Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat Is Mangosteen?NutritionHow To EatHealth BenefitsIs Mangosteen Good for Me?
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What Is Mangosteen?
Nutrition
How To Eat
Health Benefits
Is Mangosteen Good for Me?
Mangosteen is a fruit primarily cultivated in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. It is a round, dark purple or red fruit with a white pulp. Mangosteen is often called the “queen of fruits'' because of its slightly acidic yet sweet flavor.
Mangosteen has garnered attention for its health benefits, namely its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
This article covers the benefits of mangosteen fruit, its nutrition, mangosteen supplements, and specific considerations.
Mangosteen is a popular fruit native to Southeast Asia. In traditional Southeast Asian medicine, mangosteen can treat infections, wounds, inflammation, and diarrhea.
Mangosteens are rich inxanthones, a type ofpolyphenol(a special plant compound). Xanthones are likely responsible for the medicinal properties of mangosteen. Xanthones are associated with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, which are vital for preventing cellular damage (oxidative stress) and chronic conditions.
Two forms of xanthones abound in mangosteen:alpha-mangostinandgamma-mangostin. Manyin vitro(lab) and animal studies have evaluated the effects of alpha-mangostin on outcomes related todiabetes,cancer, cognition, andgum disease, among other conditions.
A Word From VerywellMangosteen is a highly nutritious tropical fruit that is relatively low in calories but high in fiber, antioxidants, and specific vitamins and minerals. In particular, mangosteen is a source of xanthones, a unique form of antioxidants that may help promote health. Like most fruits, fresh mangosteen can be an excellent addition to a healthy dietary pattern.—ALLISON HERRIES, RDN, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
A Word From Verywell
Mangosteen is a highly nutritious tropical fruit that is relatively low in calories but high in fiber, antioxidants, and specific vitamins and minerals. In particular, mangosteen is a source of xanthones, a unique form of antioxidants that may help promote health. Like most fruits, fresh mangosteen can be an excellent addition to a healthy dietary pattern.—ALLISON HERRIES, RDN, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
Mangosteen is a highly nutritious tropical fruit that is relatively low in calories but high in fiber, antioxidants, and specific vitamins and minerals. In particular, mangosteen is a source of xanthones, a unique form of antioxidants that may help promote health. Like most fruits, fresh mangosteen can be an excellent addition to a healthy dietary pattern.
—ALLISON HERRIES, RDN, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
Mangosteen Nutrition
One cup of canned, drained mangosteen has the following nutrition profile:
Fresh mangosteen may be difficult to find at your local grocery store. Canned or frozen mangosteen or mangosteen syrup may be more readily available.
When purchasing mangosteen, check the added sugar content because canned products often include sugary syrup.
Mangosteen Is a Good Source of Fiber
Fiberis an essential nutrient for health. Research shows ahigh-fiberdiet is linked with a reduced risk of heart disease,type 2 diabetes,colorectal cancer, and death.
According to one study, only 5% of Americans meet recommendations for fiber intake.
Adult males 19 to 50 should consume 38 grams of fiber, and adult females 25 grams. Recommendations decrease to 30 and 21 grams of fiber daily for males and females, respectively, over 50.
Mangosteen is a significant source of fiber; adding it to the diet can help YOU reach fiber recommendations.
Other Important Nutrients in Mangosteen
Copper helps with energy production,ironmetabolism, and the formation ofneurotransmitters. Additionally, copper is vital for antioxidant-related functions.
Folateis a type of B vitamin necessary for DNA production and cell division. Additionally,folateis essential during theearly stages of pregnancyto preventneural tube defects.
How to Eat Mangosteen
Separate the individual fruit sections. Each section contains an edible seed or pit. Consume raw or add to smoothies or fruit salad. You can also juice the mangosteen.
Mangosteen is also available as a juice, extract, or capsule supplement.
Mangosteen extract should be consumed with food because dietary fat helps increase the bioavailability of alpha-mangostin.
Baskets of purple mangosteens for sale at a small market at a temple in Bali, Indonesia.Elizabeth Beard / Getty Images
Elizabeth Beard / Getty Images
Health Benefits of Mangosteen
Mangosteen has been popularized as a supplement for many aspects of health. Although research is promising, additional studies are required to understand the effects of mangosteen on health.
Body Composition
Some research suggests mangosteen affects body composition changes. One clinical trial observed notable changes to weight andbody compositionin participants taking a novel supplement containing mangosteen extract andSphaeranthus indicus(S. indicus), a type of thistle with anti-inflammatory properties.
