Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsBenefitsSide EffectsDosagesDietary SourcesOther Forms of Magnesium
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Benefits
Side Effects
Dosages
Dietary Sources
Other Forms of Magnesium
Magnesium malate has been studied for health benefits that include reduced inflammation, depression symptom relief, and improved tolerance for exercise.Magnesium malate benefits may be helpful for treating or preventing type 2 diabetes, migraine headaches, osteoporosis, andfibromyalgia.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
Sabina Eivazova / Getty Images
What Is Magnesium Malate Good For?
Magnesium and malic acid both have several health benefits. Combining them gives you the benefits of both.
Magnesium
Magnesium is the fourth most plentiful mineral in your body. It plays a role in more than 300 reactions with myriad impacts on your health. These include:
Because it’s involved in all these important functions, getting enough magnesium may help prevent or treat a wide range of chronic illnesses. These include:
Research also suggests it can help recovery after a nerve injury.
Malic Acid
Malic acid has far fewer roles in your body but still may help prevent or treat some conditions and bolster certain processes in your body. Malic acid plays a role in:
For people who get that type of kidney stone, supplements containingcalcium citrateand calcium malate are a source of calcium that doesn’t contribute to stone production.
Research has also suggested that it can help your body absorb medications. Because of this, it’s often given alongside medicines forliver dysfunctionorhigh levels of ammonia in the blood.
Magnesium can have a laxative effect. High doses of magnesium malate are linked with intestinal problems such as:
Malic acid hasn’t been researched enough to establish side effects.
Drug Interactions
Some research suggests that magnesium may interact negatively with heart medications.Other, unknown interactions are possible.
Be sure to go over your complete list of medications and supplements with your healthcare provider and pharmacist. They can help you identify potential problems.
Contraindications
It’s well-established that magnesium can lower blood pressure.You shouldn’t take it if you’re at risk for hypotension (low blood pressure).
If you’re on medication for hypertension (high blood pressure), ask your healthcare provider if magnesium is safe for you. Combining magnesium with your medication may lower your blood pressure too much.
Dosage and Preparation
No recommended daily allowance has been established for malic acid. Daily dosages of malic acid may be at 1,200 milligrams (mg) along with magnesium when treating fibromyalgia, for example, but there are still very few clinical trials on the benefits.
These dosages are general guidelines. Check with your healthcare provider to see what dosage is right for you based on your health history and current medications.
Can You Take Too Much?
It’s possible to use too much magnesium malate and experiencehypermagnesemia. While rare, it can occur in people with poor kidney function or with the overuse of supplements. Headache, dehydration, and other symptoms don’t appear until the levels are quite high.
However, seek immediate medical care if severe symptoms occur. They include:
Very large doses of 5,000 mg per day or more can cause magnesium toxicity. In some cases, this can prove fatal.
You can increase magnesium levels through your diet as well.Foods rich in magnesiuminclude:
About 80% of the magnesium content in fruits and vegetables is lost during food processing. Consequently, many people worldwide live with magnesium deficiency and need magnesium supplements to correct it.
You can get malic acid from several fruits and some vegetables. Foods rich in malic acid include:
The body does not absorb magnesium well on its own, so it’s often coupled with other substances to improve absorption when taken as a supplement. Some of these substances offer health benefits of their own, so you may prefer one over the other.
Other types of magnesium supplements to consider include the following:
Which Is Better: Magnesium Malate or Glycinate?Both magnesium malate and magnesium glycinate are easy for your body to absorb. Magnesium glycinate may have a relaxing effect and be less likely to cause diarrhea.Magnesium malate is great for digestion and can be energizing.Ultimately, this one depends on preference. If you’re not sure, ask your healthcare provider.
Which Is Better: Magnesium Malate or Glycinate?
Both magnesium malate and magnesium glycinate are easy for your body to absorb. Magnesium glycinate may have a relaxing effect and be less likely to cause diarrhea.Magnesium malate is great for digestion and can be energizing.Ultimately, this one depends on preference. If you’re not sure, ask your healthcare provider.
Summary
Magnesium malate is a combination of magnesium and malic acid. The combination makes it easier for your body to absorb and use magnesium.
Both supplements have important health benefits and are used to treat and prevent myriad conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, asthma, fibromyalgia, high blood pressure, and some pregnancy-related problems.
