Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat GABA DoesHow It’s UsedHealth BenefitsPhysical HealthMedicationsGABA SupplementsFoods That Boost GABARisks
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What GABA Does
How It’s Used
Health Benefits
Physical Health
Medications
GABA Supplements
Foods That Boost GABA
Risks
Gamma-aminobutyricacid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter, a brain chemical that sends messages throughout the central nervous system. GABA inhibits nerve signaling, altering a cell’s ability to send and receive messages.
Abnormal or fluctuating GABA levels are found in Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and depressive disorders, among others. Medications that target GABA receptors are often used to treat these conditions.
GABA supplements are used to lower stress, ease anxiety, and combatinsomnia. While there isn’t strong evidence to support these benefits, GABA supplements have few side effects or risks.
This article discusses GABA and GABA supplements. It explores how GABA works and what happens if there’s not enough GABA activity in the body. It also explains common conditions associated with abnormal GABA levels and medications that target GABA receptors.
What Does GABA Do?
GABA is a type ofneurotransmitter, a chemical messenger in the nervous system. Nerve signals travel along the nervous system vianeuronsthat pass messages to each other.
As an inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA blocks or inhibits certain nerve transmission. It decreases the stimulation of neurons.This means that a neuron that receives a message along the way doesn’t act on it, so the message isn’t sent on to other neurons.
This slowdown in message transition may be helpful in modulating mood and anxiety. In other words, GABA calms your nervous system down, so you don’t become overly anxious or afraid.
Problems with GABA signaling seem to play a role in disorders that affect your mental health or your nervous system. These can be psychiatric and neurologic conditions.
Types of NeurotransmittersInhibitory neurotransmitterslike GABA block certain brain signals and decrease nervous system activity. Another inhibitory neurotransmitter,serotonin, helps to regulate mood and anxiety.Excitatory neurotransmittershave the opposite effect: They promote certain brain signals and increase nervous system activity. An example of an excitatory neurotransmitter isnorepinephrine.
Types of Neurotransmitters
Inhibitory neurotransmitterslike GABA block certain brain signals and decrease nervous system activity. Another inhibitory neurotransmitter,serotonin, helps to regulate mood and anxiety.Excitatory neurotransmittershave the opposite effect: They promote certain brain signals and increase nervous system activity. An example of an excitatory neurotransmitter isnorepinephrine.
Inhibitory neurotransmitterslike GABA block certain brain signals and decrease nervous system activity. Another inhibitory neurotransmitter,serotonin, helps to regulate mood and anxiety.
Excitatory neurotransmittershave the opposite effect: They promote certain brain signals and increase nervous system activity. An example of an excitatory neurotransmitter isnorepinephrine.
How GABA Is Used
About 30% to 40% of neurons contain GABA and are known as GABAergic neurons.When neurons receive a message, it gets passed on to another neuron via a series of steps.
When GABAergic neurons receive a message, they release GABA into the synapses where the message is supposed to be carried on.
GABA activity only lasts milliseconds, but it has significant consequences. It starts a reaction that makes it less likely the message will be passed on to other neurons.
In thebrain, GABA has a calming effect, which is why GABA supplements are marketed for stress relief. In thespinal cord, GABA allows for sensory information integration. This means it allows your nervous system to process and organize information coming in from the senses.
Dysregulation of GABAergic neurons can affect mental health and contribute to a variety of psychiatric and neurologic disorders (disorders of the brain and nervous system). A lack of proper GABA activity may play a role inschizophrenia,autism,Tourette’s syndrome, and other disorders.
GABA Health Benefits
Specifically, GABA affects how the body reacts to feelings of anxiety, fear, and stress, and it allows the nervous system to better process information. GABA may offer the following health benefits.
Anxiety Disorders
Many things can impact GABA levels, which could contribute to anxiety. For example, research shows that external stressors and early life stressors can directly influence how GABA functions in the body, creatingimbalances.
Schizophrenia
A lack of GABA is associated with problems carrying out normal cognitive functions. This is very important for people who have schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder that causes significant issues with thoughts, emotions, and behavior.
Problems with specific elements of the nervous system, GABA-A receptors, have been associated with features of schizophrenia, including hallucinations and cognitive impairment.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
While the exact cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is still unclear, animal and human studies have found associations between abnormalities in GABA activity and ASD symptoms. There seems to be a relationship between GABA and how a person with autism has limited interests or difficulty with social interaction.
