Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSymptomsTypesCauses and Risk FactorsDiagnosisTreatmentCopingFrequently Asked QuestionsNext in Hidradenitis Suppurativa GuideSigns of Hidradenitis Suppurativa Including Pimples on Groin, Armpit, and More
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Table of Contents
Symptoms
Types
Causes and Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Coping
Frequently Asked Questions
Next in Hidradenitis Suppurativa Guide
Hidradenitis suppurativais a chronic, scarring skin disease that affects the apocrine glands, also known as the sweat glands. It causes painful lumps and boils on the skin, especially in the armpit, groin, breast, and anus.It is a relatively common condition but is frequently misdiagnosed and can be disabling and distressing for the person affected.
Hidradenitis suppurativa, also known asacne inversa, does not occur beforepuberty. Rather, most people get it between the ages of 20 and 40 years old. Women are four times more likely than men to be affected.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa Symptoms
Hidradenitis suppurativa occurs in areas of the body that contain sweat glands including the armpits, groin, upper thighs, buttocks, scalp, and under the breasts in females.
Early symptoms include:
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See PhotoDermNet /CC BY-NC-ND
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See Photo
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.
Symptoms may come and go. When the condition is mild, it may only cause a cluster of two or threeblackheadsthat connect under the skin.
Once hidradenitis suppurativa starts, it gets progressively worse. The boils can become very painful and restrict movement. The boils can also rupture and leak fluid, often with a foul odor.
The accumulation of pus beneath the skin can lead to the formation of painfulabscesses, which can cause deep and unsightly scars after the tissues have healed. Abscesses can also sometimes merge beneath the skin and cause cord-like scarring.
The Difference Between a Pimple and a Boil
Types of Hidradenitis Suppurativa
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In either case, the blockage of pores causes the formation of bumps and boils than can rupture and become infected. The condition most often affects areas of skin that rub together and have many sweat glands (such as the armpits and groin).
There are certain risk factors that increase the likelihood of hidradenitis suppurativa:
Hidradenitis suppurativa is not contagious, so it cannot be passed to others. It is neither a sexually transmitted disease nor the result of poor hygiene.
In the early stages, hidradenitis suppurativa resembles isolatedboilsor infected hair follicles. Symptoms often come and go.
Repeated breakouts are one clue that something beyond just a simple boil or inflamed hair follicle is happening. As breakouts continuously appear and heal, they often form scar tissue, often creating bands of scarring that can restrict the movement of the limb over time. This is another giveaway that the condition is hidradenitis suppurativa.
Because the symptoms of hidradenitis suppurativa mimic those of other skin conditions, it is often misdiagnosed in the early stages. Many people have to wait for months and even years before an accurate diagnosis is received.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa Treatment
Hidradenitis suppurativa does not ever fully go away. It’s a lifelong condition that must be managed.
Regular hidradenitis suppurativa can go into remission—a period without a flare-up—on its own.Even so, outbreaks tend to be prolonged, generally lasting six months or more.
That said, treating hidradenitis suppurativa can be difficult. It is best treated in the early stages before extensive scarring develops.
Although prescription medications are central to the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa, there is evidence that diet and self-care can also improve outcomes.Surgery and specialist procedures are also sometimes used.
Self-Care
Although hidradenitis suppurativa is not associated with poor hygiene, good skincare practices remain essential to treating the disease.
According to the American Academy of DermatologyAssociation (AADA), it is important to avoid harsh soaps and other skincare products that can irritate the skin. You should also switch to a gentle, fragrance- and paraben-free deodorant or antiperspirant. Instead of soap, use a gentle face wash containing benzoyl peroxide.
Quitting cigarettes is also essential.
Diet
According to theAADA, theMediterranean Dietmay be beneficial to people with hidradenitis suppurativa as it contains foods that are known to be anti-inflammatory, such as:
On the other hand, foods like red meat, bacon, sugary drinks, diet soda, processed meats (like cold cuts, chicken nuggets, and hot dogs), and other processed food should be avoided if you have hidradenitis suppurativa.
Prescriptions
Antibiotics, biologics, hormone therapy, and a vitamin A derivative called isotretinoin may be prescribed for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa.
Antibiotics
Topical antibiotics(those applied to the skin) can also be used in cases of mild hidradenitis suppurativa.
