Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsUnderstanding Heart FailureTypes of MedicationsACE InhibitorsSide Effects of ACE InhibitorsAngiotensin Receptor BlockersSide Effects of ARBsWhich ARB Is Right for Me?Beta-BlockersSide Effects of Beta-BlockersWhich Beta-Blocker Is Right for Me?Other Medications Prescribed for Heart FailureFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Understanding Heart Failure
Types of Medications
ACE Inhibitors
Side Effects of ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
Side Effects of ARBs
Which ARB Is Right for Me?
Beta-Blockers
Side Effects of Beta-Blockers
Which Beta-Blocker Is Right for Me?
Other Medications Prescribed for Heart Failure
Frequently Asked Questions
Close to 6.5 million Americans over the age of 20 have heart failure. Furthermore, there are as many as 960,000 new heart failure cases yearly.
Fortunately, if you are one of the millions of Americans who have or have previously hadheart failure, your healthcare provider can prescribe various medications to manage your precise condition and associated symptoms quickly and effectively.
These prescription drugs may help control symptoms, prevent your condition from worsening, and help you live longer.
Common medications used in people with heart failure includeangiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), andbeta-blockers.
This article will outline the types of drugs used for heart failure and provide important information about each type of drug.
Owaki/Kulla / Getty Images
Heart failure is a medical condition in which the heart cannot contract to efficiently pump enough blood throughout the body, causing symptoms like cough, fatigue, breathing problems, and swelling.
If left unaddressed, long-term heart failure can lead tocongestive heart failure (CHF), which occurs when the heart’s pumping ability continues to become less effective, causing fluid build-up in the lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, arms, and legs.
Types of Heart Failure Medications
Commonly prescribed medications for heart failure include:
While this article will provide an in-depth focus on the drug classes listed above, there are other drug classes commonly prescribed forheart failurewhich we will also briefly discuss, including:
ACE inhibitors treat heart disease, heart failure, high blood pressure, andkidney problems(they are also considered protective of the kidneys, especially in people withdiabetes), and can lower the risk forstrokeorheart attack.
As described above, ACE inhibitors work on the RAS. More specifically, ACE inhibitors, such as Lotensin (benazepril), inhibit an enzyme (angiotensin-converting enzyme) that helps convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
Ask your healthcare provider which ACE inhibitor is best for you. Because everyone has a unique medical history, there are many factors to consider when picking a medication.
Vasotec (Enalapril)
Vasotec is Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved to treat heart failure and high blood pressure in adults (18 and older) and children.
Zestril (Lisinopril)
Studies show Zestril to be effective and well-tolerated, even at higher doses. Typically, it is taken alongside a diuretic, such as hydrochlorothiazide. Zestril works to improve heart failure-related symptoms.
At high doses, it helps keeps people with heart failure healthier and reduces the risk of death.
Zestril is FDA-approved to treat heart failure in adults and hypertension in adults and children 6 and older.It is also used after a heart attack to improve survival.
Lotensin (Benazepril)
Lotensin has been shown to effectively lower blood pressure in people with mild to moderate hypertension. However, people with severely high blood pressure may need multiple drugs to achieve blood pressure control.
Lotensin helps improve symptoms and exercise capacity in people with congestive heart failure.
Furthermore, studies have found benazepril, its active ingredient, a drug often combined withamlodipine, to be well-tolerated.
Lotensin is FDA-approved to treat heart failure and high blood pressure in adults and children 6 years and older.
Altace (Ramipril)
Altace is FDA-approved for adults to treat hypertension and heart failure (including after a heart attack).
It also lowers the risk of heart-related death, heart attack, and stroke in adults 55 and older at high risk of these heart-related events.
For high-risk individuals, studies have shown that Altace can reduce the mortality rate and the odds ofheart attack,stroke, revascularization (surgery to open up blocked arteries or veins),cardiac arrest(an electrical disturbance that causes the heart to stop), complications related to diabetes, and new cases of diabetes.
