Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat It IsPurposePreparingWhat to ExpectRecoveringLong-Term CarePotential RisksFrequently Asked QuestionsNext in Hernia Surgery GuideHernia Surgery: What to Expect on the Day of Surgery
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What It Is
Purpose
Preparing
What to Expect
Recovering
Long-Term Care
Potential Risks
Frequently Asked Questions
Next in Hernia Surgery Guide
Aherniais when an organ or tissue protrudes through a weak area of muscle. This is most common in the abdomen. Hernia repair surgery may be called ahernioplastyorherniorrhaphy. During this surgery, the displaced tissue is returned back into the body and the weak spot is stitched or patched up.
Hernia repair surgery is common.It is generally very safe and effective. If you or a loved one are considering this surgery, though, it is important to understand its potential risks and the recovery process.
This article looks at hernia repair surgery and its purpose. It also discusses how to prepare for surgery, what the risks are, and what you should expect while you recover.
Verywell / Hilary Allison
What Is Hernia Repair Surgery?
The surgery may be done in adults and children. It usually takes less than an hour or two.
Hernia repair surgery is done withanesthesia. The type you receive depends on the surgical technique. It may also depend on if the surgery is an emergency or not.
The three types of anesthesia that you may receive include:
The Difference Between Hernioplasty and HerniorrhaphyHerniorrhaphy refers to a surgical technique that relies primarily on sutures to secure herniated tissue in its proper location and strengthen the weakened muscle at the site.Hernioplasty is a different technique that relies primarily on placing synthetic mesh to reinforce the weakened muscle site.
The Difference Between Hernioplasty and Herniorrhaphy
Herniorrhaphy refers to a surgical technique that relies primarily on sutures to secure herniated tissue in its proper location and strengthen the weakened muscle at the site.Hernioplasty is a different technique that relies primarily on placing synthetic mesh to reinforce the weakened muscle site.
4 Main Types of Anesthesia and How They’re Used
Surgical Techniques
Hernias are repaired with one of three types of surgery:
The technique used is based on several variables. These may include:
During open surgery, the surgeon makes a cut called an incision near the hernia. The bulging tissue is returned back into the body through the incision.
The weak muscle that allowed the hernia to occur is then repaired. It may be stitched back together or, more commonly, patched with a synthetic material called mesh.
During laparoscopic surgery, multiple tiny incisions are made around the hernia. Long, thin surgical tools are inserted through these incisions.
Robotic surgeryalso involves a camera and the use of very small surgical tools attached to robotic arms. A specially-trained surgeon controls the robotic arms from a viewing screen, which is usually situated in the same room as the operating table.
Open surgery is a more traditional way to repair a hernia. Laparoscopic surgery is generally less painful and often lets patients recover faster.
Understanding Laparoscopic Surgery
Hernia repair may be done laparoscopically, robotically, or with open surgery. Laparoscopic surgery typically has a faster recovery time.
Contraindications
There are no absolutecontraindicationsto undergoing hernia repair surgery. This means there are no medical conditions that will exclude you from being able to have hernia surgery.
There may be relative contraindications. These are circumstances that make extra preparation necessary before you can have the surgery. These include:
Understanding Perineal Hernia
Purposes of Hernia Surgery
Most hernias occur within the abdominal wall. With these hernias, there is a weakness or tear in the outer abdominal muscles. These muscles normally keep organs or tissues, like the intestines, inside.
In aninguinalhernia, the intestines or fatty tissue bulges through the abdominal muscles in the groin area. About 75% of all hernias are inguinal. These are most common in biological males.
Another type of abdominal wall hernia is afemoralhernia. These occur a bit lower in the groin than inguinal hernias. They are more common in biological females, and carry higher risks if not repaired.
Other types of abdominal wall hernias include:
Reducible Hernia
A reducible hernia is one that bulges with pressure. This might happen when you’re lifting something heavy. It might also happen when you’re straining to have a bowel movement.
Reducible hernias return inside the body when the pressure is gone. You may also be able to push them back with gentle pressure from the outside.
These hernias are not considered an emergency, but still require a surgical repair.
Incarcerated Hernia
An incarcerated hernia remains in the “out” position. It can’t be pushed back.