Digestive side effects are possible, as is drug interaction with heart medications.
33 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information.Magnesium in headache.Uysal N, Kizildag S, Yuce Z, et al.Timeline (bioavailability of magnesium compounds in hours: Which magnesium compound works best?.Biol Trace Elem Res. 2019 Jan;187(1):128-136. doi:10.1007/s12011-018-1351-9Gröber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K.Magnesium in prevention and therapy.Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8199-8226. doi:10.3390/nu7095388Muscular Dystrophy Association.Find a neuromuscular disease.Kirkland AE, Sarlo GL, Holton KF.The role of magnesium in neurological disorders.Nutrients. 2018;10(6):730. Published 2018 Jun 6. doi:10.3390/nu10060730Phelan D, Molero P, Martínez-González M, Molendijk M.Magnesium and mood disorders: systematic review and meta analysis.BJPsych Open.2018 Jul;4(4):167-179. doi:10.1192/bjo.2018.22An P, Wan S, Luo Y, Luo J, Zhang X, Zhou S,et al.Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Dec 13;80(24):2269-2285. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048Uwitonze AM, Razzaque MS.Role of Magnesium in Vitamin D Activation and Function.J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2018 Mar 1;118(3):181-189. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2018.037Domitrz I, Cegielska J.Magnesium as an Important Factor in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Migraine-From Theory to Practice.Nutrients. 2022 Mar 5;14(5):1089. doi:10.3390/nu14051089Boulis M, Boulis M, Clauw D.Magnesium and Fibromyalgia: A Literature Review.J Prim Care Community Health. 2021 Jan-Dec;12:21501327211038433. doi:10.1177/21501327211038433Laskowska M.Eclampsia: A Critical Pregnancy Complication Demanding Enhanced Maternal Care: A Review.Med Sci Monit. 2023 Jul 7;29:e939919. doi:10.12659/MSM.939919Ray E, Mohan K, Ahmad S, Wolf MTF.Physiology of a Forgotten Electrolyte-Magnesium Disorders.Adv Kidney Dis Health. 2023 Mar;30(2):148-163. doi:10.1053/j.akdh.2022.12.001Chen YJ, Cheng FC, Chen CJ, et al.Down-regulated expression of magnesium transporter genes following a high magnesium diet attenuates sciatic nerve crush injury.Neurosurgery. 2019;84(4):965-976. doi:10.1093/neuros/nyy120National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: PubChem.Malic acid (compound).Qiang F.Effect of malate-oligosaccharide solution on antioxidant capacity of endurance athletes.Open Biomed Eng J. 2015;9:326-329. doi:10.2174/1874120701509010326Wei Z, Xu Y, Xu Q, Cao W, Huang H, Liu H.Microbial biosynthesis of l-malic acid and related metabolic engineering strategies: Advances and prospects.Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:765685. Published 2021 Sep 29. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.765685University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh.Pediatric magnesium (Mag-Ox) uses and side effects.Fang X, Wang K, Han D, et al.Circulating magnesium levels and incidence of coronary heart diseases, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.BMC Med. 2016;8(14):210. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0742-zFairley J, Zhang L, Glassford N, Bellomo R.Magnesium status and magnesium therapy in cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on arrhythmia prevention.Journal of Critical Care.2017 42:69-77. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.05.038Schutten JC, Joosten MM, de Borst MH, Bakker SJL.Magnesium and blood pressure: A physiology-based approach.Adv Chronic Kidney Dis.2018;25(3):244-250. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2017.12.003National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium (Fact Sheet for Health Professionals).Rana, MG.How Malic Acid (Malate) Helps Fibromyalgia Pain.Pagliai G, Giangrandi I, Dinu M, Sofi F, Colombini B.Nutritional Interventions in the Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome.Nutrients. 2020 Aug 20;12(9):2525. doi:10.3390/nu12092525Al Alawi AM, Majoni SW, Falhammar H.Magnesium and human health: perspectives and research directions.Int J Endocrinol. 2018;2018:9041694. doi:10.1155/2018/9041694Mercy Health.Hypermagnesemia.Cazzola R, Porta M, Manoni M, Lotti S, Pinotti L, Maier J.Going to the root of reduced magnesium dietary intake: A tradeoff between climate changes and sources.Heliyon. 2020 Nov;6(11):e05390. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05390United States Department of Agriculture.L-malic acid - handling/processing.Panahi Y, Mojtahedzadeh M, Najafi A, et al.The role of magnesium sulfate in the intensive care unit.EXCLI J. 2017 Apr;16(1):464-482. doi:10.17179/excli2017-182Schutten J, Joris P, Mensink R, et al.Effects of magnesium citrate, magnesium oxide, and magnesium sulfate supplementation on arterial stiffness in healthy overweight individuals: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.Trials. 2019 May;20(1):295. doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3414-4Shrivastava P, Choudhary R, Nirmalkar U, et al.Magnesium taurate attenuates progression of hypertension and cardiotoxicity against cadmium chloride-induced hypertensive albino rats.J Tradit Complement Med. 2019 Apr;9(2):119-123. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.06.010Schaffer S, Kim H.Effects and mechanisms of taurine as a therapeutic agent.Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2018 May;26(3):225-241. doi:10.4062/biomolther.2017.251National Library of Medicine.Magnesium oxide.Kuphal G. Dysmenorrhea. In:Integrative Medicine (Fourth Edition), 2018.