Trandolapril
Studies show that long-term treatment with this generic medicine (no longer manufactured under a brand name) in individuals withreduced left ventricularfunction soon after a heart attack reduced the risk of overall death, heart-related death, sudden death, and severe heart failure.
Trandolapril is approved for adults to treat high blood pressure and heart failure, including after a heart attack.
Common side effects of ACE inhibitors include:
ARBs work on the RAS but at a different part than ACE inhibitors. While ACE inhibitors restrain the production of angiotensin II, ARBs work later in the cycle.
They prevent angiotensin II from binding to a receptor. Preventing this binding stops angiotensin II from producing its effects, such as narrowing blood vessels and increasing blood pressure.
If you take an ARB, you may take it along with other medications, but you will not take it along with an ACE inhibitor.
The active ingredients in ARBs contain the suffix -sartan.
Cozaar (Losartan)
Cozaar treats hypertension in adults and children 6 and older. It’s also prescribed to prevent stroke in people with both high blood pressure andleft ventricular hypertrophy (LVH; thickening of the walls of the heart’s left ventricle).
Losartan, Cozaar’s active ingredient, is also used to preventkidney complications in people with diabetes.
Diovan (Valsartan)
Studies show that people taking Diovan have a lower risk of heart failure and diabetes.
Diovan, with the active ingredientvalsartan, is FDA-approved to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) in adults and children, treat heart failure in adults, and lower the risk of heart-related death in people who have had a heart attack and also have left ventricular failure or left ventricular dysfunction.
Benicar (Olmesartan)
Benicar, with the active ingredient olmesartan, has been shown to have protective effects on the kidneys, preventing complications of diabetes.
Benicar is FDA-approved in adults and children to treat high blood pressure.
Avapro (Irbesartan)
Avapro, containing irbesartan, is considered effective in treating high blood pressure.
Avapro is used to treat high blood pressure in adults, as well as to treat kidney complications in people who have diabetes.
Edarbi (Azilsartan)
Azilsartan, which is only available under the brand name Edarbi, contains the active ingredient azilsartan. Studies show that it may have a slightly more significant effect on blood pressure than other ARBs.
Edarbi is FDA-approved to treat adults with high blood pressure.
A Word on Off-Label Prescribing
For example, although the ACE inhibitors listed above are not FDA-approved to protect the kidneys, studies have shown that all ACE inhibitors and ARBs have this effect.
Studies have also found that all ACE inhibitors and ARBs are equally effective.
Common side effects of ARBs include:
Ask your healthcare provider which ARB is best for you. Because everyone has a unique medical history, your provider will consider many factors before prescribing a medication.
Only your healthcare provider can decide which medication is most appropriate for you.
Beta-blocker medicines, used for blood pressure and other heart conditions, including heart failure, work on beta receptors in the body.
The three main types of beta receptors are:
Cardioselective beta-blockers bind to beta-1 receptors, while non-cardioselective beta-blockers bind to beta-1 and beta-2 receptors.
Non-cardioselective beta-blockers tend to have more side effects since they affect other areas of the body than the heart. Notice that the active ingredients in beta-blockers end in “-lol.”
Some examples of cardioselective beta-blockers include:
Some examples of non-cardioselective beta-blockers include:
Common side effects of beta-blockers include:
Ask your healthcare provider which beta-blocker is best for you. Because everyone has a unique medical history, there are many factors to consider when picking a medication.
In addition to the medications described above, other medicines may be prescribed for people with heart failure, which may include:
10 Self-Care Tips for Heart Failure
Summary
There are various medications that your healthcare provider may prescribe for heart failure. All of these medications have different benefits as well as side effects.
Your healthcare provider will consider many factors, such as your medical condition, symptoms, family history, risk factors, and others, and determine which heart failure medication(s) will be most appropriate for you.
You can also ask your healthcare provider for recommendations onlifestyle changessuch as diet and exercise, which you can try along with your medication.