These hernias can become strangulated. This means the bulging tissue loses blood flow. This can be life-threatening and requires emergency surgery.
Irreducible hernias can lead to permanent damage. For example, 15% of boys with an irreducible hernia will experience testicular damage and atrophy.
Surgeons recommend hernia repair surgery for most hernias. This will improve symptoms and prevent hernia incarceration.
In certain cases, watchful waiting may be recommended. This means your doctor may want to monitor your condition for a while before making a decision about surgery. For example:
Preparing for Hernia Surgery
Your surgeon will give you instructions on how to prepare for your surgery.
These instructions may include:
What to Expect on the Day of Surgery
What happens the day of your surgery will depend on certain factors. The steps will vary depending on the type of surgery you will have and which anesthesia you will receive.
If you are having laparoscopic surgery, you can expect the following steps:
After the surgery, you will be moved to a recovery room. You will spend a few hours there while the anesthesia wears off. When symptoms like pain are under control, you will be able to go home.
Hernia Surgery: What to Expect on the Day of Surgery
Recovery From Hernia Surgery
Recovery time for hernia repair surgery varies depending on what kind of surgery you had. For laparoscopic surgery, it’s typically about one to two weeks.For open repair surgery, it’s usually about three weeks.
Make sure to follow your surgeon’s post-operative instructions. This will help optimize healing and prevent complications. These instructions may include:
When to Seek Medical Attention
Contact your healthcare provider if you notice any of these symptoms while you’re recovering:
What to Expect When Recovering From Hernia Surgery
Outcomes and Long-Term Care
Hernias will not heal or resolve on their own. The main benefit of surgery is that, in most cases, it fixes the problem. This means that after you recover, you should be able to return to your normal routine and daily life. You should not have pain, discomfort, or a visible bulge.
In most cases, the long-term prognosis for people who have hernia surgeries is good. Inguinal hernia repairs are generally uncomplicated, although about 10% of people will experience chronic pain and there may be recurrence of the hernia.
About one in six people will have a hernia recurrence after certain abdominal wall repairs, with some variation based on the technique used.There are few short-term complications with incisional hernia repair, although less is known about the long-term impacts.
In the long term, your surgeon will want you to stay healthy. If you have any persistent symptoms, especially pain, let your surgeon know. If you are obese, your surgeon may recommend losing weight topreventa recurrence.
Herniorrhaphy: What to Expect with Hernia Repair Surgery
Potential Risks of Hernia Repair Surgery
The main risks of hernia repair surgery include:
All surgeries have some risk. The risks in hernia surgery are low but may include chronic pain, nerve or tissue damage, and hernia recurrence.
Summary
A hernia is when tissue or an organ bulges through a weak area of muscle. Hernia repair is a surgery that can correct this problem. Hernia repair surgery is more urgent when the hernia is incarcerated or permanently in the out position. Surgery can prevent the hernia from becoming strangulated.
Some hernias may not require surgery, at least initially. Your healthcare provider may recommend watchful waiting instead.
A Word From Verywell
Hernia repair surgery can be done with two different techniques, and open procedures also allow for a few anesthesia options. If hernia repair surgery is right for you, your surgeon will be your primary source of information about your options and the best approach.
Frequently Asked QuestionsA hernia will not heal on its own. Left untreated, a hernia will become larger and can cause serious health problems. The hernia can become trapped or incarcerated. It may become strangulated, cutting off blood flow to the trapped tissue. This can be a life-threatening emergency.All surgical procedures carry risks. Hernia surgery is typically not complicated. The risk of death generally is very low. The chance of complications is higher after emergency hernia surgery than it is after scheduled surgery.The main risks associated with hernia surgery are:BleedingInfectionBowel or urinary tract issuesNerve or tissue damageChronic post-operative painFluid collection at the surgical site.Recovery can take a few weeks. If the surgery was performed laparoscopically, healing could take as little as a week to two weeks. Open hernia surgery will take longer to heal. It typically takes three weeks to a month to recover from open hernia surgery.Generally speaking, no. Hernias require surgical treatment. In some cases, your healthcare provider may opt for a watchful waiting approach if you have no symptoms or to see if the hernia worsens. However, there is much you can do to prevent hernias, such as maintaining a healthy weight and exercising.