33 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information.Magnesium in headache.Uysal N, Kizildag S, Yuce Z, et al.Timeline (bioavailability of magnesium compounds in hours: Which magnesium compound works best?.Biol Trace Elem Res. 2019 Jan;187(1):128-136. doi:10.1007/s12011-018-1351-9Gröber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K.Magnesium in prevention and therapy.Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8199-8226. doi:10.3390/nu7095388Muscular Dystrophy Association.Find a neuromuscular disease.Kirkland AE, Sarlo GL, Holton KF.The role of magnesium in neurological disorders.Nutrients. 2018;10(6):730. Published 2018 Jun 6. doi:10.3390/nu10060730Phelan D, Molero P, Martínez-González M, Molendijk M.Magnesium and mood disorders: systematic review and meta analysis.BJPsych Open.2018 Jul;4(4):167-179. doi:10.1192/bjo.2018.22An P, Wan S, Luo Y, Luo J, Zhang X, Zhou S,et al.Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Dec 13;80(24):2269-2285. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048Uwitonze AM, Razzaque MS.Role of Magnesium in Vitamin D Activation and Function.J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2018 Mar 1;118(3):181-189. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2018.037Domitrz I, Cegielska J.Magnesium as an Important Factor in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Migraine-From Theory to Practice.Nutrients. 2022 Mar 5;14(5):1089. doi:10.3390/nu14051089Boulis M, Boulis M, Clauw D.Magnesium and Fibromyalgia: A Literature Review.J Prim Care Community Health. 2021 Jan-Dec;12:21501327211038433. doi:10.1177/21501327211038433Laskowska M.Eclampsia: A Critical Pregnancy Complication Demanding Enhanced Maternal Care: A Review.Med Sci Monit. 2023 Jul 7;29:e939919. doi:10.12659/MSM.939919Ray E, Mohan K, Ahmad S, Wolf MTF.Physiology of a Forgotten Electrolyte-Magnesium Disorders.Adv Kidney Dis Health. 2023 Mar;30(2):148-163. doi:10.1053/j.akdh.2022.12.001Chen YJ, Cheng FC, Chen CJ, et al.Down-regulated expression of magnesium transporter genes following a high magnesium diet attenuates sciatic nerve crush injury.Neurosurgery. 2019;84(4):965-976. doi:10.1093/neuros/nyy120National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: PubChem.Malic acid (compound).Qiang F.Effect of malate-oligosaccharide solution on antioxidant capacity of endurance athletes.Open Biomed Eng J. 2015;9:326-329. doi:10.2174/1874120701509010326Wei Z, Xu Y, Xu Q, Cao W, Huang H, Liu H.Microbial biosynthesis of l-malic acid and related metabolic engineering strategies: Advances and prospects.Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:765685. Published 2021 Sep 29. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.765685University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh.Pediatric magnesium (Mag-Ox) uses and side effects.Fang X, Wang K, Han D, et al.Circulating magnesium levels and incidence of coronary heart diseases, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.BMC Med. 2016;8(14):210. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0742-zFairley J, Zhang L, Glassford N, Bellomo R.Magnesium status and magnesium therapy in cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on arrhythmia prevention.Journal of Critical Care.2017 42:69-77. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.05.038Schutten JC, Joosten MM, de Borst MH, Bakker SJL.Magnesium and blood pressure: A physiology-based approach.Adv Chronic Kidney Dis.2018;25(3):244-250. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2017.12.003National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium (Fact Sheet for Health Professionals).Rana, MG.How Malic Acid (Malate) Helps Fibromyalgia Pain.Pagliai G, Giangrandi I, Dinu M, Sofi F, Colombini B.Nutritional Interventions in the Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome.Nutrients. 