Frequently Asked QuestionsIt’s hard to say which medication has the fewest side effects because people react differently to medicines.What works great for someone may cause side effects in another person. Ask your healthcare provider for advice on the best medication.Heart failure medications should generally be stored at room temperature (between 68 and 77 degrees F). Avoid direct light, heat, and moisture, and keep out of the reach and sight of children and pets.Learn MoreTips for Safe Medication Administration
It’s hard to say which medication has the fewest side effects because people react differently to medicines.What works great for someone may cause side effects in another person. Ask your healthcare provider for advice on the best medication.
It’s hard to say which medication has the fewest side effects because people react differently to medicines.
What works great for someone may cause side effects in another person. Ask your healthcare provider for advice on the best medication.
Heart failure medications should generally be stored at room temperature (between 68 and 77 degrees F). Avoid direct light, heat, and moisture, and keep out of the reach and sight of children and pets.Learn MoreTips for Safe Medication Administration
Heart failure medications should generally be stored at room temperature (between 68 and 77 degrees F). Avoid direct light, heat, and moisture, and keep out of the reach and sight of children and pets.
Learn MoreTips for Safe Medication Administration
37 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Heart failure.MedlinePlus.Heart failure - medicines.American Heart Association.What is heart failure?.MedlinePlus.Heart failure.Yale Medicine.Congestive heart failure (CHF).MedlinePlus.ACE inhibitors.DailyMed.Label: Lotensin- benazepril hydrochloride tablet.Bratsos S.Efficacy of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors in the treatment of chronic heart failure: a review of landmark trials.Cureus. 2019;11(1):e3913. doi:10.7759/cureus.3913Prescribers’ Digital Reference.Enalapril maleate - drug summary.MedlinePlus.Lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide.Simpson K, Jarvis B.Lisinopril: a review of its use in congestive heart failure.Drugs. 2000;59(5):1149-1167. doi:10.2165/00003495-200059050-00012DailyMed.Label: Zestril- lisinopril tablet.Prescribers’ Digital Reference.Lisinopril - drug summary.Jamerson KA, Devereux R, Bakris GL, et al.Efficacy and duration of benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide on 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure control.Hypertension. 2011;57(2):174-179. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.159939DailyMed.Label: Altace- ramipril capsule.The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators.Effects of an angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.N Engl J Med. 2000;342(3):145-153. doi:10.1056/NEJM200001203420301Diaz A, Ducharme A.Update on the use of trandolapril in the management of cardiovascular disorders.Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(6):1147-58. doi:10.2147/vhrm.s3467DailyMed.Label: tranadolapril tablet.National Kidney Foundation.Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors & angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).Kobori H, Mori H, Masaki T, Nishiyama A.Angiotensin II blockade and renal protection.Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(17):3033-3042. doi:10.2174/1381612811319170009Misra S, Stevermer JJ.ACE inhibitors and ARBs: one or the other–not both–for high-risk patients.J Fam Pract. 2009;58(1):24-7.Goa KL, Wagstaff AJ.Losartan potassium: a review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability in the management of hypertensionDrugs. 1996;51(5):820-845. doi:10.2165/00003495-199651050-00008DailyMed.Label: Cozaar- losartan potassium tablet, film coated.Prescribers’ Digital Reference.Losartan potassium - drug summary.Julius S, Weber MA, Kjeldsen SE, et al.The Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-Term Use Evaluation (VALUE) Trial: Outcomes in patients receiving monotherapy.Hypertension. 2006;48:385-391. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000236119.96301.f2DailyMed.Label: Diovan- valsartan tablet.Haller H, Ito S, Izzo JL Jr, et al, for the ROADMAP Trial Investigators.Olmesartan for the delay or prevention of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes.N Engl J Med. 2011;364:907-917. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1007994DailyMed.Label: Benicar- olmesartan medoxomil tablet, film coated.Forni V, Wuerzner G, Pruijm M, Burnier M.Long-term use and tolerability of irbesartan for control of hypertension.Integr Blood Press Control. 2011;4:17-26. doi:10.2147/IBPC.S12211DailyMed.Label: Avapro- irbesartan tablet, film coated.Kurtz TW, Kajiya T.Differential pharmacology and benefit/risk of azilsartan compared to other sartans.Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2012;8:133-143. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S22595DailyMed.Label: Edarbi- azilsartan kamedoxomil tablet.Ladage D, Schwinger RHG, Brixius K.Cardio-selective beta-blocker: Pharmacological evidence and their influence on exercise capacity.Cardiovasc Ther. 2012;doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00306.xPrescribers' Digital Reference.Labetalol hydrochloride - drug summary.American Heart Association.Types of blood pressure medications.American Heart Association.Medications Used to Treat Heart Failure.DailyMed.Label: Corlanor- ivabradine tablet, film coated Corlanor- ivabradine solution.