A hernia will not heal on its own. Left untreated, a hernia will become larger and can cause serious health problems. The hernia can become trapped or incarcerated. It may become strangulated, cutting off blood flow to the trapped tissue. This can be a life-threatening emergency.
All surgical procedures carry risks. Hernia surgery is typically not complicated. The risk of death generally is very low. The chance of complications is higher after emergency hernia surgery than it is after scheduled surgery.The main risks associated with hernia surgery are:BleedingInfectionBowel or urinary tract issuesNerve or tissue damageChronic post-operative painFluid collection at the surgical site.
All surgical procedures carry risks. Hernia surgery is typically not complicated. The risk of death generally is very low. The chance of complications is higher after emergency hernia surgery than it is after scheduled surgery.
The main risks associated with hernia surgery are:
Recovery can take a few weeks. If the surgery was performed laparoscopically, healing could take as little as a week to two weeks. Open hernia surgery will take longer to heal. It typically takes three weeks to a month to recover from open hernia surgery.
Generally speaking, no. Hernias require surgical treatment. In some cases, your healthcare provider may opt for a watchful waiting approach if you have no symptoms or to see if the hernia worsens. However, there is much you can do to prevent hernias, such as maintaining a healthy weight and exercising.
27 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Kaiser Permanente.Open inguinal hernia repair (herniorrhaphy, hernioplasty).American Society of Anesthesiologists.Hernia surgery.Harvard Medical School.Hernia repair.Yale Medicine.Anesthesia for hernia repair.Penn Medicine.Hernia surgery & repair.Mahmoudvand H, Forutani S, Nadri S.Comparison of treatment outcomes of surgical repair in inguinal hernia with classic versus preperitoneal methods on reduction of postoperative complications.Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:3785302. doi:10.1155/2017/3785302American College of Surgeons.Inguinal and femoral groin hernia repair.Bittner R, Schwarz J.Inguinal hernia repair: Current surgical techniques.Langenbecks Arch Surg.2012;397(2):271-82. doi:10.1007/s00423-011-0875-7Pielaciński K, Puła B, Szczepanik AB.Totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair in patients with hemophilia and von Willebrand disease. Prospective controlled study.Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne. 2021;16(3):552-559. doi:10.5114/wiitm.2021.103953Johna S.Laparoscopic incisional hernia repair in obese patients.JSLS. 2005;9(1):47-50.LeBlanch KE, LeBlanc LL, LeBlanc KA.Inguinal hernias: Diagnosis and management.Am Fam Physician.2013;87(12):844-848.University of Michigan Health.Abdominal wall hernias.Victoria, Australia, Department of Health.Hernias.Yeap E, Pacilli M, Nataraja RM.Inguinal hernias in children.Aust J Gen Pract. 2020;49(1-2):38-43. doi:10.31128/AJGP-08-19-5037Berger D.Evidence-based hernia treatment in adults.Dtsch Arztebl Int.2016;113(9):150–158. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0150HerniaSurge Group.International guidelines for groin hernia management.Hernia. 2018;22(1):1–165. doi:10.1007/s10029-017-1668-xBrooks DC.Overview of abdominal wall hernias in adults. In: Rosen M, ed.UpToDate. Waltham, Mass: UpToDate; 2021.Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons.Guidelines for the management of hiatal hernia.University of Michigan.Open inguinal hernia repair (herniorrhaphy, hernioplasty).Kadakia N, Mudgway R, Vo J, et al.Long-term outcomes of ventral hernia repair: an 11-year follow-up.Cureus. 2020;12(8):e9523. doi:10.7759/cureus.9523Soare AM, Cârţu D, Nechita SL, Andronic O, Șurlin V.Complications of intraperitoneal mesh techniques for incisional hernia—a systematic review.Chirurgia (Bucur). 