2020 Aug 20;12(9):2525. doi:10.3390/nu12092525Al Alawi AM, Majoni SW, Falhammar H.Magnesium and human health: perspectives and research directions.Int J Endocrinol. 2018;2018:9041694. doi:10.1155/2018/9041694Mercy Health.Hypermagnesemia.Cazzola R, Porta M, Manoni M, Lotti S, Pinotti L, Maier J.Going to the root of reduced magnesium dietary intake: A tradeoff between climate changes and sources.Heliyon. 2020 Nov;6(11):e05390. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05390United States Department of Agriculture.L-malic acid - handling/processing.Panahi Y, Mojtahedzadeh M, Najafi A, et al.The role of magnesium sulfate in the intensive care unit.EXCLI J. 2017 Apr;16(1):464-482. doi:10.17179/excli2017-182Schutten J, Joris P, Mensink R, et al.Effects of magnesium citrate, magnesium oxide, and magnesium sulfate supplementation on arterial stiffness in healthy overweight individuals: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.Trials. 2019 May;20(1):295. doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3414-4Shrivastava P, Choudhary R, Nirmalkar U, et al.Magnesium taurate attenuates progression of hypertension and cardiotoxicity against cadmium chloride-induced hypertensive albino rats.J Tradit Complement Med. 2019 Apr;9(2):119-123. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.06.010Schaffer S, Kim H.Effects and mechanisms of taurine as a therapeutic agent.Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2018 May;26(3):225-241. doi:10.4062/biomolther.2017.251National Library of Medicine.Magnesium oxide.Kuphal G. Dysmenorrhea. In:Integrative Medicine (Fourth Edition), 2018.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information.Magnesium in headache.Uysal N, Kizildag S, Yuce Z, et al.Timeline (bioavailability of magnesium compounds in hours: Which magnesium compound works best?.Biol Trace Elem Res. 2019 Jan;187(1):128-136. doi:10.1007/s12011-018-1351-9Gröber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K.Magnesium in prevention and therapy.Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8199-8226. doi:10.3390/nu7095388Muscular Dystrophy Association.Find a neuromuscular disease.Kirkland AE, Sarlo GL, Holton KF.The role of magnesium in neurological disorders.Nutrients. 2018;10(6):730. Published 2018 Jun 6. doi:10.3390/nu10060730Phelan D, Molero P, Martínez-González M, Molendijk M.Magnesium and mood disorders: systematic review and meta analysis.BJPsych Open.2018 Jul;4(4):167-179. doi:10.1192/bjo.2018.22An P, Wan S, Luo Y, Luo J, Zhang X, Zhou S,et al.Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Dec 13;80(24):2269-2285. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048Uwitonze AM, Razzaque MS.Role of Magnesium in Vitamin D Activation and Function.J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2018 Mar 1;118(3):181-189. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2018.037Domitrz I, Cegielska J.Magnesium as an Important Factor in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Migraine-From Theory to Practice.Nutrients. 2022 Mar 5;14(5):1089. doi:10.3390/nu14051089Boulis M, Boulis M, Clauw D.Magnesium and Fibromyalgia: A Literature Review.J Prim Care Community Health. 2021 Jan-Dec;12:21501327211038433. doi:10.1177/21501327211038433Laskowska M.Eclampsia: A Critical Pregnancy Complication Demanding Enhanced Maternal Care: A Review.Med Sci Monit. 2023 Jul 7;29:e939919. doi:10.12659/MSM.939919Ray E, Mohan K, Ahmad S, Wolf MTF.Physiology of a Forgotten Electrolyte-Magnesium Disorders.Adv Kidney Dis Health. 2023 Mar;30(2):148-163. doi:10.1053/j.akdh.2022.12.001Chen YJ, Cheng FC, Chen CJ, et al.Down-regulated expression of magnesium transporter genes following a high magnesium diet attenuates sciatic nerve crush injury.Neurosurgery. 