childhood, children are disproportionately affected.

Some lifestyle choices, including excessive alcohol consumption and sunburns, may also be linked to psoriasis outbreaks.

Stress, skin trauma, andcertain medications(such asbeta-blockersand antimalarial drugs) can also trigger the initial or subsequent flare of symptoms. If someone has repeated bouts of guttate psoriasis, they should be tested to see if they are a carrier ofS. pyogenes.

There is no cure for psoriasis and no lab tests or imaging studies that can definitively diagnose the disease. Thediagnosisis primarily based on a physical examination, a review of your medical history (including a family history of psoriasis), and the exclusions of all other possible causes.

If guttate psoriasis is suspected, your healthcare provider will likely take a blood sample orthroat cultureto check for strep. If the diagnosis is unclear and there is concern for other conditions, a biopsy can be helpful.

If the cause is uncertain, adermatologistwill conduct adifferential diagnosisto exclude other diseases with similar symptoms. These may include:

Is it bad to pick psoriasis?

Guttate psoriasis tends to be self-limiting and can usually resolve on its own with supportivetreatmentin two to three weeks. The primary goal of treatment is to reduce itchiness that can interfere with sleep and lead to excessive scratching. To this end,treatment may involve:

In addition,oral antibioticsmay be prescribed to treat the underlying strep infection. Options include penicillin, erythromycin, and azithromycin.

Although there is evidence that antibiotics may shorten the course of an initial outbreak, there is no evidence that they have any value in managing or preventing subsequent flares.

Severe cases of guttate psoriasis may require additional treatments. Depending on the percentage of skin involved and/or the frequency of recurrence, treatment options may include:

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)like methotrexate or cyclosporine andbiologic drugslike Humira (adalimumab) or Enbrel (etanercept) are generally reserved for cases that eventually become plaque psoriasis. Even then, they are only prescribed when all other conservative options have failed.

Diagnosis of guttate psoriasis typically involves a physical exam and review of medical history, often with tests to rule out similar skin conditions. Treatment aims to relieve itching and may include emollient-rich moisturizers, topical creams, oral antihistamines, and sometimes antibiotics if a bacterial infection is present. Severe cases may require phototherapy, retinoids, or immunosuppressive drugs.