Biologics
In 2023, the FDA approved Cosentyx (secukinumab) for the treatment of moderate to severe HS in adults. Cosentyx is an intravenous (IV) infusion that is typically given every 4 weeks.
What to Expect With Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Biologics
Hormone Therapy
Some females experience improvement of hidradenitis supportive symptoms when treated with hormone therapy, namely oral contraceptives, Procar (finasteride), and Aldactone (spironolactone).
This is especially true for people who get flare-ups right before their menstrual cycle. It is believed that these treatments balance hormones that contribute to inflammation.
Isotretinoin
Isotretinoin (commonly referred to as Accutane) may be helpful in mild cases, but the response can be unpredictable. It is sometimes used to reduce the size of the affected areas prior to surgery.
Surgery and Specialist-Driven Procedures
When oral medications fail to provide relief of hidradenitis suppurativa, steroid injections may be useful in reducing inflammation.These injections may be especially useful in areas where there is extreme pain.
Steroid injections are normally combined with other treatments and are not used as the sole treatment for hidradenitis suppurativa.
If all other options fail, surgery may be considered. With that said, recurrence is common if only the immediately affected area is treated. Instead, surgeons will typically perform what is called awide local excisionin which the affected tissues and a margin of surrounding normal tissues are removed.
The wound is not stitched back together but left open to heal from the inside out.Skin graftsmay be placed in the excised area to speed healing.
Hidradenitis suppurativa can be a debilitating condition because it can be so painful. Pain can make it difficult to move around, especially if the breakouts occur in the groin or buttocks area.
In addition to the odor, many people also feel embarrassed about discharge leaking onto clothes. This can cause people to isolate themselves, leading to anxiety and depression.
If you have hidradenitis suppurativa, it’s important to seek support, whether it be from friends and family or from local or online support groups.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa and DepressionStudies have shown that people with hidradenitis suppurativa have higher rates of depression compared to people with other skin diseases. Moreover, the quality of life is on par with people who have serious health conditions such as cardiovascular disease or cancer.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Depression
Studies have shown that people with hidradenitis suppurativa have higher rates of depression compared to people with other skin diseases. Moreover, the quality of life is on par with people who have serious health conditions such as cardiovascular disease or cancer.
Summary
Hidradenitis suppurativa, also known as acne inversa, is a common but frequently misdiagnosed skin condition affecting the apocrine (sweat) glands. Symptoms include prolonged outbreaks of pimple-like bumps, boils, and abscesses in areas of skin that are heavily populated with sweat glands.
Hidradenitis suppurativa runs strongly in families but is also associated with obesity, diabetes, and cigarette. Women and Black people are disproportionately affected.
After diagnosis, hidradenitis suppurativa can be treated with a combination of diet, gentle skin care, and prescription drugs such as oral antibiotics, biologics, and hormone therapy. Severe cases may benefit from steroid injections and surgery.
A Word From Verywell
If you or a loved one has symptoms of hidradenitis suppurativa, make an appointment to see adermatologistfor a proper diagnosis. An early diagnosis is essential to prevent it from getting worse.
If you are diagnosed with hidradenitis suppurativa, it’s important to know that it is not your fault. Your healthcare provider has “seen it all” and will not be shocked about the condition of your skin. Remember, your healthcare provider is there to help you.
Frequently Asked QuestionsTechnically, hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is not anautoimmune diseaseas it doesn’t involveautoantibodiesthat target and attack healthy tissues. Rather, it is a systemic (whole-body), inflammatory condition. The underlying cause is unknown.It is possible that stress can trigger hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) symptoms. Whenever you are stressed, the body releases a chemical calledcortisolthat can instigate widespread inflammation. The inflammation, in turn, can lead to the onset or worsening of HS symptoms.
Technically, hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is not anautoimmune diseaseas it doesn’t involveautoantibodiesthat target and attack healthy tissues. Rather, it is a systemic (whole-body), inflammatory condition. The underlying cause is unknown.
It is possible that stress can trigger hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) symptoms. Whenever you are stressed, the body releases a chemical calledcortisolthat can instigate widespread inflammation. The inflammation, in turn, can lead to the onset or worsening of HS symptoms.
