Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat It IsProceduresContraindicationsRisksHow to PrepareWhat to ExpectRecovery
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What It Is
Procedures
Contraindications
Risks
How to Prepare
What to Expect
Recovery
Calcaneal spur reduction is a type ofheel spursurgery. Heel spurs are painful outgrowths on the heel bone (calcaneus) that cause discomfort, inflammation, and swelling. Heel spur surgery is done when conservative therapies fail to provide relief.
There are two approaches to the surgery: one targets inferior spurs on the bottom of the heel and another targets posterior spurs on the back of the heel. Heel spur surgery can be highly effective, but it may take up to three months for some patients to fully recover.
This article will discuss the reasons for heel spur surgery and describe the two different types of procedures. It will also walk you through how to prepare and what to expect before, during, and after surgery.
Ralf Liebhold/Getty Images
Purpose of Heel Spur Surgery
The size or shape of a spur has nothing to do with the incidence or severity of symptoms. Large spurs can often cause no pain, while tiny ones can cause excruciating pain and extreme loss of mobility.
Heel spur surgery is not used because a bone spur is large—or simply because it’s there—but rather because it is causing refractory (treatment-resistant) pain.
More than 90% of people with heel spurs recover without surgery.By committing to a holistic, non-surgical treatment plan, you may find that your heel spur symptoms resolve on their own. It’s when they don’t that surgery can play a role in treatment.
In some cases, the pain is not associated with the spur itself but the condition that gave rise to it. (Plantar fasciitisis a common cause.)
Heel spur surgery is generally considered a last resort, and the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAS) recommends it be considered if symptoms fail to resolve with non-surgical treatments after six months.
Heel Spur Surgery Procedures
Heel spur surgery can be performed as eitheropen surgery(involving a scalpel and large incision) orendoscopic surgery(using “keyhole” incisions with a narrow scope and operating tools). Open surgery is better able to remove the entire spur.
Inferior Heel Spur Resection
Inferior heel spurs typically develop in the presence of plantar fasciitis (inflammation of theplantar fascia ligament, located on the bottom of the foot) and are often referred to as plantar fasciitis bone spurs.
In many cases, the removal of spurs will immediately followplantar fasciotomy, also known as plantar fasciitis release surgery.
Posterior Heel Spur Resection
This common approach targets posterior heel spurs located near theAchilles tendonon the back of the foot. Also referred to as Achilles bone spurs, these generally develop at the point where the tendon attaches to the heel bone.
It is not uncommon for spurs to also develop in the tendon itself. Simple spurs on the bone are relatively easy to remove, but those embedded deep in the Achilles tendon may require the detachment and reattachment of the tendon (Achilles tendon repair), making spur resection more complicated.
Heel spur surgery is performed on anoutpatientbasis, allowing you to return home as soon as the surgery is complete. Depending on the aims of the surgery and other factors, the procedure may involvelocal, regional, or general anesthesia.
According to research, heel spur surgery is effective in around 69% of cases, with another 25% reporting a moderate improvement of symptoms.
When to See a Healthcare Provider About Heel Pain
Who Shouldn’t Get Heel Spur Surgery?
One absolute contraindication for heel spur surgery is the absence of symptoms. If a spur is accidentally found on an X-ray, it should not be removed just because it is there. Doing so not only exposes the individual to unneeded surgery but may cause serious and potentially permanent injury.
Understanding the Risks of Surgery
Potential Risks
As with all surgeries, there are risks associated with heel spur surgery, including the use of anesthesia. Common complications specific to this procedure include:
Compared to open surgery, endoscopic surgery is associated with a faster resolution of symptoms and less postoperative pain and complications.
What Could Be Causing My Foot Pain?
Pre-Operative Evaluation
Heel spurs are most easily detected onX-raywhile standing. Even if spurs are identified, every effort should be made to ascertain whether the pain is the result of the spurs or an associated condition. Heel spur surgery is not only difficult to recover from but can cause more problems than it solves if not used appropriately.
The presence of a spur, even a large one, doesn’t necessarily mean that it is the cause of the pain. Consulting with an experiencedpodiatric surgeonorfoot and ankle orthopedistis essential to getting a correct diagnosis. Either one of these specialists can perform the surgery if needed.
On the other hand, there may be “clues” that cast the viability of heel spur surgery into doubt. One such example is bilateral heel pain, in which the pain in both heels may be the result of systemic diseases or infections rather than any spurs the healthcare provider may find.