2021;116(6 Suppl):S36-S42.Schjøth-Iversen L, Refsum A, Brudvik KW.Factors associated with hernia recurrence after laparoscopic total extraperitoneal repair for inguinal hernia: a 2-year prospective cohort study.Hernia. 2017;21(5):729-735. doi:10.1007/s10029-017-1634-7Chowbey PK, Pithawala M, Khullar R, Sharma A, Soni V, Baijal M.Complications in groin hernia surgery and the way out.J Minim Access Surg. 2006;2(3):174–177. doi:10.4103/0972-9941.27734Andresen K, Rosenberg J.Management of chronic pain after hernia repair.J Pain Res. 2018;11:675–681. doi:10.2147/JPR.S127820HealthLink, Government of Alberta.Inguinal hernia: Should I have surgery or should I wait?Nilsson H, Stylianidis G, Haapamäki M, Nilsson E, Nordin P.Mortality after groin hernia surgery.Ann Surg. 2007;245(4):656-60. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000251364.32698.4bNortheast Georgia Health System.If I leave it alone, will my hernia heal on its own?.Additional ReadingLindmark M, Strigård K, Löwenmark T, Dahlstrand U, Gunnarsson U.Risk factors for surgical complications in ventral hernia repair.World J Surg.2018;42(11):3528–3536. doi:10.1007/s00268-018-4642-6
27 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Kaiser Permanente.Open inguinal hernia repair (herniorrhaphy, hernioplasty).American Society of Anesthesiologists.Hernia surgery.Harvard Medical School.Hernia repair.Yale Medicine.Anesthesia for hernia repair.Penn Medicine.Hernia surgery & repair.Mahmoudvand H, Forutani S, Nadri S.Comparison of treatment outcomes of surgical repair in inguinal hernia with classic versus preperitoneal methods on reduction of postoperative complications.Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:3785302. doi:10.1155/2017/3785302American College of Surgeons.Inguinal and femoral groin hernia repair.Bittner R, Schwarz J.Inguinal hernia repair: Current surgical techniques.Langenbecks Arch Surg.2012;397(2):271-82. doi:10.1007/s00423-011-0875-7Pielaciński K, Puła B, Szczepanik AB.Totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair in patients with hemophilia and von Willebrand disease. Prospective controlled study.Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne. 2021;16(3):552-559. doi:10.5114/wiitm.2021.103953Johna S.Laparoscopic incisional hernia repair in obese patients.JSLS. 2005;9(1):47-50.LeBlanch KE, LeBlanc LL, LeBlanc KA.Inguinal hernias: Diagnosis and management.Am Fam Physician.2013;87(12):844-848.University of Michigan Health.Abdominal wall hernias.Victoria, Australia, Department of Health.Hernias.Yeap E, Pacilli M, Nataraja RM.Inguinal hernias in children.Aust J Gen Pract. 2020;49(1-2):38-43. doi:10.31128/AJGP-08-19-5037Berger D.Evidence-based hernia treatment in adults.Dtsch Arztebl Int.2016;113(9):150–158. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0150HerniaSurge Group.International guidelines for groin hernia management.Hernia. 2018;22(1):1–165. doi:10.1007/s10029-017-1668-xBrooks DC.Overview of abdominal wall hernias in adults. In: Rosen M, ed.UpToDate. Waltham, Mass: UpToDate; 2021.Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons.Guidelines for the management of hiatal hernia.University of Michigan.Open inguinal hernia repair (herniorrhaphy, hernioplasty).Kadakia N, Mudgway R, Vo J, et al.Long-term outcomes of ventral hernia repair: an 11-year follow-up.Cureus. 2020;12(8):e9523. doi:10.7759/cureus.9523Soare AM, Cârţu D, Nechita SL, Andronic O, Șurlin V.Complications of intraperitoneal mesh techniques for incisional hernia—a systematic review.Chirurgia (Bucur). 2021;116(6 Suppl):S36-S42.Schjøth-Iversen L, Refsum A, Brudvik KW.Factors associated with hernia recurrence after laparoscopic total extraperitoneal repair for inguinal hernia: a 2-year prospective cohort study.Hernia. 2017;21(5):729-735. doi:10.1007/s10029-017-1634-7Chowbey PK, Pithawala M, Khullar R, Sharma A, Soni V, Baijal M.Complications in groin hernia surgery and the way out.J Minim Access Surg. 2006;2(3):174–177. doi:10.4103/0972-9941.27734Andresen K, Rosenberg J.Management of chronic pain after hernia repair.J Pain Res. 2018;11:675–681. doi:10.2147/JPR.S127820HealthLink, Government of Alberta.Inguinal hernia: Should I have surgery or should I wait?Nilsson H, Stylianidis G, Haapamäki M, Nilsson E, Nordin P.Mortality after groin hernia surgery.Ann Surg. 2007;245(4):656-60. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000251364.32698.4bNortheast Georgia Health System.If I leave it alone, will my hernia heal on its own?.Additional ReadingLindmark M, Strigård K, Löwenmark T, Dahlstrand U, Gunnarsson U.Risk factors for surgical complications in ventral hernia repair.World J Surg.2018;42(11):3528–3536. doi:10.1007/s00268-018-4642-6
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Kaiser Permanente.Open inguinal hernia repair (herniorrhaphy, hernioplasty).American Society of Anesthesiologists.Hernia surgery.Harvard Medical School.Hernia repair.Yale Medicine.Anesthesia for hernia repair.Penn Medicine.Hernia surgery & repair.Mahmoudvand H, Forutani S, Nadri S.Comparison of treatment outcomes of surgical repair in inguinal hernia with classic versus preperitoneal methods on reduction of postoperative complications.Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:3785302. doi:10.1155/2017/3785302American College of Surgeons.Inguinal and femoral groin hernia repair.Bittner R, Schwarz J.Inguinal hernia repair: Current surgical techniques.Langenbecks Arch Surg.2012;397(2):271-82. doi:10.1007/s00423-011-0875-7Pielaciński K, Puła B, Szczepanik AB.Totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair in patients with hemophilia and von Willebrand disease. Prospective controlled study.Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne. 2021;16(3):552-559. doi:10.5114/wiitm.2021.103953Johna S.Laparoscopic incisional hernia repair in obese patients.JSLS. 2005;9(1):47-50.LeBlanch KE, LeBlanc LL, LeBlanc KA.Inguinal hernias: Diagnosis and management.Am Fam Physician.2013;87(12):844-848.University of Michigan Health.Abdominal wall hernias.Victoria, Australia, Department of Health.Hernias.Yeap E, Pacilli M, Nataraja RM.Inguinal hernias in children.Aust J Gen Pract. 2020;49(1-2):38-43. doi:10.31128/AJGP-08-19-5037Berger D.Evidence-based hernia treatment in adults.Dtsch Arztebl Int.2016;113(9):150–158. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0150HerniaSurge Group.International guidelines for groin hernia management.Hernia. 2018;22(1):1–165. doi:10.1007/s10029-017-1668-xBrooks DC.Overview of abdominal wall hernias in adults. In: Rosen M, ed.UpToDate. Waltham, Mass: UpToDate; 2021.Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons.Guidelines for the management of hiatal hernia.University of Michigan.Open inguinal hernia repair (herniorrhaphy, hernioplasty).Kadakia N, Mudgway R, Vo J, et al.Long-term outcomes of ventral hernia repair: an 11-year follow-up.Cureus. 2020;12(8):e9523. doi:10.7759/cureus.9523Soare AM, Cârţu D, Nechita SL, Andronic O, Șurlin V.Complications of intraperitoneal mesh techniques for incisional hernia—a systematic review.Chirurgia (Bucur). 2021;116(6 Suppl):S36-S42.Schjøth-Iversen L, Refsum A, Brudvik KW.Factors associated with hernia recurrence after laparoscopic total extraperitoneal repair for inguinal hernia: a 2-year prospective cohort study.Hernia. 2017;21(5):729-735. doi:10.1007/s10029-017-1634-7Chowbey PK, Pithawala M, Khullar R, Sharma A, Soni V, Baijal M.Complications in groin hernia surgery and the way out.J Minim Access Surg. 2006;2(3):174–177. doi:10.4103/0972-9941.27734Andresen K, Rosenberg J.Management of chronic pain after hernia repair.J Pain Res. 2018;11:675–681. doi:10.2147/JPR.S127820HealthLink, Government of Alberta.Inguinal hernia: Should I have surgery or should I wait?Nilsson H, Stylianidis G, Haapamäki M, Nilsson E, Nordin P.Mortality after groin hernia surgery.Ann Surg. 2007;245(4):656-60. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000251364.32698.4bNortheast Georgia Health System.If I leave it alone, will my hernia heal on its own?.