19 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Library of Medicine.Hidradenitis suppurativa.Lee EY, Alhusayen R, Lansang P, Shear N, Yeung J.What is hidradenitis suppurativa?Can Fam Physician.2017;63(2):114-120.National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS).Martorell A, Jfri A, Koster SBL, et al.Defining hidradenitis suppurativa phenotypes based on the elementary lesion pattern: results of a prospective study.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020 Jun;34(6):1309-18. doi:10.1111/jdv.16183Nomura T.Hidradenitis suppurativa as a potential subtype of autoinflammatory keratinization disease.Front Immunol. 2020 May 20;11:847. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00847Pinter A, Kokolakis G, Rech J, et al.Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Concurrent Psoriasis: Comparison of Epidemiology, Comorbidity Profiles, and Risk Factors.Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2020;10(4):721-734. doi:10.1007/s13555-020-00401-yvan der Zee HH, de Winter K, van der Woude CJ, Prens EP.The prevalence of hidradenitis suppurativa in 1093 patients with inflammatory bowel disease.Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(3):673-675. doi:10.1111/bjd.13002Bui T-L, Silva-Hirschberg C, Torres J, Armstrong AW.Hidradenitis suppurativa and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;78(2):395-402. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.08.042Vazquez BG, Alikhan A, Weaver AL, Wetter DA, Davis MD.Incidence of hidradenitis suppurativa and associated factors: a population-based study of Olmsted County, Minnesota.J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(1):97-103. doi:10.1038/jid.2012.255Kjaersgaard Andersen R, Loft IC, Hansen T, et al.Incidence and remission rates of self-reported hidradenitis suppurativa - A prospective cohort study conducted in Danish blood donors.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022;36(5):717-725. doi:10.1111/jdv.17857American Academy of Dermatology.Is there a diet for hidradenitis suppurativa?American Academy of Dermatology.Hidradenitis suppurativa: diagnosis and treatment.Bukvić Mokos Z, Miše J, Balić A, Marinović B.Understanding the Relationship Between Smoking and Hidradenitis Suppurativa.Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2020;28(1):9-13.Food and Drug Administration. Cosentyx label.Clark AK, Quinonez RL, Saric S, Sivamani RK.Hormonal therapies for hidradenitis suppurativa: Review.Dermatol Online J. 2017;23(10):13030/qt6383k0n4March of Dimes.Isotretinoin and other retinoids during pregnancy.Priya, Maini et al.Intralesional corticosteroid injections as a treatment option for acute lesions in patients diagnosed with hidradenitis suppurativa.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2015;72(5):AB51. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.215Dufour DN, Emtestam L, Jemec GB.Hidradenitis suppurativa: a common and burdensome, yet under-recognised, inflammatory skin disease.Postgraduate Medical Journal.2014;90:216-221. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2013-131994Fabrazzo M, Cipolla S, Signoriello S, et al.A systematic review on shared biological mechanisms of depression and anxiety in comorbidity with psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and hidradenitis suppurativa.Eur Psychiatry.2021;64(1):e71. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2249Additional ReadingClark AK, Quinonez RL, Saric S, Sivamani RK.Hormonal therapies for hidradenitis suppurativa: review.Dermatol Online J.2017;23(10). doi:10.5070/D32310036990Saunte DML, Jemec GBE.Hidradenitis suppurativa: advances in diagnosis and treatment.JAMA.2017;318(20):2019-32. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.16691
19 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Library of Medicine.Hidradenitis suppurativa.Lee EY, Alhusayen R, Lansang P, Shear N, Yeung J.What is hidradenitis suppurativa?Can Fam Physician.2017;63(2):114-120.National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS).Martorell A, Jfri A, Koster SBL, et al.Defining hidradenitis suppurativa phenotypes based on the elementary lesion pattern: results of a prospective study.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020 Jun;34(6):1309-18. doi:10.1111/jdv.16183Nomura T.Hidradenitis suppurativa as a potential subtype of autoinflammatory keratinization disease.Front Immunol. 2020 May 20;11:847. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00847Pinter A, Kokolakis G, Rech J, et al.Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Concurrent Psoriasis: Comparison of Epidemiology, Comorbidity Profiles, and Risk Factors.Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2020;10(4):721-734. doi:10.1007/s13555-020-00401-yvan der Zee HH, de Winter K, van der Woude CJ, Prens EP.The prevalence of hidradenitis suppurativa in 1093 patients with inflammatory bowel disease.Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(3):673-675. doi:10.1111/bjd.13002Bui T-L, Silva-Hirschberg C, Torres J, Armstrong AW.Hidradenitis suppurativa and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;78(2):395-402. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.08.042Vazquez BG, Alikhan A, Weaver AL, Wetter DA, Davis MD.Incidence of hidradenitis suppurativa and associated factors: a population-based study of Olmsted County, Minnesota.J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(1):97-103. doi:10.1038/jid.2012.255Kjaersgaard Andersen R, Loft IC, Hansen T, et al.Incidence and remission rates of self-reported hidradenitis suppurativa - A prospective cohort study conducted in Danish blood donors.