Major Depression
Lower levels of GABA in the body have also been associated with major depressive disorder (MDD).This is likely because GABA works in collaboration with other neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, which is also involved in mood disorders.
Research also suggested that improper GABA functioning may be a factor that contributes to suicide.
Insomnia
GABA plays an important role in promoting sleep. Medications that regulate GABA signaling are often used to treat insomnia.
GABA supplements are also touted as a remedy for difficulty sleeping. While more research is needed, some studies show GABA supplements can improve sleep onset and maintenance, reduce drowsiness in the morning, and help recover from fatigue more quickly.
How GABA Affects Physical Health
GABA activity plays an important role in several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders in which the body’s nerve cells break down or die.
These disorders include:
Other disorders related to GABA activity include the following:
Autoimmune Stiff Person Syndrome: Understanding Why Pain Happens
Medications That Regulate GABA
Drugs that are used to regulate GABA signaling include:
GABA is available in non-prescription supplement form. Manufacturers sell natural GABA in pills and capsules at a range of prices, claiming their products can help reduce stress and help you feel calm and relaxed. It can be sold alone or blended with other substances like melatonin, which promotes sleep.
There is some question of how much of these supplements actually cross the blood-brain barrier and are ultimately available to the brain.
Although its benefits remain unclear, GABA is safe to take every day. One study showed that taking 120 milligrams of GABA supplement per day for 12 weeks did not cause any serious adverse reactions.
Are GABA Supplements Safe?As with many other herbal supplements, pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid taking GABA supplements since there isn’t strong research showing it’s safe. If you’re considering GABA supplements, talk to your healthcare provider first.
Are GABA Supplements Safe?
As with many other herbal supplements, pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid taking GABA supplements since there isn’t strong research showing it’s safe. If you’re considering GABA supplements, talk to your healthcare provider first.
What You Should Know Before Taking GABA Supplements
Dietary sources of GABA include:
Risks of Raising GABA Levels
Alcohol, for example, promotes GABA receptor activity. This can create a temporary feeling of calm and relaxation. But the effect is artificial and risky. You won’t get the same effect over time. People may build up a tolerance, which makes the body require more of the substance to achieve the same feeling.
Overdosing or taking multiple GABA-modulating drugs and alcohol can result in respiratory depression (slow breathing) due to increased GABA signaling in the brain stem.
When to Seek HelpWhile your body’s natural production of GABA has many benefits, artificial means of altering GABA activity can potentially lead to serious problems. Abusing certain substances that impact GABA may lead to use disorders and toxicity.If you’re using GABA medication or supplements and other GABA-affecting drugs like alcohol and benzodiazepines, talk with your healthcare provider.To learn more about substance abuse visit:The National Institute on Drug AbuseNarcotics Anonymous
When to Seek Help
While your body’s natural production of GABA has many benefits, artificial means of altering GABA activity can potentially lead to serious problems. Abusing certain substances that impact GABA may lead to use disorders and toxicity.If you’re using GABA medication or supplements and other GABA-affecting drugs like alcohol and benzodiazepines, talk with your healthcare provider.To learn more about substance abuse visit:The National Institute on Drug AbuseNarcotics Anonymous
While your body’s natural production of GABA has many benefits, artificial means of altering GABA activity can potentially lead to serious problems. Abusing certain substances that impact GABA may lead to use disorders and toxicity.
If you’re using GABA medication or supplements and other GABA-affecting drugs like alcohol and benzodiazepines, talk with your healthcare provider.
To learn more about substance abuse visit:
Summary
Healthcare providers may be able to prescribe medications to help regulate GABA activity and treat these problems. These drugs need to be properly administered to avoid dependence or abuse.
There’s little research to support the benefits of over-the-counter supplements. They may offer some help, but they also pose a potential threat to your health if you use those supplements with alcohol or some other drugs.