22 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Vence L, Schmitt A, Meadows CE, Gress T.Recognizing Guttate Psoriasis and Initiating Appropriate Treatment. W V Med J. 2015;111(4):26-8.National Psoriasis Foundation.Statistics.Vence L, Schmitt A, Meadows CE, Gress T.Recognizing Guttate Psoriasis and Initiating Appropriate Treatment. W V Med J. 2015;111(4):26-8.Xu X, Zhang HY.The Immunogenetics of Psoriasis and Implications for Drug Repositioning. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(12). doi:10.3390/ijms18122650Dahlia Saleh; Laura S. Tanner.Guttate Psoriasis. National Center for Biotechnology Information.Choi HG, Lee HJ.Increased risk of psoriasis in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps: a longitudinal follow-up study using Korean national sample cohort. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019 Nov;276(11):3105-3111. doi: 10.1007/s00405-019-05580-9. Epub 2019 Jul 27. PMID: 31352504.Gunes AT, Fetil E, Akarsu S, Ozbagcivan O, Babayeva L.Possible Triggering Effect of Influenza Vaccination on Psoriasis. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:258430. doi: 10.1155/2015/258430. Epub 2015 Aug 25. PMID: 26380315; PMCID: PMC4562095.Alexander Jordan, Charlotte Näslund-Koch, Signe Vedel-Krogh, Stig Egil Bojesen, Lone Skov,Alcohol consumption and risk of psoriasis: Results from observational and genetic analyses in more than 100,000 individuals from the Danish general population,JAAD International, Volume 15, 2024, Pages 197-205, ISSN 2666-3287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdin.2024.03.003Bartholomew E, Chung BY, Davis M, Yeroushalmi S, Chung M, Hakimi M, Bhutani T, Liao W.Rapid Remission of Sunburn-Induced Guttate Psoriasis with Guselkumab. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2023 Oct;13(10):2473-2478. doi: 10.1007/s13555-023-01013-y. Epub 2023 Sep 7. PMID: 37676470; PMCID: PMC10539232Ruyssen-Witrand A, Perry R, Watkins C, Braileanu G, Kumar G, Kiri S, Nott D, Liu-Leage S, Hartz S, Sapin C.Efficacy and safety of biologics in psoriatic arthritis: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis. RMD Open. 2020 Feb;6(1):e001117. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2019-001117. PMID: 32094304; PMCID: PMC7046955.Kim WB, Jerome D, Yeung J.Diagnosis and management of psoriasis. Can Fam Physician. 2017;63(4):278-285.Salgado-Boquete L, Carrascosa JM, Llamas-Velasco M, Ruiz-Villaverde R, de la Cueva P, Belinchón I.A new classification of the severity of psoriasis: what’s moderate psoriasis?Life. 2021;11(7):627. doi:10.3390/life11070627Kelly M. Luba, Daniel L. Stulberg,Chronic Plaque Psoriasis.American Family Physician. 2006Draelos ZD.The Efficacy and Tolerability of Turmeric and Salicylic Acid in Psoriasis Treatment. Psoriasis (Auckl). 2022 Apr 29;12:63-71. doi: 10.2147/PTT.S360448. PMID: 35516971; PMCID: PMC9064175.Joachim W. Fluhr, Claudia Cavallotti, Enzo Berardesca,Emollients, moisturizers, and keratolytic agents in psoriasis,Clinics in Dermatology, Volume 26, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 380-386, ISSN 0738-081XStein L.Clinical studies of a new vehicle formulation for topical corticosteroids in the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Jul;53(1 Suppl 1):S39-49. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.04.029. PMID: 15968263.American Academy of Dermatology Association.Scalp Psoriasis: Shampoo, Scale Softeners, and Other TreatmentsDomagała A, Szepietowski J, Reich A.Antihistamines in the treatment of pruritus in psoriasis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2017 Oct;34(5):457-463. doi: 10.5114/ada.2017.71112. Epub 2017 Oct 31. PMID: 29507561; PMCID: PMC5831281.Navrotski BRF, Nihi FM, Camilleri MJ, Cerci FB.Wet wrap dressings as a rescue therapy option for erythrodermic psoriasis. An Bras Dermatol. 2018 Jul-Aug;93(4):598-600. doi: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20186414. PMID: 30066777; PMCID: PMC6063126.Horton DB, Scott FI, Haynes K, et al.Antibiotic Exposure, Infection, and the Development of Pediatric Psoriasis: A Nested Case-Control Study.JAMA Dermatol.2016;152(2):191–199. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.3650InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-.Psoriasis: Does light therapy (phototherapy) help reduce psoriasis symptoms? [Updated 2021 Apr 27].InformedHealth.org. Cologne, Germany:Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care(IQWiG); 2006-. Psoriasis: Learn More – Oral medications and injections. [Updated 2021 Apr 27].Additional ReadingHorton, D.; Scott, F.; Haynes, K. et al.Antibiotic Exposure, Infection, and the Development of Pediatric Psoriasis: A NestedCase-Control Study.JAMA Dermatol.2016 Feb 1;152(2):191-99. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.3650National Psoriasis Foundation.Guttate Psoriasis.Portland, Oregon.Pfingstler, L.; Maroon, M.; and Mowad, C.Guttate psoriasis outcomes.J Am Acad Dermatol.2015 May; 72(5): AB4. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.023