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022;36(5):717-725. doi:10.1111/jdv.17857American Academy of Dermatology.Is there a diet for hidradenitis suppurativa?American Academy of Dermatology.Hidradenitis suppurativa: diagnosis and treatment.Bukvić Mokos Z, Miše J, Balić A, Marinović B.Understanding the Relationship Between Smoking and Hidradenitis Suppurativa.Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2020;28(1):9-13.Food and Drug Administration. Cosentyx label.Clark AK, Quinonez RL, Saric S, Sivamani RK.Hormonal therapies for hidradenitis suppurativa: Review.Dermatol Online J. 2017;23(10):13030/qt6383k0n4March of Dimes.Isotretinoin and other retinoids during pregnancy.Priya, Maini et al.Intralesional corticosteroid injections as a treatment option for acute lesions in patients diagnosed with hidradenitis suppurativa.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2015;72(5):AB51. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.215Dufour DN, Emtestam L, Jemec GB.Hidradenitis suppurativa: a common and burdensome, yet under-recognised, inflammatory skin disease.Postgraduate Medical Journal.2014;90:216-221. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2013-131994Fabrazzo M, Cipolla S, Signoriello S, et al.A systematic review on shared biological mechanisms of depression and anxiety in comorbidity with psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and hidradenitis suppurativa.Eur Psychiatry.2021;64(1):e71. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2249Additional ReadingClark AK, Quinonez RL, Saric S, Sivamani RK.Hormonal therapies for hidradenitis suppurativa: review.Dermatol Online J.2017;23(10). doi:10.5070/D32310036990Saunte DML, Jemec GBE.Hidradenitis suppurativa: advances in diagnosis and treatment.JAMA.2017;318(20):2019-32. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.16691
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Library of Medicine.Hidradenitis suppurativa.Lee EY, Alhusayen R, Lansang P, Shear N, Yeung J.What is hidradenitis suppurativa?Can Fam Physician.2017;63(2):114-120.National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS).Martorell A, Jfri A, Koster SBL, et al.Defining hidradenitis suppurativa phenotypes based on the elementary lesion pattern: results of a prospective study.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020 Jun;34(6):1309-18. doi:10.1111/jdv.16183Nomura T.Hidradenitis suppurativa as a potential subtype of autoinflammatory keratinization disease.Front Immunol. 2020 May 20;11:847. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00847Pinter A, Kokolakis G, Rech J, et al.Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Concurrent Psoriasis: Comparison of Epidemiology, Comorbidity Profiles, and Risk Factors.Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2020;10(4):721-734. doi:10.1007/s13555-020-00401-yvan der Zee HH, de Winter K, van der Woude CJ, Prens EP.The prevalence of hidradenitis suppurativa in 1093 patients with inflammatory bowel disease.Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(3):673-675. doi:10.1111/bjd.13002Bui T-L, Silva-Hirschberg C, Torres J, Armstrong AW.Hidradenitis suppurativa and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;78(2):395-402. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.08.042Vazquez BG, Alikhan A, Weaver AL, Wetter DA, Davis MD.Incidence of hidradenitis suppurativa and associated factors: a population-based study of Olmsted County, Minnesota.J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(1):97-103. doi:10.1038/jid.2012.255Kjaersgaard Andersen R, Loft IC, Hansen T, et al.Incidence and remission rates of self-reported hidradenitis suppurativa - A prospective cohort study conducted in Danish blood donors.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022;36(5):717-725. doi:10.1111/jdv.17857American Academy of Dermatology.Is there a diet for hidradenitis suppurativa?American Academy of Dermatology.Hidradenitis suppurativa: diagnosis and treatment.Bukvić Mokos Z, Miše J, Balić A, Marinović B.Understanding the Relationship Between Smoking and Hidradenitis Suppurativa.Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2020;28(1):9-13.Food and Drug Administration. Cosentyx label.Clark AK, Quinonez RL, Saric S, Sivamani RK.Hormonal therapies for hidradenitis suppurativa: Review.Dermatol Online J. 2017;23(10):13030/qt6383k0n4March of Dimes.Isotretinoin and other retinoids during pregnancy.Priya, Maini et al.Intralesional corticosteroid injections as a treatment option for acute lesions in patients diagnosed with hidradenitis suppurativa.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2015;72(5):AB51. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.215Dufour DN, Emtestam L, Jemec GB.Hidradenitis suppurativa: a common and burdensome, yet under-recognised, inflammatory skin disease.Postgraduate Medical Journal.2014;90:216-221. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2013-131994Fabrazzo M, Cipolla S, Signoriello S, et al.A systematic review on shared biological mechanisms of depression and anxiety in comorbidity with psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and hidradenitis suppurativa.Eur Psychiatry.2021;64(1):e71. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2249
National Library of Medicine.Hidradenitis suppurativa.
