Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsTreatment OptionsHome & Lifestyle HabitsMedicationsSurgeryEffectivenessDuring an EpisodeManaging Side EffedtsSpecialistsNext in GERD GuideWhat Is GERD?
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Treatment Options
Home & Lifestyle Habits
Medications
Surgery
Effectiveness
During an Episode
Managing Side Effedts
Specialists
Next in GERD Guide
Treatments for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) include steps to take at home, dietary changes, over-the-counter (OTC) medications, prescription medications, and surgery. GERD occurs when thelower esophageal sphincter (LES), located at the bottom of theesophagus(food tube), is too loose. Acid backs up from the stomach and into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
GERD Treatment Options
You have many management options forgastroesophageal reflux disease. Treating GERD will reduce symptoms and help avoid potential complications.
At-Home and Lifestyle Habits to Eliminate Triggers
Youcan take steps at hometo help with GERD symptoms.
One of the most common ways to manage GERD is to change your diet.Foods to avoidbecause they may cause the lower esophageal sphincter to relax and cause symptoms include:
It may take time to discover your triggers.Keeping notes on symptomsand what was eaten or what you were doing before they started is a strategy that may help to detect and avoid triggers. One of the benefits of making adjustments to diet or lifestyle in managing GERD is generally safe and are not likely to to adverse effects.
Restrictive DietsEating awell-balanced dietwith lots of fruits and vegetables is important for overall health. While avoiding some foods may be helpful in dealing with GERD symptoms, you need to do it in a way that does not significantly restrict the diet.People who are concerned about their diet should consult a healthcare provider, such as aprimary care provider, agastroenterologist, and/or a registered dietitian, about making healthful adjustments.
Restrictive Diets
Eating awell-balanced dietwith lots of fruits and vegetables is important for overall health. While avoiding some foods may be helpful in dealing with GERD symptoms, you need to do it in a way that does not significantly restrict the diet.People who are concerned about their diet should consult a healthcare provider, such as aprimary care provider, agastroenterologist, and/or a registered dietitian, about making healthful adjustments.
Eating awell-balanced dietwith lots of fruits and vegetables is important for overall health. While avoiding some foods may be helpful in dealing with GERD symptoms, you need to do it in a way that does not significantly restrict the diet.
People who are concerned about their diet should consult a healthcare provider, such as aprimary care provider, agastroenterologist, and/or a registered dietitian, about making healthful adjustments.
OTC and Prescribed Medications
GERD can be treated with over-the-counter and prescription drugs. In some cases, an OTC medication might also be available as a prescription medication in a different dosage.
There’s a general guideline regarding the use of OTC medications for heartburn or GERD symptoms. If it becomes necessary for you to take these medications more than two times a week, talk to a healthcare provider to determine whether more testing is needed to diagnose the condition and provide additional treatment.
Over-the-counter and prescription medications to treat GERD include the following.
Antacids
Bismuth Subsalicylate
Bismuth subsalicylatehas the effect of limiting the amount of fluids and electrolytes (charged minerals in the blood) that flow into the intestines. Most people recognize this pink product that’s sold under the brand name Pepto-Bismol.
H2-Receptor Blockers
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
Proton pump inhibitorsare another type of drug that reduces acid production in the stomach. The effects may last for up to 24 hours. They take longer to take effect—usually, about an hour—so they’re designed to be used in anticipation of symptoms instead of after symptoms start. They are also usually prescribed or taken for several days in a row, sometimes for up to two weeks.
Some of the brand names PPIs are:
Safety and Effectiveness of PPIs
Potassium-Competitive Acid Blocker
PCABs are not recommended as the first type of drug to try for GERD. A PCAB may suppress acid more effectively than other medications, but the long-term effects are not yet known.
Most Effective Treatments for GERD
The most effective drug or surgery for GERD will be highly individualized. Factors that influence the choice of medication include:
The best way to compare two drugs is to research them against one another, but few such trials are available. The best treatment for any person might be the one they can take as directed.