To this end, healthcare providers will typically conduct adifferential diagnosisto exclude other possible causes before heel spur surgery is recommended. These may include:
If heel spur surgery is recommended, you will meet with the surgeon to review the lab and imaging reports and discuss how the operation will be performed. You will also discuss pre-operative and post-operative procedures you need to follow to better ensure the intended result.
Do not hesitate to ask the surgeon why a particular surgery was chosen. While open surgery is associated with a greater risk of complications, there may be reasons why it is a better approach in your case. Keep an open mind and seek a second opinion if needed.
How much does heel spur surgery cost?Costs will vary depending on where you go for treatment and your exact needs. To estimate general costs for heel spur surgery, you can use theProcedure Price Lookuptool from Medicare.gov. This will give you a total estimate for the procedure, and if you have Medicare, what your out-of-pocket costs might be. However, you should review actual costs with your insurance company and your provider.
How much does heel spur surgery cost?
Costs will vary depending on where you go for treatment and your exact needs. To estimate general costs for heel spur surgery, you can use theProcedure Price Lookuptool from Medicare.gov. This will give you a total estimate for the procedure, and if you have Medicare, what your out-of-pocket costs might be. However, you should review actual costs with your insurance company and your provider.
Important Questions to Ask Before Surgery
Location
Heel spur surgery is performed in the operating room of a hospital or specialty surgical center. The operating room will be equipped with standard surgical equipment, including an anesthesia machine, a surgical table, anelectrocardiogram (ECG) machineto monitor your heart rate, and amechanical ventilatorto deliver supplemental oxygen if needed.
For endoscopic surgery, there will also be a rigid fiberoptic scope called an endoscope that delivers live images to a video monitor. Specialized surgical equipment that can access the foot through tiny incisions will also be there.
What to Wear
Depending on the extent and location of the surgery, your foot may be bandaged, placed in an ankle splint or walking boot, or covered with a cast afterward. To accommodate for this, wear baggy shorts or loose-fitting pants (e.g., yoga or pajama bottoms) that slip easily over the foot. Skirts also work, or you can cut the side seam of an old pair of pants to widen the leg opening.
In addition to changing into a hospital gown before surgery, you will be asked to remove contacts, hairpieces, dentures, hearing aids, and tongue or lip piercings prior to the surgery. Leave any valuables at home, including jewelry and watches.
Food and Drink
You will be advised to stop eating at midnight the night before your procedure. On the morning of the surgery, you can take a few small sips of water to take your morning medications. Within four hours of surgery, you should not consume any food or liquid.
Medications
Your healthcare provider will advise you to stop taking certain medications that promote bleeding and slow wound healing, includinganticoagulants(blood thinners) andnonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
You may need to stop taking certain drugs for anywhere from one day to two weeks before surgery and discontinue use for up to a week or two after surgery. However, the decision to discontinue any medications should be made only after discussing the risks and benefits with your healthcare provider.
Drugs that doctors commonly recommend avoiding prior to surgery include:
To avoid drug interactions and complications, always let your healthcare provider know about any medications you are taking, whether they are prescription or over-the-counter. The same goes for herbs and supplements.
What to Bring
You will need to bring your driver’s license (or some other form of government ID), your insurance card, and an approved form of payment ifcopay or coinsurancecosts are required upfront. (Be sure to call the office beforehand to confirm that they accept your insurance and arein-network providers.)
You will also need to bring someone to drive you home and, ideally, to stay with you for a day or two to help you out and monitor for any adverse symptoms.
What to Expect on the Day of Surgery
How to Find the Best Podiatrist
Before the Surgery
Upon your arrival at the hospital or surgical facility, you will register, fill out medical information forms, and sign consent forms confirming that you understand the aim and risks of the surgery. You will then be led to the back to change into a hospital gown.
A nurse will take your weight, height,vital signs, and a sample of blood to check yourblood chemistry. An intravenous (IV) line is then inserted into a vein in your arm to deliver medications and fluids. (Even if the procedure is performed under local anesthesia, anintravenous sedativeis typically used to induce “twilight sleep.")
In addition, EGC leads are attached to your chest to monitor your heart rate, while apulse oximeteris clamped to your finger to monitor your blood oxygen levels.