16 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.McGill University.Gaba Supplements: Glorious, Gimmicky, or Just Garbage?Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.GABA Neurotransmitter.Cheng Z, Su J, Zhang K, Jiang H, Li B.Epigenetic Mechanism of Early Life Stress-Induced Depression: Focus on the Neurotransmitter Systems.Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022 Jul 5;10:929732. doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.929732.Deidda G, Bozarth IF, Cancedda L.Modulation of GABAergic transmission in development and neurodevelopmental disorders: investigating physiology and pathology to gain therapeutic perspectives.Front Cell Neurosci. 2014;8. doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00119Hou X, Rong C, Wang F, Liu X, Sun Y, Zhang HT.Gabaergic system in stress: implications of gabaergic neuron subpopulations and the gut-vagus-brain pathway.Neural Plasticity. 2020;2020:e8858415. doi:10.1155%2F2020%2F8858415de Jonge JC, Vinkers CH, Hulshoff Pol HE, Marsman A.GABAergic mechanisms in schizophrenia: Linking postmortem andIn Vivostudies.Front Psychiatry. 2017 Aug 11;8:118. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00118Horder J, Petrinovic MM, Mendez MA, Bruns A, Takumi T, Spooren W, Barker GJ, Künnecke B, Murphy DG.Glutamate and GABA in autism spectrum disorder-a translational magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in man and rodent models.Transl Psychiatry. 2018 May 25;8(1):106. doi: 10.1038/s41398-018-0155-1Bhattacharyya P, Anand A, Lin J, Altinay M.Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Glx/tCr Predicts Efficacy of High Frequency 4- to 6-Week rTMS Treatment and Is Associated With Symptom Improvement in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder: Findings From a Pilot Study.Front Psychiatry. 2021 Dec 3;12:665347. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.665347.Zhao J, Verwer RWH, Gao SF, et al.Prefrontal alterations in GABAergic and glutamatergic gene expression in relation to depression and suicide.Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2018;102:261-274. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.04.020Hepsomali P, Groeger JA, Nishihira J, Scholey A.Effects of oral gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration on stress and sleep in humans: a systematic review.Front Neurosci. 2020;14:923. doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00923Foliaki ST, Schwarz B, Groveman BR, et al.Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases. Molecular Brain. 2021;14(1):156. doi:10.1186%2Fs13041-021-00864-wYe H, Kaszuba S.Inhibitory or excitatory? Optogenetic interrogation of the functional roles of GABAergic interneurons in epileptogenesis.J Biomed Sci. 2017;24(1):93. doi:10.1186/s12929-017-0399-8Alharbi B, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, et al.Role of GABA pathway in motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: a bidirectional circuit.Eur J Med Res. 2024;29(1):205. Published 2024 Mar 27. doi:10.1186/s40001-024-01779-7Oketch-Rabah HA, Madden EF, Roe AL, Betz JM.United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Safety Review ofGamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA).Nutrients. 2021 Aug 10;13(8):2742. doi:10.3390/nu13082742.Briguglio M, Dell’Osso B, Panzica G, Malgaroli A, Banfi G, Zanaboni Dina C,et al.Dietary Neurotransmitters: A Narrative Review on Current Knowledge.Nutrients. 2018 May 10;10(5):591. doi:10.3390/nu10050591.Brousse G, Arnaud B, Vorspan F, et al.Alteration of glutamate/gaba balance during acute alcohol withdrawal in emergency department: a prospective analysis.Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2012;47(5):501-508. doi:10.1093/alcalc/ags078
16 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.McGill University.Gaba Supplements: Glorious, Gimmicky, or Just Garbage?Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.GABA Neurotransmitter.Cheng Z, Su J, Zhang K, Jiang H, Li B.Epigenetic Mechanism of Early Life Stress-Induced Depression: Focus on the Neurotransmitter Systems.Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022 Jul 5;10:929732. doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.929732.Deidda G, Bozarth IF, Cancedda L.Modulation of GABAergic transmission in development and neurodevelopmental disorders: investigating physiology and pathology to gain therapeutic perspectives.Front Cell Neurosci. 2014;8. doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00119Hou X, Rong C, Wang F, Liu X, Sun Y, Zhang HT.Gabaergic system in stress: implications of gabaergic neuron subpopulations and the gut-vagus-brain pathway.Neural Plasticity. 2020;2020:e8858415. doi:10.1155%2F2020%2F8858415de Jonge JC, Vinkers CH, Hulshoff Pol HE, Marsman A.GABAergic mechanisms in schizophrenia: Linking postmortem andIn Vivostudies.Front Psychiatry. 2017 Aug 11;8:118. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00118Horder J, Petrinovic MM, Mendez MA, Bruns A, Takumi T, Spooren W, Barker GJ, Künnecke B, Murphy DG.Glutamate and GABA in autism spectrum disorder-a translational magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in man and rodent models.Transl Psychiatry. 2018 May 25;8(1):106. doi: 10.1038/s41398-018-0155-1Bhattacharyya P, Anand A, Lin J, Altinay M.Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Glx/tCr Predicts Efficacy of High Frequency 4- to 6-Week rTMS Treatment and Is Associated With Symptom Improvement in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder: Findings From a Pilot Study.Front Psychiatry. 2021 Dec 3;12:665347. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.665347.Zhao J, Verwer RWH, Gao SF, et al.Prefrontal alterations in GABAergic and glutamatergic gene expression in relation to depression and suicide.Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2018;102:261-274. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.04.020Hepsomali P, Groeger JA, Nishihira J, Scholey A.Effects of oral gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration on stress and sleep in humans: a systematic review.Front Neurosci. 2020;14:923. doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00923Foliaki ST, Schwarz B, Groveman BR, et al.Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases. Molecular Brain. 2021;14(1):156. doi:10.1186%2Fs13041-021-00864-wYe H, Kaszuba S.Inhibitory or excitatory? Optogenetic interrogation of the functional roles of GABAergic interneurons in epileptogenesis.J Biomed Sci. 2017;24(1):93. doi:10.1186/s12929-017-0399-8Alharbi B, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, et al.Role of GABA pathway in motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: a bidirectional circuit.Eur J Med Res. 2024;29(1):205. Published 2024 Mar 27. doi:10.1186/s40001-024-01779-7Oketch-Rabah HA, Madden EF, Roe AL, Betz JM.United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Safety Review ofGamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA).Nutrients. 2021 Aug 10;13(8):2742. doi:10.3390/nu13082742.Briguglio M, Dell’Osso B, Panzica G, Malgaroli A, Banfi G, Zanaboni Dina C,et al.Dietary Neurotransmitters: A Narrative Review on Current Knowledge.Nutrients. 2018 May 10;10(5):591. doi:10.3390/nu10050591.Brousse G, Arnaud B, Vorspan F, et al.Alteration of glutamate/gaba balance during acute alcohol withdrawal in emergency department: a prospective analysis.Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2012;47(5):501-508. doi:10.1093/alcalc/ags078
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
McGill University.Gaba Supplements: Glorious, Gimmicky, or Just Garbage?Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.GABA Neurotransmitter.Cheng Z, Su J, Zhang K, Jiang H, Li B.Epigenetic Mechanism of Early Life Stress-Induced Depression: Focus on the Neurotransmitter Systems.Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022 Jul 5;10:929732. doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.929732.Deidda G, Bozarth IF, Cancedda L.Modulation of GABAergic transmission in development and neurodevelopmental disorders: investigating physiology and pathology to gain therapeutic perspectives.Front Cell Neurosci. 2014;8. doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00119Hou X, Rong C, Wang F, Liu X, Sun Y, Zhang HT.Gabaergic system in stress: implications of gabaergic neuron subpopulations and the gut-vagus-brain pathway.Neural Plasticity. 2020;2020:e8858415. doi:10.1155%2F2020%2F8858415de Jonge JC, Vinkers CH, Hulshoff Pol HE, Marsman A.GABAergic mechanisms in schizophrenia: Linking postmortem andIn Vivostudies.Front Psychiatry. 2017 Aug 11;8:118. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00118Horder J, Petrinovic MM, Mendez MA, Bruns A, Takumi T, Spooren W, Barker GJ, Künnecke B, Murphy DG.Glutamate and GABA in autism spectrum disorder-a translational magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in man and rodent models.Transl Psychiatry. 2018 May 25;8(1):106. doi: 10.1038/s41398-018-0155-1Bhattacharyya P, Anand A, Lin J, Altinay M.Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Glx/tCr Predicts Efficacy of High Frequency 4- to 6-Week rTMS Treatment and Is Associated With Symptom Improvement in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder: Findings From a Pilot Study.Front Psychiatry. 2021 Dec 3;12:665347. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.665347.Zhao J, Verwer RWH, Gao SF, et al.Prefrontal alterations in GABAergic and glutamatergic gene expression in relation to depression and suicide.Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2018;102:261-274. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.04.020Hepsomali P, Groeger JA, Nishihira J, Scholey A.Effects of oral gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration on stress and sleep in humans: a systematic review.Front Neurosci. 2020;14:923. doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00923Foliaki ST, Schwarz B, Groveman BR, et al.Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases. Molecular Brain. 2021;14(1):156. doi:10.1186%2Fs13041-021-00864-wYe H, Kaszuba S.Inhibitory or excitatory? Optogenetic interrogation of the functional roles of GABAergic interneurons in epileptogenesis.J Biomed Sci. 2017;24(1):93. doi:10.1186/s12929-017-0399-8Alharbi B, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, et al.Role of GABA pathway in motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: a bidirectional circuit.Eur J Med Res. 2024;29(1):205. Published 2024 Mar 27. doi:10.1186/s40001-024-01779-7Oketch-Rabah HA, Madden EF, Roe AL, Betz JM.United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Safety Review ofGamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA).Nutrients. 2021 Aug 10;13(8):2742. doi:10.3390/nu13082742.Briguglio M, Dell’Osso B, Panzica G, Malgaroli A, Banfi G, Zanaboni Dina C,et al.Dietary Neurotransmitters: A Narrative Review on Current Knowledge.Nutrients. 2018 May 10;10(5):591. doi:10.3390/nu10050591.Brousse G, Arnaud B, Vorspan F, et al.Alteration of glutamate/gaba balance during acute alcohol withdrawal in emergency department: a prospective analysis.Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2012;47(5):501-508. doi:10.1093/alcalc/ags078
McGill University.Gaba Supplements: Glorious, Gimmicky, or Just Garbage?