Participants consuming the 400 mg supplement twice daily (for a total of 800 mg) observed significantly more weight loss than those taking a placebo. Moreover, participants taking the supplement noticed changes to body composition, specifically reductions in theirwaist circumference.
However, deciphering whether the changes in body composition are due to mangosteen extract or other factors remains difficult. The supplement also contained a mix of medicinal plant extracts. Additionally, participants were asked to follow a 2,000 calorie-per-day diet and walk for 30 minutes daily, tasks they may not have already been performing.
Insulin Sensitizer
Supplementing 400 milligrams (mg) of mangosteen daily for 26 weeks reducedinsulin levelsin females with obesity in one clinical trial. Participants took capsules of mangosteen extract in addition to adhering to acalorie deficit, engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity, and meeting with adietitianeach month.
Schizophrenia Adjunct Treatment
Despite promising research in animals, clinical trials have found no benefit to consuming 1,000 mg of encapsulated mangosteen rind (pericarp) in addition to traditional treatment forschizophrenicsymptoms.
Mangosteens are high in polyphenols, compounds found in plants with known cognitive benefits. However, despite this, supplementing with mangosteen pericarp extract does not improve cognitive outcomes in people with schizophrenia. Cognitive outcomes included psychomotor function, attention, visual learning and memory, andworking memory.
Physical Fatigue From Exercise
Physical fatigue during exercise is the inability to maintain the necessary intensity or force for the exercise activity. Muscle fatigue can result from highly unstable reactive molecules orlactic acidbuildup.
Mangosteen may reduce physical fatigue fromexercisedue to its antioxidant properties. Antioxidants prevent the production of unstable, reactive molecules.
One study showed no benefit of a mangosteen-based juice on physical fatigue from exercise. Mangosteen supplementation did not reduce the time to exhaustion, rate of perceived exertion, orheart ratewhen taken one hour before a cycle ergometer test.
However, a self-reported psychological mood score revealed decreased fatigue among those taking mangosteen.
More research is necessary to determine if mangosteen alleviates physical fatigue from exercise.
Gum Disease
Gum disease(periodontitis) is the infection and inflammation of the gums around theteeth. Untreated periodontitis can causetooth loss.
Another study observed that a topical gel containing 4% mangosteen injected into gum pockets reduced plaque and bleeding associated with periodontitis.
Oral supplements and topical gels containing mangosteen improve the severity and symptoms of gum disease. Researchers attribute the beneficial effects of mangosteen on gum disease to its antibacterial, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities.
Antioxidant
Antioxidants are compounds that neutralize damaging molecules (free radicals) that contribute to the development of chronic diseases. If free radicals outnumber the antioxidants in the body, then cellular damage and inflammation ensue.
Mangosteen’s potent antioxidant activity is due to the xanthones alpha- and beta-mangostin. Alpha-mangostin inhibits the production of inflammatory molecules.
Studies indicate that consuming mangosteen-based products such as juice increases the levels of antioxidants in the body. However, it is unclear whether these increases result in health benefits or are clinically meaningful.
Skin Health
Mangosteen extract benefits skin health, namely acne and tissue damage fromaging, uncontrolled blood sugar, and thesun.
One small human study noticed greater skin moisture andelasticityand fewer signs of skin damage andagingwith 100 mg mangosteen extract taken daily for 12 weeks. The positive result is likely due to mangosteen’s high antioxidant content, but more research is still necessary.
Acne is one of the most common inflammatory skin conditions. Although topical creams exist totreat acne, people are still interested in alternative treatment methods. Alpha-mangostin has antibacterial and antioxidant properties applicable toacne treatmentbecause inflammation and bacteria (C. acnes) are significant contributors to acne.
One clinical trial demonstrated that a facial cleanser containing mangosteen extract and other herbals reducedacneandinflammationafter eight weeks. Whether the benefits are due to mangosteen or the additional extracts in the cleanser remains unclear.
Mangosteen appears promising for skin health, but more information is necessary on the specific forms and dosages.
Anticancer Effects
Due to its antioxidant activity, mangosteen has garnered attention for use as an adjuvant incancer treatment.
Multiplein vitroand animal studies show that alpha-mangostin inhibits the spread and growth of cancer cells, particularly incolonandbreast cancer.
One study suggests that mangostin may help inhibit the cell receptors responsible for excreting anticancer medication fromcancer cells. This may allow more of the medication to accumulate in these cells. Therefore, combining mangosteen supplements with anticancer medications may increase the effectiveness of specific cancer treatments. However, further research is necessary.