During the Surgery
Once you are prepped, you are wheeled into the operating room. The appropriate form of anesthesia will be administered:
You will be positioned on the surgical table in either a supine (downward-facing) or lateral decubitus (sideways-facing) position, depending on how the heel spur(s) are best approached.
The open or endoscopic procedure is then performed:
Finally, the incision is closed with sutures or adhesive strips, and the foot is bandaged. An ankle splint, walking boot, or a cast may be used to immobilize the foot and/or ankle if needed.
After the Surgery
It is not uncommon to experience pain and discomfort around the surgical site. You will be given the appropriate painkiller and a nurse will administeranti-nausea medicationif youfeel ill from the anesthesia.
The healthcare provider may give you a prescription for a short course of anopioidlike Vicodin (hydrocodone plus acetaminophen) to help you manage pain.
When you arrive home from surgery, you should relax for the rest of the day with your foot propped up on pillows. Do not bathe or shower for the first day.
Stay off your feet as much as possible for the first few days after surgery. To avoid placing any strain on the foot, your healthcare provider may provide you with apair of crutchesor a hands-free knee crutch. Use whatever is provided, even if you feel confident without it.
Until the wound is amply healed and the stitches removed, you will need to keep the foot dry. This applies whether you are icing the area or washing yourself. When showering, you can either cover the foot with a plastic bag (secured with a rubber band) or ask your healthcare provider about using a watertight cast cover.
The wound dressing should be changed daily with sterile gauze and an alcohol-free topical antiseptic. Check daily for any abnormal changes in the wound or skin.
When to Call Your Healthcare ProviderCall your surgeon if you experience any of the following after undergoing heel spur surgery:Increasing pain, redness, and swelling around the incision siteHigh fever (100.5 degrees F) with chillsA yellowish-green and/or foul-smelling ooze from the woundNausea and vomitingWound dehiscence(an opening incision)
When to Call Your Healthcare Provider
Call your surgeon if you experience any of the following after undergoing heel spur surgery:Increasing pain, redness, and swelling around the incision siteHigh fever (100.5 degrees F) with chillsA yellowish-green and/or foul-smelling ooze from the woundNausea and vomitingWound dehiscence(an opening incision)
Call your surgeon if you experience any of the following after undergoing heel spur surgery:
10 Ways to Recover Faster From Surgery
Healing
After seven to 10 days, you will visit your surgeon to have the sutures removed and check on how your wound is healing. An X-ray may also be ordered, especially if other procedures were performed along with heel spur removal.
Based on the findings, the healthcare provider will have a better idea of your prognosis and the appropriate rehabilitation plan. If needed, you may be referred to aphysical therapist.
Most people with office-based jobs can return to work in two weeks with a walking boot or crutches. Those who work on their feet may need to wait for at least four weeks unless their healthcare provider says otherwise.
How Long Will Recovery Take After Surgery?
Coping With Recovery
Your surgeon will want to see you again when it is time to have your cast removed or to step you down from crutches to a walking boot.
As you are gradually stepped down to walking shoes, physical therapy may again be needed to teach you how to walk correctly and how to stretch your arches to compensate for any tissue retraction.
During the recovery period, it is not unusual to feel pain as you challenge muscles and tissues that have been out of commission for weeks. With persistence and adherence to your rehabilitation plan, you will improve. Support from family and friends can help this process tremendously.
During follow-up appointments, your healthcare provider will want to check for improvements in your symptoms. Not everyone who undergoes heel spur surgery experiences the complete resolution of symptoms, but many do. Be patient with your body as it heals.
Possible Future Surgeries
If you still have pain, inflammation, and swelling after rehabilitation, let your healthcare provider know. In some cases, revision surgery may be needed. At other times, further investigations may be needed to explore other possible explanations for your symptoms.
Summary
Surgery for heel spurs (called calcaneal spur reduction) is done if conservative measures and other treatment options are unable to relieve pain and loss of mobility.
Surgery can be done one of two ways, depending on the location of the spur. The procedure is done on an outpatient basis. Physical therapy may be needed to regain function of the muscles around the surgical site. It may take several weeks to a few months to recover completely from the surgery.