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.GABA Neurotransmitter.
Cheng Z, Su J, Zhang K, Jiang H, Li B.Epigenetic Mechanism of Early Life Stress-Induced Depression: Focus on the Neurotransmitter Systems.Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022 Jul 5;10:929732. doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.929732.
Deidda G, Bozarth IF, Cancedda L.Modulation of GABAergic transmission in development and neurodevelopmental disorders: investigating physiology and pathology to gain therapeutic perspectives.Front Cell Neurosci. 2014;8. doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00119
Hou X, Rong C, Wang F, Liu X, Sun Y, Zhang HT.Gabaergic system in stress: implications of gabaergic neuron subpopulations and the gut-vagus-brain pathway.Neural Plasticity. 2020;2020:e8858415. doi:10.1155%2F2020%2F8858415
de Jonge JC, Vinkers CH, Hulshoff Pol HE, Marsman A.GABAergic mechanisms in schizophrenia: Linking postmortem andIn Vivostudies.Front Psychiatry. 2017 Aug 11;8:118. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00118
Horder J, Petrinovic MM, Mendez MA, Bruns A, Takumi T, Spooren W, Barker GJ, Künnecke B, Murphy DG.Glutamate and GABA in autism spectrum disorder-a translational magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in man and rodent models.Transl Psychiatry. 2018 May 25;8(1):106. doi: 10.1038/s41398-018-0155-1
Bhattacharyya P, Anand A, Lin J, Altinay M.Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Glx/tCr Predicts Efficacy of High Frequency 4- to 6-Week rTMS Treatment and Is Associated With Symptom Improvement in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder: Findings From a Pilot Study.Front Psychiatry. 2021 Dec 3;12:665347. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.665347.
Zhao J, Verwer RWH, Gao SF, et al.Prefrontal alterations in GABAergic and glutamatergic gene expression in relation to depression and suicide.Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2018;102:261-274. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.04.020
Hepsomali P, Groeger JA, Nishihira J, Scholey A.Effects of oral gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration on stress and sleep in humans: a systematic review.Front Neurosci. 2020;14:923. doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00923
Foliaki ST, Schwarz B, Groveman BR, et al.Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases. Molecular Brain. 2021;14(1):156. doi:10.1186%2Fs13041-021-00864-w
Ye H, Kaszuba S.Inhibitory or excitatory? Optogenetic interrogation of the functional roles of GABAergic interneurons in epileptogenesis.J Biomed Sci. 2017;24(1):93. doi:10.1186/s12929-017-0399-8
Alharbi B, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, et al.Role of GABA pathway in motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: a bidirectional circuit.Eur J Med Res. 2024;29(1):205. Published 2024 Mar 27. doi:10.1186/s40001-024-01779-7
Oketch-Rabah HA, Madden EF, Roe AL, Betz JM.United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Safety Review ofGamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA).Nutrients. 2021 Aug 10;13(8):2742. doi:10.3390/nu13082742.
Briguglio M, Dell’Osso B, Panzica G, Malgaroli A, Banfi G, Zanaboni Dina C,et al.Dietary Neurotransmitters: A Narrative Review on Current Knowledge.Nutrients. 2018 May 10;10(5):591. doi:10.3390/nu10050591.
Brousse G, Arnaud B, Vorspan F, et al.Alteration of glutamate/gaba balance during acute alcohol withdrawal in emergency department: a prospective analysis.Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2012;47(5):501-508. doi:10.1093/alcalc/ags078
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