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Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Heart failure.MedlinePlus.Heart failure - medicines.American Heart Association.What is heart failure?.MedlinePlus.Heart failure.Yale Medicine.Congestive heart failure (CHF).MedlinePlus.ACE inhibitors.DailyMed.Label: Lotensin- benazepril hydrochloride tablet.Bratsos S.Efficacy of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors in the treatment of chronic heart failure: a review of landmark trials.Cureus. 2019;11(1):e3913. doi:10.7759/cureus.3913Prescribers’ Digital Reference.Enalapril maleate - drug summary.MedlinePlus.Lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide.Simpson K, Jarvis B.Lisinopril: a review of its use in congestive heart failure.Drugs. 2000;59(5):1149-1167. doi:10.2165/00003495-200059050-00012DailyMed.Label: Zestril- lisinopril tablet.Prescribers’ Digital Reference.Lisinopril - drug summary.Jamerson KA, Devereux R, Bakris GL, et al.Efficacy and duration of benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide on 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure control.Hypertension. 2011;57(2):174-179. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.159939DailyMed.Label: Altace- ramipril capsule.The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators.Effects of an angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.N Engl J Med. 2000;342(3):145-153. doi:10.1056/NEJM200001203420301Diaz A, Ducharme A.Update on the use of trandolapril in the management of cardiovascular disorders.Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(6):1147-58. doi:10.2147/vhrm.s3467DailyMed.Label: tranadolapril tablet.National Kidney Foundation.Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors & angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).Kobori H, Mori H, Masaki T, Nishiyama A.Angiotensin II blockade and renal protection.Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(17):3033-3042. doi:10.2174/1381612811319170009Misra S, Stevermer JJ.ACE inhibitors and ARBs: one or the other–not both–for high-risk patients.J Fam Pract. 2009;58(1):24-7.Goa KL, Wagstaff AJ.Losartan potassium: a review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability in the management of hypertensionDrugs. 1996;51(5):820-845. doi:10.2165/00003495-199651050-00008DailyMed.Label: Cozaar- losartan potassium tablet, film coated.Prescribers’ Digital Reference.Losartan potassium - drug summary.Julius S, Weber MA, Kjeldsen SE, et al.The Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-Term Use Evaluation (VALUE) Trial: Outcomes in patients receiving monotherapy.Hypertension. 2006;48:385-391. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000236119.96301.f2DailyMed.Label: Diovan- valsartan tablet.Haller H, Ito S, Izzo JL Jr, et al, for the ROADMAP Trial Investigators.Olmesartan for the delay or prevention of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes.N Engl J Med. 2011;364:907-917. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1007994DailyMed.Label: Benicar- olmesartan medoxomil tablet, film coated.Forni V, Wuerzner G, Pruijm M, Burnier M.Long-term use and tolerability of irbesartan for control of hypertension.Integr Blood Press Control. 2011;4:17-26. doi:10.2147/IBPC.S12211DailyMed.Label: Avapro- irbesartan tablet, film coated.Kurtz TW, Kajiya T.Differential pharmacology and benefit/risk of azilsartan compared to other sartans.Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2012;8:133-143. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S22595DailyMed.Label: Edarbi- azilsartan kamedoxomil tablet.Ladage D, Schwinger RHG, Brixius K.Cardio-selective beta-blocker: Pharmacological evidence and their influence on exercise capacity.Cardiovasc Ther. 2012;doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00306.xPrescribers' Digital Reference.Labetalol hydrochloride - drug summary.American Heart Association.Types of blood pressure medications.American Heart Association.Medications Used to Treat Heart Failure.DailyMed.Label: Corlanor- ivabradine tablet, film coated Corlanor- ivabradine solution.