16 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Lim S, Yeap E, Lim Y, Yazid M.Outcome of calcaneoplasty in insertional Achilles tendinopathy.Malays Orthop J. 2012;6(SupplA):28-34. doi:10.5704/MOJ.1211.007Kirkpatrick J, Yassaie O, Mirjalili SA.The plantar calcaneal spur: A review of anatomy, histology, etiology and key associations.J Anat.2017;230(6):743-51. doi:10.1111/joa.12607Monteagudo M, De albornoz PM, Gutierrez B, Tabuenca J, Álvarez I.Plantar fasciopathy: A current concepts review.EFORTOpen Rev. 2018;3(8):485-93. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.3.170080Schneider HP, Baca JM, Carpenter BB, Dayton PD, Fleischer AE, Sachs BD.American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons Clinical Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Acquired Infracalcaneal Heel Pain.J Foot Ankle Surg. 2018 Mar-Apr;57(2):370-381. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2017.10.018Toumi H, Davies R, Mazor M, et al.Changes in prevalence of calcaneal spurs in men & women: A random population from a trauma clinic.BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:87. 2014 Mar 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-87Wong SH, Chiu KY, Yan CH.Review article: Osteophytes.J Orthop Surg(Hong Kong). 2016;24(3):403-10. doi:10.1177/1602400327Johansson KJ, Sarimo JJ, Lempainen LL, Laitala-Leinonen T, Orava SY.Calcific spurs at the insertion of the Achilles tendon: a clinical and histological study.Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2012;2(4):273-7.Meyr AJ, Mirmiran R, Naldo J, Sachs BD, Shibuya N.American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons clinical consensus statement: Perioperative management.J Foot Ankle Surg.2017;56(2):336-56. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2016.10.016Apóstol-González S, Herrera J, Herrera I.Calcaneus fractures as a complication of the percutaneous treatment of plantar fasciitis.Acta Ortop Mex. 2014;28(2):134-6.Kinley S, Frascone S, Calderone D, Wertheimer SJ, Squire MA, Wiseman FA.Endoscopic plantar fasciotomy versus traditional heel spur surgery: a prospective study.JFoot Ankle Surg. Nov-Dec 1993;32(6):595-603.Elengard T, Karlsson J, Silbernagel KG.Aspects of treatment for posterior heel pain in young athletes.Open Access J Sports Med. 2010;1:223-32. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S15413Yi TI, Lee GE, Seo IS, Huh WS, Yoon TH, Kim BR.Clinical characteristics of the causes of plantar heel pain.Ann Rehabil Med.2011;35(4):507-13. doi:10.5535/arm.2011.35.4.507Tu P.Heel pain: Diagnosis and management.Am Fam Physician. 2018 Jan 15;97(2):86-93Davies G.Regional anaesthesia and antithrombotic drugs.Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain.2012 Feb;12(1):11-6. doi:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkr046Lui TH.Endoscopic calcaneoplasty and Achilles tendoscopy with the patient in supine position. Arthrosc Tech.2016;5(6):e1475-9. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2016.08.027Nery C, Raduan F, Mansur N, Baunfeld D, Del Buono A, Maffulli N.Endoscopic approach for plantar fasciopathy: a long-term retrospective study.Int Orthop. 2013;37(6):1151-6. doi:10.1007/s00264-013-1847-z
16 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Lim S, Yeap E, Lim Y, Yazid M.Outcome of calcaneoplasty in insertional Achilles tendinopathy.Malays Orthop J. 2012;6(SupplA):28-34. doi:10.5704/MOJ.1211.007Kirkpatrick J, Yassaie O, Mirjalili SA.The plantar calcaneal spur: A review of anatomy, histology, etiology and key associations.J Anat.2017;230(6):743-51. doi:10.1111/joa.12607Monteagudo M, De albornoz PM, Gutierrez B, Tabuenca J, Álvarez I.Plantar fasciopathy: A current concepts review.EFORTOpen Rev. 2018;3(8):485-93. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.3.170080Schneider HP, Baca JM, Carpenter BB, Dayton PD, Fleischer AE, Sachs BD.American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons Clinical Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Acquired Infracalcaneal Heel Pain.J Foot Ankle Surg. 2018 Mar-Apr;57(2):370-381. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2017.10.018Toumi H, Davies R, Mazor M, et al.Changes in prevalence of calcaneal spurs in men & women: A random population from a trauma clinic.BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:87. 