2019;84(4):965-976. doi:10.1093/neuros/nyy120National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: PubChem.Malic acid (compound).Qiang F.Effect of malate-oligosaccharide solution on antioxidant capacity of endurance athletes.Open Biomed Eng J. 2015;9:326-329. doi:10.2174/1874120701509010326Wei Z, Xu Y, Xu Q, Cao W, Huang H, Liu H.Microbial biosynthesis of l-malic acid and related metabolic engineering strategies: Advances and prospects.Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:765685. Published 2021 Sep 29. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.765685University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh.Pediatric magnesium (Mag-Ox) uses and side effects.Fang X, Wang K, Han D, et al.Circulating magnesium levels and incidence of coronary heart diseases, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.BMC Med. 2016;8(14):210. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0742-zFairley J, Zhang L, Glassford N, Bellomo R.Magnesium status and magnesium therapy in cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on arrhythmia prevention.Journal of Critical Care.2017 42:69-77. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.05.038Schutten JC, Joosten MM, de Borst MH, Bakker SJL.Magnesium and blood pressure: A physiology-based approach.Adv Chronic Kidney Dis.2018;25(3):244-250. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2017.12.003National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium (Fact Sheet for Health Professionals).Rana, MG.How Malic Acid (Malate) Helps Fibromyalgia Pain.Pagliai G, Giangrandi I, Dinu M, Sofi F, Colombini B.Nutritional Interventions in the Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome.Nutrients. 2020 Aug 20;12(9):2525. doi:10.3390/nu12092525Al Alawi AM, Majoni SW, Falhammar H.Magnesium and human health: perspectives and research directions.Int J Endocrinol. 2018;2018:9041694. doi:10.1155/2018/9041694Mercy Health.Hypermagnesemia.Cazzola R, Porta M, Manoni M, Lotti S, Pinotti L, Maier J.Going to the root of reduced magnesium dietary intake: A tradeoff between climate changes and sources.Heliyon. 2020 Nov;6(11):e05390. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05390United States Department of Agriculture.L-malic acid - handling/processing.Panahi Y, Mojtahedzadeh M, Najafi A, et al.The role of magnesium sulfate in the intensive care unit.EXCLI J. 2017 Apr;16(1):464-482. doi:10.17179/excli2017-182Schutten J, Joris P, Mensink R, et al.Effects of magnesium citrate, magnesium oxide, and magnesium sulfate supplementation on arterial stiffness in healthy overweight individuals: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.Trials. 2019 May;20(1):295. doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3414-4Shrivastava P, Choudhary R, Nirmalkar U, et al.Magnesium taurate attenuates progression of hypertension and cardiotoxicity against cadmium chloride-induced hypertensive albino rats.J Tradit Complement Med. 2019 Apr;9(2):119-123. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.06.010Schaffer S, Kim H.Effects and mechanisms of taurine as a therapeutic agent.Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2018 May;26(3):225-241. doi:10.4062/biomolther.2017.251National Library of Medicine.Magnesium oxide.Kuphal G. Dysmenorrhea. In:Integrative Medicine (Fourth Edition), 2018.
National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information.Magnesium in headache.
Uysal N, Kizildag S, Yuce Z, et al.Timeline (bioavailability of magnesium compounds in hours: Which magnesium compound works best?.Biol Trace Elem Res. 2019 Jan;187(1):128-136. doi:10.1007/s12011-018-1351-9
Gröber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K.Magnesium in prevention and therapy.Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8199-8226. doi:10.3390/nu7095388
Muscular Dystrophy Association.Find a neuromuscular disease.