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Heart failure.MedlinePlus.Heart failure - medicines.American Heart Association.What is heart failure?.MedlinePlus.Heart failure.Yale Medicine.Congestive heart failure (CHF).MedlinePlus.ACE inhibitors.DailyMed.Label: Lotensin- benazepril hydrochloride tablet.Bratsos S.Efficacy of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors in the treatment of chronic heart failure: a review of landmark trials.Cureus. 2019;11(1):e3913. doi:10.7759/cureus.3913Prescribers’ Digital Reference.Enalapril maleate - drug summary.MedlinePlus.Lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide.Simpson K, Jarvis B.Lisinopril: a review of its use in congestive heart failure.Drugs. 2000;59(5):1149-1167. doi:10.2165/00003495-200059050-00012DailyMed.Label: Zestril- lisinopril tablet.Prescribers’ Digital Reference.Lisinopril - drug summary.Jamerson KA, Devereux R, Bakris GL, et al.Efficacy and duration of benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide on 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure control.Hypertension. 2011;57(2):174-179. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.159939DailyMed.Label: Altace- ramipril capsule.The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators.Effects of an angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.N Engl J Med. 2000;342(3):145-153. doi:10.1056/NEJM200001203420301Diaz A, Ducharme A.Update on the use of trandolapril in the management of cardiovascular disorders.Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(6):1147-58. doi:10.2147/vhrm.s3467DailyMed.Label: tranadolapril tablet.National Kidney Foundation.Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors & angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).Kobori H, Mori H, Masaki T, Nishiyama A.Angiotensin II blockade and renal protection.Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(17):3033-3042. doi:10.2174/1381612811319170009Misra S, Stevermer JJ.ACE inhibitors and ARBs: one or the other–not both–for high-risk patients.J Fam Pract. 2009;58(1):24-7.Goa KL, Wagstaff AJ.Losartan potassium: a review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability in the management of hypertensionDrugs. 1996;51(5):820-845. doi:10.2165/00003495-199651050-00008DailyMed.Label: Cozaar- losartan potassium tablet, film coated.Prescribers’ Digital Reference.Losartan potassium - drug summary.Julius S, Weber MA, Kjeldsen SE, et al.The Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-Term Use Evaluation (VALUE) Trial: Outcomes in patients receiving monotherapy.Hypertension. 2006;48:385-391. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000236119.96301.f2DailyMed.Label: Diovan- valsartan tablet.Haller H, Ito S, Izzo JL Jr, et al, for the ROADMAP Trial Investigators.Olmesartan for the delay or prevention of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes.N Engl J Med. 2011;364:907-917. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1007994DailyMed.Label: Benicar- olmesartan medoxomil tablet, film coated.Forni V, Wuerzner G, Pruijm M, Burnier M.Long-term use and tolerability of irbesartan for control of hypertension.Integr Blood Press Control. 2011;4:17-26. doi:10.2147/IBPC.S12211DailyMed.Label: Avapro- irbesartan tablet, film coated.Kurtz TW, Kajiya T.Differential pharmacology and benefit/risk of azilsartan compared to other sartans.Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2012;8:133-143. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S22595DailyMed.Label: Edarbi- azilsartan kamedoxomil tablet.Ladage D, Schwinger RHG, Brixius K.Cardio-selective beta-blocker: Pharmacological evidence and their influence on exercise capacity.Cardiovasc Ther. 2012;doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00306.xPrescribers' Digital Reference.Labetalol hydrochloride - drug summary.American Heart Association.Types of blood pressure medications.American Heart Association.Medications Used to Treat Heart Failure.DailyMed.Label: Corlanor- ivabradine tablet, film coated Corlanor- ivabradine solution.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Heart failure.