2014 Mar 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-87Wong SH, Chiu KY, Yan CH.Review article: Osteophytes.J Orthop Surg(Hong Kong). 2016;24(3):403-10. doi:10.1177/1602400327Johansson KJ, Sarimo JJ, Lempainen LL, Laitala-Leinonen T, Orava SY.Calcific spurs at the insertion of the Achilles tendon: a clinical and histological study.Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2012;2(4):273-7.Meyr AJ, Mirmiran R, Naldo J, Sachs BD, Shibuya N.American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons clinical consensus statement: Perioperative management.J Foot Ankle Surg.2017;56(2):336-56. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2016.10.016Apóstol-González S, Herrera J, Herrera I.Calcaneus fractures as a complication of the percutaneous treatment of plantar fasciitis.Acta Ortop Mex. 2014;28(2):134-6.Kinley S, Frascone S, Calderone D, Wertheimer SJ, Squire MA, Wiseman FA.Endoscopic plantar fasciotomy versus traditional heel spur surgery: a prospective study.JFoot Ankle Surg. Nov-Dec 1993;32(6):595-603.Elengard T, Karlsson J, Silbernagel KG.Aspects of treatment for posterior heel pain in young athletes.Open Access J Sports Med. 2010;1:223-32. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S15413Yi TI, Lee GE, Seo IS, Huh WS, Yoon TH, Kim BR.Clinical characteristics of the causes of plantar heel pain.Ann Rehabil Med.2011;35(4):507-13. doi:10.5535/arm.2011.35.4.507Tu P.Heel pain: Diagnosis and management.Am Fam Physician. 2018 Jan 15;97(2):86-93Davies G.Regional anaesthesia and antithrombotic drugs.Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain.2012 Feb;12(1):11-6. doi:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkr046Lui TH.Endoscopic calcaneoplasty and Achilles tendoscopy with the patient in supine position. Arthrosc Tech.2016;5(6):e1475-9. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2016.08.027Nery C, Raduan F, Mansur N, Baunfeld D, Del Buono A, Maffulli N.Endoscopic approach for plantar fasciopathy: a long-term retrospective study.Int Orthop. 2013;37(6):1151-6. doi:10.1007/s00264-013-1847-z
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Lim S, Yeap E, Lim Y, Yazid M.Outcome of calcaneoplasty in insertional Achilles tendinopathy.Malays Orthop J. 2012;6(SupplA):28-34. doi:10.5704/MOJ.1211.007Kirkpatrick J, Yassaie O, Mirjalili SA.The plantar calcaneal spur: A review of anatomy, histology, etiology and key associations.J Anat.2017;230(6):743-51. doi:10.1111/joa.12607Monteagudo M, De albornoz PM, Gutierrez B, Tabuenca J, Álvarez I.Plantar fasciopathy: A current concepts review.EFORTOpen Rev. 2018;3(8):485-93. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.3.170080Schneider HP, Baca JM, Carpenter BB, Dayton PD, Fleischer AE, Sachs BD.American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons Clinical Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Acquired Infracalcaneal Heel Pain.J Foot Ankle Surg. 2018 Mar-Apr;57(2):370-381. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2017.10.018Toumi H, Davies R, Mazor M, et al.Changes in prevalence of calcaneal spurs in men & women: A random population from a trauma clinic.BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:87. 2014 Mar 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-87Wong SH, Chiu KY, Yan CH.Review article: Osteophytes.J Orthop Surg(Hong Kong). 2016;24(3):403-10. doi:10.1177/1602400327Johansson KJ, Sarimo JJ, Lempainen LL, Laitala-Leinonen T, Orava SY.Calcific spurs at the insertion of the Achilles tendon: a clinical and histological study.Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2012;2(4):273-7.Meyr AJ, Mirmiran R, Naldo J, Sachs BD, Shibuya N.American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons clinical consensus statement: Perioperative management.J Foot Ankle Surg.2017;56(2):336-56. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2016.10.016Apóstol-González S, Herrera J, Herrera I.Calcaneus fractures as a complication of the percutaneous treatment of plantar fasciitis.Acta Ortop Mex. 2014;28(2):134-6.Kinley S, Frascone S, Calderone D, Wertheimer SJ, Squire MA, Wiseman FA.Endoscopic plantar fasciotomy versus traditional heel spur surgery: a prospective study.JFoot Ankle Surg. Nov-Dec 1993;32(6):595-603.Elengard T, Karlsson J, Silbernagel KG.Aspects of treatment for posterior heel pain in young athletes.Open Access J Sports Med. 2010;1:223-32. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S15413Yi TI, Lee GE, Seo IS, Huh WS, Yoon TH, Kim BR.Clinical characteristics of the causes of plantar heel pain.Ann Rehabil Med.2011;35(4):507-13. doi:10.5535/arm.2011.35.4.507Tu P.Heel pain: Diagnosis and management.Am Fam Physician. 2018 Jan 15;97(2):86-93Davies G.Regional anaesthesia and antithrombotic drugs.Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain.2012 Feb;12(1):11-6. doi:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkr046Lui TH.Endoscopic calcaneoplasty and Achilles tendoscopy with the patient in supine position. Arthrosc Tech.2016;5(6):e1475-9. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2016.08.027Nery C, Raduan F, Mansur N, Baunfeld D, Del Buono A, Maffulli N.Endoscopic approach for plantar fasciopathy: a long-term retrospective study.Int Orthop. 2013;37(6):1151-6. doi:10.1007/s00264-013-1847-z
Lim S, Yeap E, Lim Y, Yazid M.Outcome of calcaneoplasty in insertional Achilles tendinopathy.Malays Orthop J. 2012;6(SupplA):28-34. doi:10.5704/MOJ.1211.007
Kirkpatrick J, Yassaie O, Mirjalili SA.The plantar calcaneal spur: A review of anatomy, histology, etiology and key associations.J Anat.2017;230(6):743-51. doi:10.1111/joa.12607
Monteagudo M, De albornoz PM, Gutierrez B, Tabuenca J, Álvarez I.Plantar fasciopathy: A current concepts review.EFORTOpen Rev. 2018;3(8):485-93. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.3.170080
Schneider HP, Baca JM, Carpenter BB, Dayton PD, Fleischer AE, Sachs BD.American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons Clinical Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Acquired Infracalcaneal Heel Pain.J Foot Ankle Surg. 2018 Mar-Apr;57(2):370-381. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2017.10.018
Toumi H, Davies R, Mazor M, et al.Changes in prevalence of calcaneal spurs in men & women: A random population from a trauma clinic.BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:87. 2014 Mar 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-87
Wong SH, Chiu KY, Yan CH.Review article: Osteophytes.J Orthop Surg(Hong Kong). 2016;24(3):403-10. doi:10.1177/1602400327
Johansson KJ, Sarimo JJ, Lempainen LL, Laitala-Leinonen T, Orava SY.Calcific spurs at the insertion of the Achilles tendon: a clinical and histological study.Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2012;2(4):273-7.
Meyr AJ, Mirmiran R, Naldo J, Sachs BD, Shibuya N.American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons clinical consensus statement: Perioperative management.J Foot Ankle Surg.2017;56(2):336-56. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2016.10.016
Apóstol-González S, Herrera J, Herrera I.Calcaneus fractures as a complication of the percutaneous treatment of plantar fasciitis.Acta Ortop Mex. 2014;28(2):134-6.
Kinley S, Frascone S, Calderone D, Wertheimer SJ, Squire MA, Wiseman FA.Endoscopic plantar fasciotomy versus traditional heel spur surgery: a prospective study.JFoot Ankle Surg. Nov-Dec 1993;32(6):595-603.
Elengard T, Karlsson J, Silbernagel KG.Aspects of treatment for posterior heel pain in young athletes.Open Access J Sports Med. 2010;1:223-32. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S15413
Yi TI, Lee GE, Seo IS, Huh WS, Yoon TH, Kim BR.Clinical characteristics of the causes of plantar heel pain.Ann Rehabil Med.2011;35(4):507-13. doi:10.5535/arm.2011.35.4.507
Tu P.Heel pain: Diagnosis and management.Am Fam Physician. 2018 Jan 15;97(2):86-93
Davies G.Regional anaesthesia and antithrombotic drugs.Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain.2012 Feb;12(1):11-6. doi:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkr046
Lui TH.Endoscopic calcaneoplasty and Achilles tendoscopy with the patient in supine position. Arthrosc Tech.2016;5(6):e1475-9. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2016.08.027
Nery C, Raduan F, Mansur N, Baunfeld D, Del Buono A, Maffulli N.Endoscopic approach for plantar fasciopathy: a long-term retrospective study.Int Orthop. 2013;37(6):1151-6. doi:10.1007/s00264-013-1847-z
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