People may choose to have surgery to treat GERD for a few reasons. One is if lifestyle changes and medication do not stop the symptoms. Another is if it’s not possible for a patient to take medications as prescribed. Many different types of surgery are used to treat GERD.
Nissen Fundoplication
Fundoplication is done eitherlaparoscopically(through small incisions with inserted scopes and tools) or with open surgery (a large incision).
Transoral Incisionless Fundoplication (TIF)
A device called an EsophyX is inserted into the mouth, through the throat, and into the esophagus and stomach. It folds the tissue of the esophagus and stomach and anchors it with fasteners. This creates a new valve, which helps prevent acid from backing up from the stomach and into the throat.
Stretta Procedure
This treatment uses an endoscope (a flexible tube with a light and a camera on the end) to guide the placement of a tube with a balloon electrode on the end into the esophagus and stomach. The balloon electrode has sharp prongs that heat up. These prongs are used to make small cuts in the esophagus.
When these cuts heal, scar tissue is created. Scar tissue is tougher and less flexible than tissue that hasn’t been through the healing process. The new scar tissue supports and reinforces the esophageal muscles to prevent acid from backing up into the throat.
In addition, the nerves in that area are affected. Those nerves may be dulled, which means they may not react to acid backing up from the stomach and into the throat.
Bard EndoCinch System Procedure
This procedure, also known as endoluminal gastroplication, involves inserting an endoscope into the mouth and down into the esophagus. A tool on the end of the endoscope creates two stitches in the LES. The stitches essentially make a pleat in the LES. This pleat makes the LES stronger so that acid is less likely to come up from the stomach and into the esophagus.
LINX Surgery
The LINX reflux management system is an implanted device that wraps around the LES. The LINX is a ring of magnetic titanium beads which help keep the LES closed. It’s less invasive than open surgery but insurance policies may not cover it.
Treatment Effectiveness: A GERD Cure?
GERD can be treated effectively. When it is managed well, symptoms may go away altogether. However, they could come back if something changes with the treatment plan or if the plan cannot be followed.
It may be possible to manage GERD well enough through lifestyle and diet changes, medication, and/or surgery that it doesn’t return. It’s important to know that keeping up with the plan that’s working is an ongoing process to manage and stop GERD symptoms for good.
During a GERD Episode, What Helps?
Some options to treat GERD are used to prevent it in the first place. Others are used long term, such as surgery, and won’t help in the moment when GERD starts causing symptoms.
Managing GERD symptoms when they start includes:
If GERD symptoms occur more than a few times a week, it’s important to see a healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment.
GERD and SleepThe symptoms of GERD can come on at night, severely impacting sleep. Many lifestyle habits recommended for preventing GERD symptoms are important when trying to avoid problems at bedtime. This could be because, in the United States, people tend to eat the heaviest meal at the end of the day. People might also have an alcoholic drink with their dinner or afterward. Both of these can cause GERD symptoms at night.To try to avoid nighttime GERD symptoms andget better sleepinclude:Avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and other foods/drinks that can loosen the LES in the hours before bedtimeGoing to bed several hours after last eatingKeeping the head and upper body on an incline so gravity can keep stomach acid from backing up into the esophagusRemembering to take any prescribed or recommended medications for GERD on timeWearing loose clothing to bed
GERD and Sleep
The symptoms of GERD can come on at night, severely impacting sleep. Many lifestyle habits recommended for preventing GERD symptoms are important when trying to avoid problems at bedtime. This could be because, in the United States, people tend to eat the heaviest meal at the end of the day. People might also have an alcoholic drink with their dinner or afterward. Both of these can cause GERD symptoms at night.To try to avoid nighttime GERD symptoms andget better sleepinclude:Avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and other foods/drinks that can loosen the LES in the hours before bedtimeGoing to bed several hours after last eatingKeeping the head and upper body on an incline so gravity can keep stomach acid from backing up into the esophagusRemembering to take any prescribed or recommended medications for GERD on timeWearing loose clothing to bed
The symptoms of GERD can come on at night, severely impacting sleep. Many lifestyle habits recommended for preventing GERD symptoms are important when trying to avoid problems at bedtime. This could be because, in the United States, people tend to eat the heaviest meal at the end of the day. People might also have an alcoholic drink with their dinner or afterward. Both of these can cause GERD symptoms at night.