Kirkland AE, Sarlo GL, Holton KF.The role of magnesium in neurological disorders.Nutrients. 2018;10(6):730. Published 2018 Jun 6. doi:10.3390/nu10060730
Phelan D, Molero P, Martínez-González M, Molendijk M.Magnesium and mood disorders: systematic review and meta analysis.BJPsych Open.2018 Jul;4(4):167-179. doi:10.1192/bjo.2018.22
An P, Wan S, Luo Y, Luo J, Zhang X, Zhou S,et al.Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Dec 13;80(24):2269-2285. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048
Uwitonze AM, Razzaque MS.Role of Magnesium in Vitamin D Activation and Function.J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2018 Mar 1;118(3):181-189. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2018.037
Domitrz I, Cegielska J.Magnesium as an Important Factor in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Migraine-From Theory to Practice.Nutrients. 2022 Mar 5;14(5):1089. doi:10.3390/nu14051089
Boulis M, Boulis M, Clauw D.Magnesium and Fibromyalgia: A Literature Review.J Prim Care Community Health. 2021 Jan-Dec;12:21501327211038433. doi:10.1177/21501327211038433
Laskowska M.Eclampsia: A Critical Pregnancy Complication Demanding Enhanced Maternal Care: A Review.Med Sci Monit. 2023 Jul 7;29:e939919. doi:10.12659/MSM.939919
Ray E, Mohan K, Ahmad S, Wolf MTF.Physiology of a Forgotten Electrolyte-Magnesium Disorders.Adv Kidney Dis Health. 2023 Mar;30(2):148-163. doi:10.1053/j.akdh.2022.12.001
Chen YJ, Cheng FC, Chen CJ, et al.Down-regulated expression of magnesium transporter genes following a high magnesium diet attenuates sciatic nerve crush injury.Neurosurgery. 2019;84(4):965-976. doi:10.1093/neuros/nyy120
National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: PubChem.Malic acid (compound).
Qiang F.Effect of malate-oligosaccharide solution on antioxidant capacity of endurance athletes.Open Biomed Eng J. 2015;9:326-329. doi:10.2174/1874120701509010326
Wei Z, Xu Y, Xu Q, Cao W, Huang H, Liu H.Microbial biosynthesis of l-malic acid and related metabolic engineering strategies: Advances and prospects.Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:765685. Published 2021 Sep 29. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.765685
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh.Pediatric magnesium (Mag-Ox) uses and side effects.
Fang X, Wang K, Han D, et al.Circulating magnesium levels and incidence of coronary heart diseases, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.BMC Med. 2016;8(14):210. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0742-z
Fairley J, Zhang L, Glassford N, Bellomo R.Magnesium status and magnesium therapy in cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on arrhythmia prevention.Journal of Critical Care.2017 42:69-77. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.05.038
Schutten JC, Joosten MM, de Borst MH, Bakker SJL.Magnesium and blood pressure: A physiology-based approach.Adv Chronic Kidney Dis.2018;25(3):244-250. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2017.12.003
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium (Fact Sheet for Health Professionals).
Rana, MG.How Malic Acid (Malate) Helps Fibromyalgia Pain.
Pagliai G, Giangrandi I, Dinu M, Sofi F, Colombini B.Nutritional Interventions in the Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome.Nutrients. 2020 Aug 20;12(9):2525. doi:10.3390/nu12092525
Al Alawi AM, Majoni SW, Falhammar H.Magnesium and human health: perspectives and research directions.Int J Endocrinol. 2018;2018:9041694. doi:10.1155/2018/9041694
Mercy Health.Hypermagnesemia.
Cazzola R, Porta M, Manoni M, Lotti S, Pinotti L, Maier J.Going to the root of reduced magnesium dietary intake: A tradeoff between climate changes and sources.Heliyon. 2020 Nov;6(11):e05390. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05390
United States Department of Agriculture.L-malic acid - handling/processing.
Panahi Y, Mojtahedzadeh M, Najafi A, et al.The role of magnesium sulfate in the intensive care unit.EXCLI J. 2017 Apr;16(1):464-482. doi:10.17179/excli2017-182
Schutten J, Joris P, Mensink R, et al.Effects of magnesium citrate, magnesium oxide, and magnesium sulfate supplementation on arterial stiffness in healthy overweight individuals: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.Trials. 2019 May;20(1):295. doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3414-4
Shrivastava P, Choudhary R, Nirmalkar U, et al.Magnesium taurate attenuates progression of hypertension and cardiotoxicity against cadmium chloride-induced hypertensive albino rats.J Tradit Complement Med. 2019 Apr;9(2):119-123. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.06.010
Schaffer S, Kim H.Effects and mechanisms of taurine as a therapeutic agent.Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2018 May;26(3):225-241. doi:10.4062/biomolther.2017.251
National Library of Medicine.Magnesium oxide.
Kuphal G. Dysmenorrhea. In:Integrative Medicine (Fourth Edition), 2018.
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