Kaiser Permanente.Open inguinal hernia repair (herniorrhaphy, hernioplasty).
American Society of Anesthesiologists.Hernia surgery.
Harvard Medical School.Hernia repair.
Yale Medicine.Anesthesia for hernia repair.
Penn Medicine.Hernia surgery & repair.
Mahmoudvand H, Forutani S, Nadri S.Comparison of treatment outcomes of surgical repair in inguinal hernia with classic versus preperitoneal methods on reduction of postoperative complications.Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:3785302. doi:10.1155/2017/3785302
American College of Surgeons.Inguinal and femoral groin hernia repair.
Bittner R, Schwarz J.Inguinal hernia repair: Current surgical techniques.Langenbecks Arch Surg.2012;397(2):271-82. doi:10.1007/s00423-011-0875-7
Pielaciński K, Puła B, Szczepanik AB.Totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair in patients with hemophilia and von Willebrand disease. Prospective controlled study.Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne. 2021;16(3):552-559. doi:10.5114/wiitm.2021.103953
Johna S.Laparoscopic incisional hernia repair in obese patients.JSLS. 2005;9(1):47-50.
LeBlanch KE, LeBlanc LL, LeBlanc KA.Inguinal hernias: Diagnosis and management.Am Fam Physician.2013;87(12):844-848.
University of Michigan Health.Abdominal wall hernias.
Victoria, Australia, Department of Health.Hernias.
Yeap E, Pacilli M, Nataraja RM.Inguinal hernias in children.Aust J Gen Pract. 2020;49(1-2):38-43. doi:10.31128/AJGP-08-19-5037
Berger D.Evidence-based hernia treatment in adults.Dtsch Arztebl Int.2016;113(9):150–158. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0150
HerniaSurge Group.International guidelines for groin hernia management.Hernia. 2018;22(1):1–165. doi:10.1007/s10029-017-1668-x
Brooks DC.Overview of abdominal wall hernias in adults. In: Rosen M, ed.UpToDate. Waltham, Mass: UpToDate; 2021.
Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons.Guidelines for the management of hiatal hernia.
University of Michigan.Open inguinal hernia repair (herniorrhaphy, hernioplasty).
Kadakia N, Mudgway R, Vo J, et al.Long-term outcomes of ventral hernia repair: an 11-year follow-up.Cureus. 2020;12(8):e9523. doi:10.7759/cureus.9523
Soare AM, Cârţu D, Nechita SL, Andronic O, Șurlin V.Complications of intraperitoneal mesh techniques for incisional hernia—a systematic review.Chirurgia (Bucur). 2021;116(6 Suppl):S36-S42.
Schjøth-Iversen L, Refsum A, Brudvik KW.Factors associated with hernia recurrence after laparoscopic total extraperitoneal repair for inguinal hernia: a 2-year prospective cohort study.Hernia. 2017;21(5):729-735. doi:10.1007/s10029-017-1634-7
Chowbey PK, Pithawala M, Khullar R, Sharma A, Soni V, Baijal M.Complications in groin hernia surgery and the way out.J Minim Access Surg. 2006;2(3):174–177. doi:10.4103/0972-9941.27734
Andresen K, Rosenberg J.Management of chronic pain after hernia repair.J Pain Res. 2018;11:675–681. doi:10.2147/JPR.S127820
HealthLink, Government of Alberta.Inguinal hernia: Should I have surgery or should I wait?
Nilsson H, Stylianidis G, Haapamäki M, Nilsson E, Nordin P.Mortality after groin hernia surgery.Ann Surg. 2007;245(4):656-60. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000251364.32698.4b
Northeast Georgia Health System.If I leave it alone, will my hernia heal on its own?.
Lindmark M, Strigård K, Löwenmark T, Dahlstrand U, Gunnarsson U.Risk factors for surgical complications in ventral hernia repair.World J Surg.2018;42(11):3528–3536. doi:10.1007/s00268-018-4642-6
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