To try to avoid nighttime GERD symptoms andget better sleepinclude:
Managing Medication Side Effects
Medications for GERD can have side effects. It is always important to discuss medication use, even OTC medications, with a healthcare provider. Some medications may also interact with one another, so it’s important to tell healthcare providers about all supplements and treatments you take.
Antacids that contain aluminum and/or magnesium hydroxide may decrease the ability to absorb iron or folic acid. These supplements should be taken two to three hours apart from antacids.Other antacid side effects include:
Can Constipation Cause Acid Reflux?
PPIs
PPIs may cause a decrease in the ability to absorbvitamin B12from food. For those taking PPIs for a longer period of time, it may be necessary to watch vitamin B12 levels and take a supplement or receive a B12 shot from a healthcare provider.
PPIs may also decrease the ability to absorb some kinds of calcium and iron. Calcium or supplements might be recommended for some people.The decrease in the absorption of important vitamins and minerals could lead to other health effects. It has been suggested that a lack of calcium absorption from PPIs could lead to a risk of bone fractures.
It has also been shown that people who take PPIs may be more likely to getpneumoniaand develop an infection withC. diff. Why these associations occur isn’t fully understood, but it’s important to know if taking these medications long term.
Side effectsin people who take PPIs for the short term are considered to be minor and include:
H2 Antagonists
H2 antagonists may decrease the ability to absorb vitamin B12 and iron. Vitamin B12 levels might need to be monitored through blood tests. Taking iron supplements two hours before or after taking an H2 antagonist might be helpful.
The side effects of H2 blockers are usually considered to be minor and are uncommon. They can include constipation, diarrhea, drowsiness, fatigue, headache, and muscle aches. There is also the possibility of drug interactions and acuteliver injury(which is rare).
Potential Side EffectsIt’s always important to consider how taking a medication may interact with other drugs or affect any preexisting conditions. In general, the benefits of taking a medication should outweigh its potential risks. OTC medications can cause side effects, which is why it’s important to discuss all medications and supplements with a healthcare provider.
Potential Side Effects
It’s always important to consider how taking a medication may interact with other drugs or affect any preexisting conditions. In general, the benefits of taking a medication should outweigh its potential risks. OTC medications can cause side effects, which is why it’s important to discuss all medications and supplements with a healthcare provider.
Specialists Who Oversee Chronic GERD
Several types of healthcare providers may manage GERD. However, the specialist most commonly involved is agastroenterologist. A gastroenterologist is a medical doctor who has specialized training in the care of digestive conditions.
Other types of healthcare providers may also be involved or may prescribe treatments and management options for chronic GERD, including a primary care provider or a registered dietitian.
Non-GI Symptoms of GERDThe main symptoms of GERD are digestive-related, including heartburn, nausea, and regurgitation (bringing up partially digested food). However, not everyone has these symptoms and may not realize that seemingly unrelated problems could be related to GERD.Symptoms of GERD outside of the digestive system can include:Chronic coughPain or tightness in the chestRaspy or hoarse voiceSore throat
Non-GI Symptoms of GERD
The main symptoms of GERD are digestive-related, including heartburn, nausea, and regurgitation (bringing up partially digested food). However, not everyone has these symptoms and may not realize that seemingly unrelated problems could be related to GERD.Symptoms of GERD outside of the digestive system can include:Chronic coughPain or tightness in the chestRaspy or hoarse voiceSore throat
The main symptoms of GERD are digestive-related, including heartburn, nausea, and regurgitation (bringing up partially digested food). However, not everyone has these symptoms and may not realize that seemingly unrelated problems could be related to GERD.