22 Sources

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Vence L, Schmitt A, Meadows CE, Gress T.Recognizing Guttate Psoriasis and Initiating Appropriate Treatment. W V Med J. 2015;111(4):26-8.National Psoriasis Foundation.Statistics.Vence L, Schmitt A, Meadows CE, Gress T.Recognizing Guttate Psoriasis and Initiating Appropriate Treatment. W V Med J. 2015;111(4):26-8.Xu X, Zhang HY.The Immunogenetics of Psoriasis and Implications for Drug Repositioning. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(12). doi:10.3390/ijms18122650Dahlia Saleh; Laura S. Tanner.Guttate Psoriasis. National Center for Biotechnology Information.Choi HG, Lee HJ.Increased risk of psoriasis in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps: a longitudinal follow-up study using Korean national sample cohort. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019 Nov;276(11):3105-3111. doi: 10.1007/s00405-019-05580-9. Epub 2019 Jul 27. PMID: 31352504.Gunes AT, Fetil E, Akarsu S, Ozbagcivan O, Babayeva L.Possible Triggering Effect of Influenza Vaccination on Psoriasis. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:258430. doi: 10.1155/2015/258430. Epub 2015 Aug 25. PMID: 26380315; PMCID: PMC4562095.Alexander Jordan, Charlotte Näslund-Koch, Signe Vedel-Krogh, Stig Egil Bojesen, Lone Skov,Alcohol consumption and risk of psoriasis: Results from observational and genetic analyses in more than 100,000 individuals from the Danish general population,JAAD International, Volume 15, 2024, Pages 197-205, ISSN 2666-3287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdin.2024.03.003Bartholomew E, Chung BY, Davis M, Yeroushalmi S, Chung M, Hakimi M, Bhutani T, Liao W.Rapid Remission of Sunburn-Induced Guttate Psoriasis with Guselkumab. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2023 Oct;13(10):2473-2478. doi: 10.1007/s13555-023-01013-y. Epub 2023 Sep 7. PMID: 37676470; PMCID: PMC10539232Ruyssen-Witrand A, Perry R, Watkins C, Braileanu G, Kumar G, Kiri S, Nott D, Liu-Leage S, Hartz S, Sapin C.Efficacy and safety of biologics in psoriatic arthritis: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis. RMD Open. 2020 Feb;6(1):e001117. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2019-001117. PMID: 32094304; PMCID: PMC7046955.Kim WB, Jerome D, Yeung J.Diagnosis and management of psoriasis. Can Fam Physician. 2017;63(4):278-285.Salgado-Boquete L, Carrascosa JM, Llamas-Velasco M, Ruiz-Villaverde R, de la Cueva P, Belinchón I.A new classification of the severity of psoriasis: what’s moderate psoriasis?Life. 2021;11(7):627. doi:10.3390/life11070627Kelly M. Luba, Daniel L. Stulberg,Chronic Plaque Psoriasis.American Family Physician. 2006Draelos ZD.The Efficacy and Tolerability of Turmeric and Salicylic Acid in Psoriasis Treatment. Psoriasis (Auckl). 2022 Apr 29;12:63-71. doi: 10.2147/PTT.S360448. PMID: 35516971; PMCID: PMC9064175.Joachim W. Fluhr, Claudia Cavallotti, Enzo Berardesca,Emollients, moisturizers, and keratolytic agents in psoriasis,Clinics in Dermatology, Volume 26, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 380-386, ISSN 0738-081XStein L.Clinical studies of a new vehicle formulation for topical corticosteroids in the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Jul;53(1 Suppl 1):S39-49. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.04.029. PMID: 15968263.American Academy of Dermatology Association.Scalp Psoriasis: Shampoo, Scale Softeners, and Other TreatmentsDomagała A, Szepietowski J, Reich A.Antihistamines in the treatment of pruritus in psoriasis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2017 Oct;34(5):457-463. doi: 10.5114/ada.2017.71112. Epub 2017 Oct 31. PMID: 29507561; PMCID: PMC5831281.Navrotski BRF, Nihi FM, Camilleri MJ, Cerci FB.Wet wrap dressings as a rescue therapy option for erythrodermic psoriasis. An Bras Dermatol. 2018 Jul-Aug;93(4):598-600. doi: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20186414. PMID: 30066777; PMCID: PMC6063126.Horton DB, Scott FI, Haynes K, et al.Antibiotic Exposure, Infection, and the Development of Pediatric Psoriasis: A Nested Case-Control Study.JAMA Dermatol.2016;152(2):191–199. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.3650InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-.Psoriasis: Does light therapy (phototherapy) help reduce psoriasis symptoms? [Updated 2021 Apr 27].InformedHealth.org. Cologne, Germany:Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care(IQWiG); 2006-. Psoriasis: Learn More – Oral medications and injections. [Updated 2021 Apr 27].Additional ReadingHorton, D.; Scott, F.; Haynes, K. et al.Antibiotic Exposure, Infection, and the Development of Pediatric Psoriasis: A NestedCase-Control Study.JAMA Dermatol.2016 Feb 1;152(2):191-99. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.3650National Psoriasis Foundation.Guttate Psoriasis.Portland, Oregon.Pfingstler, L.; Maroon, M.; and Mowad, C.Guttate psoriasis outcomes.J Am Acad Dermatol.2015 May; 72(5): AB4. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.023