Other Potential Benefits
Preliminary research suggests mangosteen may offer health benefits for other issues, such as the following:
Ultimately, more studies are necessary before mangosteen can be used for heart health, inflammation, and Alzheimer’s disease.
Mangosteen is a nutritious fruit that can be consumed as part of a healthy diet.
However, more data is necessary to support specific health claims associated with mangosteen and its various forms.
Additional research is also necessary to determine the health benefits of mangosteen fruit, juice, and pericarp extract. Moreover, most of the limited clinical trials with mangosteen are in healthy individuals, restricting the applicability of the results to people with inflammatory or chronic conditions.
Mangosteen supplements are relatively safe and well-tolerated in doses of up to 560 mg daily for up to 12 weeks.
However, there is limited evidence to show whether mangosteen is less tolerated among people with certain medical conditions because most research studied healthy individuals.
Precautions
People takinganticoagulantorantiplateletmedication (such aswarfarin) should exercise caution with mangosteen consumption. Xanthones in mangosteen prevent platelet aggregation, slowing blood clotting and increasing the risk of bleeding and bruising.
Likewise, mangosteen may interact with othersupplements that slow blood clotting, such asginger, garlic,ginkgo, andPanax ginseng.
Mangosteen may also interact with certaincancer medications. Herbal medicines such as mangosteen extract can serve as an adjuvant treatment to alleviate side effects or increase the efficacy of cancer medications.
For example, mangosteen increases the effectiveness oftamoxifen, a drug commonly used forbreast cancer.
Summary
Mangosteen is a fruit native to Southeast Asia. It is used in traditional medicine for infections, wounds, inflammation, and diarrhea.
Interest has grown in the health benefits of mangosteen as a fruit, juice, and supplement. Health claims surrounding mangosteen abound.
Despite promising research, more information is necessary to understand how the different forms of mangosteen influence health. However, consuming whole mangosteen can be a great way to add more fruit to the diet, mainly due to its rich fiber content.
24 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Gutierrez-Orozco F, Failla ML.Biological activities and bioavailability of mangosteen xanthones: a critical review of the current evidence.Nutrients. 2013;5(8):3163-3183. doi:10.3390/nu5083163Turner A, Baker A, Dean OM, et al.AdjunctiveGarcinia mangostanalinn. (Mangosteen) pericarp for schizophrenia: A 24-week double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled efficacy trial: péricarpe d’appoint Garcinia mangostana Linn (mangoustan) pour la schizophrénie : Un essai d’efficacité de 24 semaines, à double insu, randomisé et contrôlé par placebo.Can J Psychiatry. 2021;66(4):354-366. doi:10.1177/0706743720982437Ovalle-Magallanes B, Eugenio-Pérez D, Pedraza-Chaverri J.Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostanaL.): a comprehensive update.Food Chem Toxicol. 2017;109(Pt 1):102-122. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.021U.S. Department of Agriculture.Mangosteen, canned, syrup pack.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Manganese.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Copper.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Folate.Quagliani D, Felt-Gunderson P.Closing America’s fiber intake gap: communication strategies from a food and fiber summit.Am J Lifestyle Med. 2016;11(1):80-85. doi:10.1177/1559827615588079Kudiganti V, Kodur RR, Kodur SR, et al.Efficacy and tolerability of Meratrim for weight management: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy overweight human subjects.Lipids Health Dis. 2016;15(1):136. doi:10.1186/s12944-016-0306-4Watanabe M, Gangitano E, Francomano D, et al.Mangosteen extract shows a potent insulin sensitizing effect in obese female patients: a prospective randomized controlled pilot study.Nutrients. 2018;10(5):586. doi:10.3390/nu10050586Marx W, Skvarc DR, Mohebbi M, et al.The effect of adjunctive mangosteen pericarp on cognition in people with schizophrenia: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:626486. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626486Chang CW, Huang TZ, Chang WH, et al.AcuteGarcinia mangostana(mangosteen) supplementation does not alleviate physical fatigue during exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016;13:20. Published 2016 May 4. doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0132-0Park JY, Ko KA, Lee JY, et al.Clinical and immunological efficacy of mangosteen and propolis extracted complex in patients with gingivitis: a multi-centered randomized controlled clinical trial.Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2604. doi:10.3390/nu13082604Manjunatha VA, Vemanaradhya GG, Gowda TM.Clinical and antioxidant efficacy of 4% mangosteen gel as a local drug delivery in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a placebo-controlled, split-mouth trial.Dent Med Probl. 