Symptoms of GERD outside of the digestive system can include:
Summary
Occasional heartburn is usually not a cause for concern, but ongoing symptoms that impair quality of life are a reason to talk to a healthcare provider. Making changes to diet and how and when meals are eaten are low-risk ways to avoid developing GERD symptoms.
Many OTC medications can be effective in helping symptoms, but some people may need prescription-strength drugs. Surgical options may be considered if these do not control the symptoms.
16 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.American College of Gastroenterology.Acid reflux / GERD overview.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Treatment for GER & GERD.Patel A, Laine L, Moayyedi P, Wu J.AGA clinical practice update on integrating potassium-competitive acid blockers Into clinical practice: expert review.Gastroenterology. 2024:S0016-5085(24)05226-0. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2024.06.038Velagala NR, Velagala VR, Lamture Y.The spectrum of treatment modalities for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): a narrative review.Cureus. 2022;14(12):e32619. doi:10.7759/cureus.32619Medical College of Wisconsin.GERD surgery: laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.Testoni PA, Testoni S, Distefano G, et al.Transoral incisionless fundoplication with EsophyX for gastroesophageal reflux disease: clinical efficacy is maintained up to 10 years.Endosc Int Open. 2019;7:E647-E654. doi:10.1055/a-0820-2297Noar M, Squires P, Noar E, Lee M.Long-term maintenance effect of radiofrequency energy delivery for refractory GERD: a decade later.Surg Endosc.2014;28:2323-2333. doi:10.1007/s00464-014-3461-6Schwartz MP, Schreinemakers JR, Smout AJ.Four-year follow-up of endoscopic gastroplication for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2013;4:120-6. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v4.i4.120Bonavina L, Horbach T, Schoppmann SF, DeMarchi J.Three-year clinical experience with magnetic sphincter augmentation and laparoscopic fundoplication.Surg Endosc. 2021;35:3449-3458. doi:10.1007/s00464-020-07792-1Badillo R, Francis D.Diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics.2014;5(3):105–112. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v5.i3.105Prescott JD, Drake VJ, Stevens JF.Medications and micronutrients: identifying clinically relevant interactions and addressing nutritional needs.J Pharm Technol. 2018;34(5):216-230. doi:10.1177/8755122518780742Garg V, Narang P, Taneja R.Antacids revisited: review on contemporary facts and relevance for self-management.J Int Med Res. 2022;50(3):3000605221086457. doi:10.1177/03000605221086457Harvard Health Publishing.Proton-pump inhibitors: what you need to know.Yibirin M, De Oliveira D, Valera R, Plitt AE, Lutgen S.Adverse effects associated with proton pump inhibitor use.Cureus. 2021;13(1):e12759. doi:10.7759/cureus.12759LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-.Histamine type-2 receptor antagonists (H2 blockers).Harvard Health Publishing.9 GERD symptoms to know.Additional ReadingKatz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, Greer KB, Yadlapati R, Spechler SJ. ACGClinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117(1):27-56. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001538Yadlapati R, Gyawali CP, Pandolfino JE;CGIT GERD Consensus Conference Participants. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Personalized Approach to the Evaluation and Management of GERD: Expert Review. 2022 Sep;20(9):2156. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.05.005].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(5):984-994.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2022.01.025
16 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.American College of Gastroenterology.Acid reflux / GERD overview.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Treatment for GER & GERD.Patel A, Laine L, Moayyedi P, Wu J.AGA clinical practice update on integrating potassium-competitive acid blockers Into clinical practice: expert review.Gastroenterology. 2024:S0016-5085(24)05226-0. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2024.06.038Velagala NR, Velagala VR, Lamture Y.The spectrum of treatment modalities for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): a narrative review.Cureus. 2022;14(12):e32619. doi:10.7759/cureus.32619Medical College of Wisconsin.GERD surgery: laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.Testoni PA, Testoni S, Distefano G, et al.Transoral incisionless fundoplication with EsophyX for gastroesophageal reflux disease: clinical efficacy is maintained up to 10 years.Endosc Int Open. 2019;7:E647-E654. doi:10.1055/a-0820-2297Noar M, Squires P, Noar E, Lee M.Long-term maintenance effect of radiofrequency energy delivery for refractory GERD: a decade later.Surg Endosc.2014;28:2323-2333. doi:10.1007/s00464-014-3461-6Schwartz MP, Schreinemakers JR, Smout AJ.Four-year follow-up of endoscopic gastroplication for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2013;4:120-6. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v4.i4.120Bonavina L, Horbach T, Schoppmann SF, DeMarchi J.Three-year clinical experience with magnetic sphincter augmentation and laparoscopic fundoplication.Surg Endosc. 2021;35:3449-3458. doi:10.1007/s00464-020-07792-1Badillo R, Francis D.Diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics.2014;5(3):105–112. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v5.i3.105Prescott JD, Drake VJ, Stevens JF.Medications and micronutrients: identifying clinically relevant interactions and addressing nutritional needs.J Pharm Technol. 2018;34(5):216-230. doi:10.1177/8755122518780742Garg V, Narang P, Taneja R.Antacids revisited: review on contemporary facts and relevance for self-management.J Int Med Res. 2022;50(3):3000605221086457. doi:10.1177/03000605221086457Harvard Health Publishing.Proton-pump inhibitors: what you need to know.Yibirin M, De Oliveira D, Valera R, Plitt AE, Lutgen S.Adverse effects associated with proton pump inhibitor use.Cureus. 2021;13(1):e12759. doi:10.7759/cureus.12759LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-.Histamine type-2 receptor antagonists (H2 blockers).Harvard Health Publishing.9 GERD symptoms to know.Additional ReadingKatz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, Greer KB, Yadlapati R, Spechler SJ. ACGClinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117(1):27-56. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001538Yadlapati R, Gyawali CP, Pandolfino JE;CGIT GERD Consensus Conference Participants. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Personalized Approach to the Evaluation and Management of GERD: Expert Review. 2022 Sep;20(9):2156. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.05.005].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(5):984-994.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2022.01.025
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
American College of Gastroenterology.Acid reflux / GERD overview.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Treatment for GER & GERD.Patel A, Laine L, Moayyedi P, Wu J.AGA clinical practice update on integrating potassium-competitive acid blockers Into clinical practice: expert review.Gastroenterology. 2024:S0016-5085(24)05226-0. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2024.06.038Velagala NR, Velagala VR, Lamture Y.The spectrum of treatment modalities for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): a narrative review.Cureus. 2022;14(12):e32619. doi:10.7759/cureus.32619Medical College of Wisconsin.GERD surgery: laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.Testoni PA, Testoni S, Distefano G, et al.Transoral incisionless fundoplication with EsophyX for gastroesophageal reflux disease: clinical efficacy is maintained up to 10 years.Endosc Int Open. 2019;7:E647-E654. doi:10.1055/a-0820-2297Noar M, Squires P, Noar E, Lee M.Long-term maintenance effect of radiofrequency energy delivery for refractory GERD: a decade later.Surg Endosc.2014;28:2323-2333. doi:10.1007/s00464-014-3461-6Schwartz MP, Schreinemakers JR, Smout AJ.Four-year follow-up of endoscopic gastroplication for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2013;4:120-6. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v4.i4.120Bonavina L, Horbach T, Schoppmann SF, DeMarchi J.Three-year clinical experience with magnetic sphincter augmentation and laparoscopic fundoplication.Surg Endosc. 2021;35:3449-3458. doi:10.1007/s00464-020-07792-1Badillo R, Francis D.Diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics.2014;5(3):105–112. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v5.i3.105Prescott JD, Drake VJ, Stevens JF.Medications and micronutrients: identifying clinically relevant interactions and addressing nutritional needs.J Pharm Technol. 2018;34(5):216-230. doi:10.1177/8755122518780742Garg V, Narang P, Taneja R.Antacids revisited: review on contemporary facts and relevance for self-management.J Int Med Res. 2022;50(3):3000605221086457. doi:10.1177/03000605221086457Harvard Health Publishing.Proton-pump inhibitors: what you need to know.Yibirin M, De Oliveira D, Valera R, Plitt AE, Lutgen S.Adverse effects associated with proton pump inhibitor use.Cureus. 2021;13(1):e12759. doi:10.7759/cureus.12759LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-.Histamine type-2 receptor antagonists (H2 blockers).Harvard Health Publishing.9 GERD symptoms to know.