Vence L, Schmitt A, Meadows CE, Gress T.Recognizing Guttate Psoriasis and Initiating Appropriate Treatment. W V Med J. 2015;111(4):26-8.National Psoriasis Foundation.Statistics.Vence L, Schmitt A, Meadows CE, Gress T.Recognizing Guttate Psoriasis and Initiating Appropriate Treatment. W V Med J. 2015;111(4):26-8.Xu X, Zhang HY.The Immunogenetics of Psoriasis and Implications for Drug Repositioning. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(12). doi:10.3390/ijms18122650Dahlia Saleh; Laura S. Tanner.Guttate Psoriasis. National Center for Biotechnology Information.Choi HG, Lee HJ.Increased risk of psoriasis in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps: a longitudinal follow-up study using Korean national sample cohort. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019 Nov;276(11):3105-3111. doi: 10.1007/s00405-019-05580-9. Epub 2019 Jul 27. PMID: 31352504.Gunes AT, Fetil E, Akarsu S, Ozbagcivan O, Babayeva L.Possible Triggering Effect of Influenza Vaccination on Psoriasis. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:258430. doi: 10.1155/2015/258430. Epub 2015 Aug 25. PMID: 26380315; PMCID: PMC4562095.Alexander Jordan, Charlotte Näslund-Koch, Signe Vedel-Krogh, Stig Egil Bojesen, Lone Skov,Alcohol consumption and risk of psoriasis: Results from observational and genetic analyses in more than 100,000 individuals from the Danish general population,JAAD International, Volume 15, 2024, Pages 197-205, ISSN 2666-3287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdin.2024.03.003Bartholomew E, Chung BY, Davis M, Yeroushalmi S, Chung M, Hakimi M, Bhutani T, Liao W.Rapid Remission of Sunburn-Induced Guttate Psoriasis with Guselkumab. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2023 Oct;13(10):2473-2478. doi: 10.1007/s13555-023-01013-y. Epub 2023 Sep 7. PMID: 37676470; PMCID: PMC10539232Ruyssen-Witrand A, Perry R, Watkins C, Braileanu G, Kumar G, Kiri S, Nott D, Liu-Leage S, Hartz S, Sapin C.Efficacy and safety of biologics in psoriatic arthritis: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis. RMD Open. 2020 Feb;6(1):e001117. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2019-001117. PMID: 32094304; PMCID: PMC7046955.Kim WB, Jerome D, Yeung J.Diagnosis and management of psoriasis. Can Fam Physician. 2017;63(4):278-285.Salgado-Boquete L, Carrascosa JM, Llamas-Velasco M, Ruiz-Villaverde R, de la Cueva P, Belinchón I.A new classification of the severity of psoriasis: what’s moderate psoriasis?Life. 2021;11(7):627. doi:10.3390/life11070627Kelly M. Luba, Daniel L. Stulberg,Chronic Plaque Psoriasis.American Family Physician. 2006Draelos ZD.The Efficacy and Tolerability of Turmeric and Salicylic Acid in Psoriasis Treatment. Psoriasis (Auckl). 2022 Apr 29;12:63-71. doi: 10.2147/PTT.S360448. PMID: 35516971; PMCID: PMC9064175.Joachim W. Fluhr, Claudia Cavallotti, Enzo Berardesca,Emollients, moisturizers, and keratolytic agents in psoriasis,Clinics in Dermatology, Volume 26, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 380-386, ISSN 0738-081XStein L.Clinical studies of a new vehicle formulation for topical corticosteroids in the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Jul;53(1 Suppl 1):S39-49. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.04.029. PMID: 15968263.American Academy of Dermatology Association.Scalp Psoriasis: Shampoo, Scale Softeners, and Other TreatmentsDomagała A, Szepietowski J, Reich A.Antihistamines in the treatment of pruritus in psoriasis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2017 Oct;34(5):457-463. doi: 10.5114/ada.2017.71112. Epub 2017 Oct 31. PMID: 29507561; PMCID: PMC5831281.Navrotski BRF, Nihi FM, Camilleri MJ, Cerci FB.Wet wrap dressings as a rescue therapy option for erythrodermic psoriasis. An Bras Dermatol. 2018 Jul-Aug;93(4):598-600. doi: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20186414. PMID: 30066777; PMCID: PMC6063126.Horton DB, Scott FI, Haynes K, et al.Antibiotic Exposure, Infection, and the Development of Pediatric Psoriasis: A Nested Case-Control Study.JAMA Dermatol.2016;152(2):191–199. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.3650InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-.Psoriasis: Does light therapy (phototherapy) help reduce psoriasis symptoms? [Updated 2021 Apr 27].InformedHealth.org. Cologne, Germany:Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care(IQWiG); 2006-. Psoriasis: Learn More – Oral medications and injections. [Updated 2021 Apr 27].