MedlinePlus.Heart failure - medicines.
American Heart Association.What is heart failure?.
MedlinePlus.Heart failure.
Yale Medicine.Congestive heart failure (CHF).
MedlinePlus.ACE inhibitors.
DailyMed.Label: Lotensin- benazepril hydrochloride tablet.
Bratsos S.Efficacy of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors in the treatment of chronic heart failure: a review of landmark trials.Cureus. 2019;11(1):e3913. doi:10.7759/cureus.3913
Prescribers’ Digital Reference.Enalapril maleate - drug summary.
MedlinePlus.Lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide.
Simpson K, Jarvis B.Lisinopril: a review of its use in congestive heart failure.Drugs. 2000;59(5):1149-1167. doi:10.2165/00003495-200059050-00012
DailyMed.Label: Zestril- lisinopril tablet.
Prescribers’ Digital Reference.Lisinopril - drug summary.
Jamerson KA, Devereux R, Bakris GL, et al.Efficacy and duration of benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide on 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure control.Hypertension. 2011;57(2):174-179. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.159939
DailyMed.Label: Altace- ramipril capsule.
The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators.Effects of an angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.N Engl J Med. 2000;342(3):145-153. doi:10.1056/NEJM200001203420301
Diaz A, Ducharme A.Update on the use of trandolapril in the management of cardiovascular disorders.Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(6):1147-58. doi:10.2147/vhrm.s3467
DailyMed.Label: tranadolapril tablet.
National Kidney Foundation.Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors & angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).
Kobori H, Mori H, Masaki T, Nishiyama A.Angiotensin II blockade and renal protection.Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(17):3033-3042. doi:10.2174/1381612811319170009
Misra S, Stevermer JJ.ACE inhibitors and ARBs: one or the other–not both–for high-risk patients.J Fam Pract. 2009;58(1):24-7.
Goa KL, Wagstaff AJ.Losartan potassium: a review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability in the management of hypertensionDrugs. 1996;51(5):820-845. doi:10.2165/00003495-199651050-00008
DailyMed.Label: Cozaar- losartan potassium tablet, film coated.
Prescribers’ Digital Reference.Losartan potassium - drug summary.
Julius S, Weber MA, Kjeldsen SE, et al.The Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-Term Use Evaluation (VALUE) Trial: Outcomes in patients receiving monotherapy.Hypertension. 2006;48:385-391. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000236119.96301.f2
DailyMed.Label: Diovan- valsartan tablet.
Haller H, Ito S, Izzo JL Jr, et al, for the ROADMAP Trial Investigators.Olmesartan for the delay or prevention of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes.N Engl J Med. 2011;364:907-917. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1007994
DailyMed.Label: Benicar- olmesartan medoxomil tablet, film coated.
Forni V, Wuerzner G, Pruijm M, Burnier M.Long-term use and tolerability of irbesartan for control of hypertension.Integr Blood Press Control. 2011;4:17-26. doi:10.2147/IBPC.S12211
DailyMed.Label: Avapro- irbesartan tablet, film coated.
Kurtz TW, Kajiya T.Differential pharmacology and benefit/risk of azilsartan compared to other sartans.Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2012;8:133-143. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S22595
DailyMed.Label: Edarbi- azilsartan kamedoxomil tablet.
Ladage D, Schwinger RHG, Brixius K.Cardio-selective beta-blocker: Pharmacological evidence and their influence on exercise capacity.Cardiovasc Ther. 2012;doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00306.x
Prescribers' Digital Reference.Labetalol hydrochloride - drug summary.
American Heart Association.Types of blood pressure medications.
American Heart Association.Medications Used to Treat Heart Failure.
DailyMed.Label: Corlanor- ivabradine tablet, film coated Corlanor- ivabradine solution.
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