2022;59(1):111-119. doi:10.17219/dmp/139198Alkadi H.A review on free radicals and antioxidants.Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2020;20(1):16-26. doi:10.2174/1871526518666180628124323Chen G, Li Y, Wang W, et al.Bioactivity and pharmacological properties of α-mangostin from the mangosteen fruit: a review.Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2018;28(5):415-427. doi:10.1080/13543776.2018.1455829Ohno R, Moroishi N, Sugawa H, et al.Mangosteen pericarp extract inhibits the formation of pentosidine and ameliorates skin elasticity.J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2015;57(1):27-32. doi:10.3164/jcbn.15-13Yang JH, Hwang EJ, Moon J, et al.Clinical efficacy of herbal extracts in treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris: an 8-week, double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial.J Dermatolog Treat. 2021;32(3):297-301. doi:10.1080/09546634.2019.1657792Vargas-Castro R, García-Becerra R, Díaz L, et al.Enhancing tamoxifen therapy with α-mangostin: synergistic antiproliferative effects on breast cancer cells and potential reduced endometrial impact.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(11):1576. doi:10.3390/ph16111576Lai HW, Tani Y, Sukatta U, et al.Mangostin enhances efficacy of aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy against cancer through inhibition of ABCG2 activity.Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2023;44:103798. doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103798Ashton MM, Dean OM, Walker AJ, et al.The therapeutic potential of mangosteen pericarp as an adjunctive therapy for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:115. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00115Oberholzer I, Möller M, Holland B, et al.Garcinia mangostanaLinn displays antidepressant-like and pro-cognitive effects in a genetic animal model of depression: a bio-behavioral study in the Flinders Sensitive Line rat.Metab Brain Dis. 2018;33(2):467-480. doi:10.1007/s11011-017-0144-8MedlinePlus.Mangosteen.Leite PM, Martins MAP, Castilho RO.Review on mechanisms and interactions in concomitant use of herbs and warfarin therapy.Biomed Pharmacother. 2016;83:14-21. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.06.012
24 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Gutierrez-Orozco F, Failla ML.Biological activities and bioavailability of mangosteen xanthones: a critical review of the current evidence.Nutrients. 2013;5(8):3163-3183. doi:10.3390/nu5083163Turner A, Baker A, Dean OM, et al.AdjunctiveGarcinia mangostanalinn. (Mangosteen) pericarp for schizophrenia: A 24-week double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled efficacy trial: péricarpe d’appoint Garcinia mangostana Linn (mangoustan) pour la schizophrénie : Un essai d’efficacité de 24 semaines, à double insu, randomisé et contrôlé par placebo.Can J Psychiatry. 2021;66(4):354-366. doi:10.1177/0706743720982437Ovalle-Magallanes B, Eugenio-Pérez D, Pedraza-Chaverri J.Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostanaL.): a comprehensive update.Food Chem Toxicol. 2017;109(Pt 1):102-122. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.021U.S. Department of Agriculture.Mangosteen, canned, syrup pack.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Manganese.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Copper.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Folate.Quagliani D, Felt-Gunderson P.Closing America’s fiber intake gap: communication strategies from a food and fiber summit.Am J Lifestyle Med. 2016;11(1):80-85. doi:10.1177/1559827615588079Kudiganti V, Kodur RR, Kodur SR, et al.Efficacy and tolerability of Meratrim for weight management: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy overweight human subjects.Lipids Health Dis. 2016;15(1):136. doi:10.1186/s12944-016-0306-4Watanabe M, Gangitano E, Francomano D, et al.Mangosteen extract shows a potent insulin sensitizing effect in obese female patients: a prospective randomized controlled pilot study.Nutrients. 2018;10(5):586. doi:10.3390/nu10050586Marx W, Skvarc DR, Mohebbi M, et al.The effect of adjunctive mangosteen pericarp on cognition in people with schizophrenia: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:626486. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626486Chang CW, Huang TZ, Chang WH, et al.AcuteGarcinia mangostana(mangosteen) supplementation does not alleviate physical fatigue during exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016;13:20. Published 2016 May 4. doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0132-0Park JY, Ko KA, Lee JY, et al.Clinical and immunological efficacy of mangosteen and propolis extracted complex in patients with gingivitis: a multi-centered randomized controlled clinical trial.Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2604. doi:10.3390/nu13082604Manjunatha VA, Vemanaradhya GG, Gowda TM.Clinical and antioxidant efficacy of 4% mangosteen gel as a local drug delivery in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a placebo-controlled, split-mouth trial.Dent Med Probl. 2022;59(1):111-119. doi:10.17219/dmp/139198Alkadi H.A review on free radicals and antioxidants.Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2020;20(1):16-26. doi:10.2174/1871526518666180628124323Chen G, Li Y, Wang W, et al.Bioactivity and pharmacological properties of α-mangostin from the mangosteen fruit: a review.Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2018;28(5):415-427. doi:10.1080/13543776.2018.1455829Ohno R, Moroishi N, Sugawa H, et al.Mangosteen pericarp extract inhibits the formation of pentosidine and ameliorates skin elasticity.J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2015;57(1):27-32. doi:10.3164/jcbn.15-13Yang JH, Hwang EJ, Moon J, et al.Clinical efficacy of herbal extracts in treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris: an 8-week, double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial.J Dermatolog Treat. 2021;32(3):297-301. doi:10.1080/09546634.2019.1657792Vargas-Castro R, García-Becerra R, Díaz L, et al.Enhancing tamoxifen therapy with α-mangostin: synergistic antiproliferative effects on breast cancer cells and potential reduced endometrial impact.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(11):1576. doi:10.3390/ph16111576Lai HW, Tani Y, Sukatta U, et al.Mangostin enhances efficacy of aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy against cancer through inhibition of ABCG2 activity.Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2023;44:103798. doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103798Ashton MM, Dean OM, Walker AJ, et al.The therapeutic potential of mangosteen pericarp as an adjunctive therapy for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:115. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00115Oberholzer I, Möller M, Holland B, et al.Garcinia mangostanaLinn displays antidepressant-like and pro-cognitive effects in a genetic animal model of depression: a bio-behavioral study in the Flinders Sensitive Line rat.Metab Brain Dis. 2018;33(2):467-480. doi:10.1007/s11011-017-0144-8MedlinePlus.Mangosteen.Leite PM, Martins MAP, Castilho RO.Review on mechanisms and interactions in concomitant use of herbs and warfarin therapy.Biomed Pharmacother. 2016;83:14-21. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.06.012
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Gutierrez-Orozco F, Failla ML.Biological activities and bioavailability of mangosteen xanthones: a critical review of the current evidence.Nutrients. 2013;5(8):3163-3183. doi:10.3390/nu5083163Turner A, Baker A, Dean OM, et al.AdjunctiveGarcinia mangostanalinn. (Mangosteen) pericarp for schizophrenia: A 24-week double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled efficacy trial: péricarpe d’appoint Garcinia mangostana Linn (mangoustan) pour la schizophrénie : Un essai d’efficacité de 24 semaines, à double insu, randomisé et contrôlé par placebo.Can J Psychiatry. 2021;66(4):354-366. doi:10.1177/0706743720982437Ovalle-Magallanes B, Eugenio-Pérez D, Pedraza-Chaverri J.Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostanaL.): a comprehensive update.Food Chem Toxicol. 2017;109(Pt 1):102-122. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.021U.S. Department of Agriculture.Mangosteen, canned, syrup pack.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Manganese.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Copper.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Folate.Quagliani D, Felt-Gunderson P.Closing America’s fiber intake gap: communication strategies from a food and fiber summit.Am J Lifestyle Med. 2016;11(1):80-85. doi:10.1177/1559827615588079Kudiganti V, Kodur RR, Kodur SR, et al.Efficacy and tolerability of Meratrim for weight management: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy overweight human subjects.Lipids Health Dis. 2016;15(1):136. doi:10.1186/s12944-016-0306-4Watanabe M, Gangitano E, Francomano D, et al.Mangosteen extract shows a potent insulin sensitizing effect in obese female patients: a prospective randomized controlled pilot study.Nutrients. 2018;10(5):586. doi:10.3390/nu10050586Marx W, Skvarc DR, Mohebbi M, et al.The effect of adjunctive mangosteen pericarp on cognition in people with schizophrenia: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:626486. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626486Chang CW, Huang TZ, Chang WH, et al.AcuteGarcinia mangostana(mangosteen) supplementation does not alleviate physical fatigue during exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016;13:20. Published 2016 May 4. doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0132-0Park JY, Ko KA, Lee JY, et al.Clinical and immunological efficacy of mangosteen and propolis extracted complex in patients with gingivitis: a multi-centered randomized controlled clinical trial.Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2604. doi:10.3390/nu13082604Manjunatha VA, Vemanaradhya GG, Gowda TM.Clinical and antioxidant efficacy of 4% mangosteen gel as a local drug delivery in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a placebo-controlled, split-mouth trial.Dent Med Probl. 2022;59(1):111-119. doi:10.17219/dmp/139198Alkadi H.A review on free radicals and antioxidants.Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2020;20(1):16-26. doi:10.2174/1871526518666180628124323Chen G, Li Y, Wang W, et al.Bioactivity and pharmacological properties of α-mangostin from the mangosteen fruit: a review.Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2018;28(5):415-427. doi:10.1080/13543776.2018.1455829Ohno R, Moroishi N, Sugawa H, et al.Mangosteen pericarp extract inhibits the formation of pentosidine and ameliorates skin elasticity.J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2015;57(1):27-32. doi:10.3164/jcbn.15-13Yang JH, Hwang EJ, Moon J, et al.Clinical efficacy of herbal extracts in treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris: an 8-week, double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial.J Dermatolog Treat. 2021;32(3):297-301. doi:10.1080/09546634.2019.1657792Vargas-Castro R, García-Becerra R, Díaz L, et al.Enhancing tamoxifen therapy with α-mangostin: synergistic antiproliferative effects on breast cancer cells and potential reduced endometrial impact.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(11):1576. doi:10.3390/ph16111576Lai HW, Tani Y, Sukatta U, et al.Mangostin enhances efficacy of aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy against cancer through inhibition of ABCG2 activity.Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2023;44:103798. doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103798Ashton MM, Dean OM, Walker AJ, et al.The therapeutic potential of mangosteen pericarp as an adjunctive therapy for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:115. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00115Oberholzer I, Möller M, Holland B, et al.Garcinia mangostanaLinn displays antidepressant-like and pro-cognitive effects in a genetic animal model of depression: a bio-behavioral study in the Flinders Sensitive Line rat.Metab Brain Dis. 2018;33(2):467-480. doi:10.1007/s11011-017-0144-8MedlinePlus.Mangosteen.Leite PM, Martins MAP, Castilho RO.Review on mechanisms and interactions in concomitant use of herbs and warfarin therapy.Biomed Pharmacother. 2016;83:14-21. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.06.012
Gutierrez-Orozco F, Failla ML.Biological activities and bioavailability of mangosteen xanthones: a critical review of the current evidence.Nutrients. 2013;5(8):3163-3183. doi:10.3390/nu5083163
Turner A, Baker A, Dean OM, et al.AdjunctiveGarcinia mangostanalinn. (Mangosteen) pericarp for schizophrenia: A 24-week double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled efficacy trial: péricarpe d’appoint Garcinia mangostana Linn (mangoustan) pour la schizophrénie : Un essai d’efficacité de 24 semaines, à double insu, randomisé et contrôlé par placebo.Can J Psychiatry. 2021;66(4):354-366. doi:10.1177/0706743720982437
Ovalle-Magallanes B, Eugenio-Pérez D, Pedraza-Chaverri J.Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostanaL.): a comprehensive update.Food Chem Toxicol. 2017;109(Pt 1):102-122. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.021
U.S. Department of Agriculture.Mangosteen, canned, syrup pack.
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Manganese.
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Copper.
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Folate.
Quagliani D, Felt-Gunderson P.Closing America’s fiber intake gap: communication strategies from a food and fiber summit.Am J Lifestyle Med. 2016;11(1):80-85. doi:10.1177/1559827615588079
Kudiganti V, Kodur RR, Kodur SR, et al.Efficacy and tolerability of Meratrim for weight management: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy overweight human subjects.Lipids Health Dis. 2016;15(1):136. doi:10.1186/s12944-016-0306-4
Watanabe M, Gangitano E, Francomano D, et al.Mangosteen extract shows a potent insulin sensitizing effect in obese female patients: a prospective randomized controlled pilot study.Nutrients. 2018;10(5):586. doi:10.3390/nu10050586
Marx W, Skvarc DR, Mohebbi M, et al.The effect of adjunctive mangosteen pericarp on cognition in people with schizophrenia: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:626486. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626486
Chang CW, Huang TZ, Chang WH, et al.AcuteGarcinia mangostana(mangosteen) supplementation does not alleviate physical fatigue during exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016;13:20. Published 2016 May 4. doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0132-0
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