Vence L, Schmitt A, Meadows CE, Gress T.Recognizing Guttate Psoriasis and Initiating Appropriate Treatment. W V Med J. 2015;111(4):26-8.

National Psoriasis Foundation.Statistics.

Xu X, Zhang HY.The Immunogenetics of Psoriasis and Implications for Drug Repositioning. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(12). doi:10.3390/ijms18122650

Dahlia Saleh; Laura S. Tanner.Guttate Psoriasis. National Center for Biotechnology Information.

Choi HG, Lee HJ.Increased risk of psoriasis in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps: a longitudinal follow-up study using Korean national sample cohort. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019 Nov;276(11):3105-3111. doi: 10.1007/s00405-019-05580-9. Epub 2019 Jul 27. PMID: 31352504.

Gunes AT, Fetil E, Akarsu S, Ozbagcivan O, Babayeva L.Possible Triggering Effect of Influenza Vaccination on Psoriasis. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:258430. doi: 10.1155/2015/258430. Epub 2015 Aug 25. PMID: 26380315; PMCID: PMC4562095.

Alexander Jordan, Charlotte Näslund-Koch, Signe Vedel-Krogh, Stig Egil Bojesen, Lone Skov,

Alcohol consumption and risk of psoriasis: Results from observational and genetic analyses in more than 100,000 individuals from the Danish general population,JAAD International, Volume 15, 2024, Pages 197-205, ISSN 2666-3287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdin.2024.03.003

Bartholomew E, Chung BY, Davis M, Yeroushalmi S, Chung M, Hakimi M, Bhutani T, Liao W.Rapid Remission of Sunburn-Induced Guttate Psoriasis with Guselkumab. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2023 Oct;13(10):2473-2478. doi: 10.1007/s13555-023-01013-y. Epub 2023 Sep 7. PMID: 37676470; PMCID: PMC10539232

Ruyssen-Witrand A, Perry R, Watkins C, Braileanu G, Kumar G, Kiri S, Nott D, Liu-Leage S, Hartz S, Sapin C.Efficacy and safety of biologics in psoriatic arthritis: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis. RMD Open. 2020 Feb;6(1):e001117. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2019-001117. PMID: 32094304; PMCID: PMC7046955.

Kim WB, Jerome D, Yeung J.Diagnosis and management of psoriasis. Can Fam Physician. 2017;63(4):278-285.

Salgado-Boquete L, Carrascosa JM, Llamas-Velasco M, Ruiz-Villaverde R, de la Cueva P, Belinchón I.A new classification of the severity of psoriasis: what’s moderate psoriasis?Life. 2021;11(7):627. doi:10.3390/life11070627

Kelly M. Luba, Daniel L. Stulberg,Chronic Plaque Psoriasis.American Family Physician. 2006

Draelos ZD.The Efficacy and Tolerability of Turmeric and Salicylic Acid in Psoriasis Treatment. Psoriasis (Auckl). 2022 Apr 29;12:63-71. doi: 10.2147/PTT.S360448. PMID: 35516971; PMCID: PMC9064175.