American College of Gastroenterology.Acid reflux / GERD overview.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Treatment for GER & GERD.
Patel A, Laine L, Moayyedi P, Wu J.AGA clinical practice update on integrating potassium-competitive acid blockers Into clinical practice: expert review.Gastroenterology. 2024:S0016-5085(24)05226-0. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2024.06.038
Velagala NR, Velagala VR, Lamture Y.The spectrum of treatment modalities for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): a narrative review.Cureus. 2022;14(12):e32619. doi:10.7759/cureus.32619
Medical College of Wisconsin.GERD surgery: laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.
Testoni PA, Testoni S, Distefano G, et al.Transoral incisionless fundoplication with EsophyX for gastroesophageal reflux disease: clinical efficacy is maintained up to 10 years.Endosc Int Open. 2019;7:E647-E654. doi:10.1055/a-0820-2297
Noar M, Squires P, Noar E, Lee M.Long-term maintenance effect of radiofrequency energy delivery for refractory GERD: a decade later.Surg Endosc.2014;28:2323-2333. doi:10.1007/s00464-014-3461-6
Schwartz MP, Schreinemakers JR, Smout AJ.Four-year follow-up of endoscopic gastroplication for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2013;4:120-6. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v4.i4.120
Bonavina L, Horbach T, Schoppmann SF, DeMarchi J.Three-year clinical experience with magnetic sphincter augmentation and laparoscopic fundoplication.Surg Endosc. 2021;35:3449-3458. doi:10.1007/s00464-020-07792-1
Badillo R, Francis D.Diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics.2014;5(3):105–112. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v5.i3.105
Prescott JD, Drake VJ, Stevens JF.Medications and micronutrients: identifying clinically relevant interactions and addressing nutritional needs.J Pharm Technol. 2018;34(5):216-230. doi:10.1177/8755122518780742
Garg V, Narang P, Taneja R.Antacids revisited: review on contemporary facts and relevance for self-management.J Int Med Res. 2022;50(3):3000605221086457. doi:10.1177/03000605221086457
Harvard Health Publishing.Proton-pump inhibitors: what you need to know.
Yibirin M, De Oliveira D, Valera R, Plitt AE, Lutgen S.Adverse effects associated with proton pump inhibitor use.Cureus. 2021;13(1):e12759. doi:10.7759/cureus.12759
LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-.Histamine type-2 receptor antagonists (H2 blockers).
Harvard Health Publishing.9 GERD symptoms to know.
Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, Greer KB, Yadlapati R, Spechler SJ. ACGClinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117(1):27-56. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001538Yadlapati R, Gyawali CP, Pandolfino JE;CGIT GERD Consensus Conference Participants. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Personalized Approach to the Evaluation and Management of GERD: Expert Review. 2022 Sep;20(9):2156. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.05.005].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(5):984-994.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2022.01.025
Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, Greer KB, Yadlapati R, Spechler SJ. ACGClinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117(1):27-56. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001538
Yadlapati R, Gyawali CP, Pandolfino JE;CGIT GERD Consensus Conference Participants. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Personalized Approach to the Evaluation and Management of GERD: Expert Review. 2022 Sep;20(9):2156. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.05.005].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(5):984-994.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2022.01.025
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