Joachim W. Fluhr, Claudia Cavallotti, Enzo Berardesca,Emollients, moisturizers, and keratolytic agents in psoriasis,Clinics in Dermatology, Volume 26, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 380-386, ISSN 0738-081X

Stein L.Clinical studies of a new vehicle formulation for topical corticosteroids in the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Jul;53(1 Suppl 1):S39-49. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.04.029. PMID: 15968263.

American Academy of Dermatology Association.Scalp Psoriasis: Shampoo, Scale Softeners, and Other Treatments

Domagała A, Szepietowski J, Reich A.Antihistamines in the treatment of pruritus in psoriasis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2017 Oct;34(5):457-463. doi: 10.5114/ada.2017.71112. Epub 2017 Oct 31. PMID: 29507561; PMCID: PMC5831281.

Navrotski BRF, Nihi FM, Camilleri MJ, Cerci FB.Wet wrap dressings as a rescue therapy option for erythrodermic psoriasis. An Bras Dermatol. 2018 Jul-Aug;93(4):598-600. doi: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20186414. PMID: 30066777; PMCID: PMC6063126.

Horton DB, Scott FI, Haynes K, et al.Antibiotic Exposure, Infection, and the Development of Pediatric Psoriasis: A Nested Case-Control Study.JAMA Dermatol.2016;152(2):191–199. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.3650

InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-.Psoriasis: Does light therapy (phototherapy) help reduce psoriasis symptoms? [Updated 2021 Apr 27].

InformedHealth.org. Cologne, Germany:Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care(IQWiG); 2006-. Psoriasis: Learn More – Oral medications and injections. [Updated 2021 Apr 27].

Horton, D.; Scott, F.; Haynes, K. et al.Antibiotic Exposure, Infection, and the Development of Pediatric Psoriasis: A NestedCase-Control Study.JAMA Dermatol.2016 Feb 1;152(2):191-99. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.3650National Psoriasis Foundation.Guttate Psoriasis.Portland, Oregon.Pfingstler, L.; Maroon, M.; and Mowad, C.Guttate psoriasis outcomes.J Am Acad Dermatol.2015 May; 72(5): AB4. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.023

National Psoriasis Foundation.Guttate Psoriasis.Portland, Oregon.

Pfingstler, L.; Maroon, M.; and Mowad, C.Guttate psoriasis outcomes.J Am Acad Dermatol.2015 May; 72(5): AB4. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.023

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Is it bad to pick psoriasis?#

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