Lee EY, Alhusayen R, Lansang P, Shear N, Yeung J.What is hidradenitis suppurativa?Can Fam Physician.2017;63(2):114-120.
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS).
Martorell A, Jfri A, Koster SBL, et al.Defining hidradenitis suppurativa phenotypes based on the elementary lesion pattern: results of a prospective study.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020 Jun;34(6):1309-18. doi:10.1111/jdv.16183
Nomura T.Hidradenitis suppurativa as a potential subtype of autoinflammatory keratinization disease.Front Immunol. 2020 May 20;11:847. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00847
Pinter A, Kokolakis G, Rech J, et al.Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Concurrent Psoriasis: Comparison of Epidemiology, Comorbidity Profiles, and Risk Factors.Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2020;10(4):721-734. doi:10.1007/s13555-020-00401-y
van der Zee HH, de Winter K, van der Woude CJ, Prens EP.The prevalence of hidradenitis suppurativa in 1093 patients with inflammatory bowel disease.Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(3):673-675. doi:10.1111/bjd.13002
Bui T-L, Silva-Hirschberg C, Torres J, Armstrong AW.Hidradenitis suppurativa and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;78(2):395-402. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.08.042
Vazquez BG, Alikhan A, Weaver AL, Wetter DA, Davis MD.Incidence of hidradenitis suppurativa and associated factors: a population-based study of Olmsted County, Minnesota.J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(1):97-103. doi:10.1038/jid.2012.255
Kjaersgaard Andersen R, Loft IC, Hansen T, et al.Incidence and remission rates of self-reported hidradenitis suppurativa - A prospective cohort study conducted in Danish blood donors.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022;36(5):717-725. doi:10.1111/jdv.17857
American Academy of Dermatology.Is there a diet for hidradenitis suppurativa?
American Academy of Dermatology.Hidradenitis suppurativa: diagnosis and treatment.
Bukvić Mokos Z, Miše J, Balić A, Marinović B.Understanding the Relationship Between Smoking and Hidradenitis Suppurativa.Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2020;28(1):9-13.
Food and Drug Administration. Cosentyx label.
Clark AK, Quinonez RL, Saric S, Sivamani RK.Hormonal therapies for hidradenitis suppurativa: Review.Dermatol Online J. 2017;23(10):13030/qt6383k0n4
March of Dimes.Isotretinoin and other retinoids during pregnancy.
Priya, Maini et al.Intralesional corticosteroid injections as a treatment option for acute lesions in patients diagnosed with hidradenitis suppurativa.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2015;72(5):AB51. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.215
Dufour DN, Emtestam L, Jemec GB.Hidradenitis suppurativa: a common and burdensome, yet under-recognised, inflammatory skin disease.Postgraduate Medical Journal.2014;90:216-221. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2013-131994
Fabrazzo M, Cipolla S, Signoriello S, et al.A systematic review on shared biological mechanisms of depression and anxiety in comorbidity with psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and hidradenitis suppurativa.Eur Psychiatry.2021;64(1):e71. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2249
Clark AK, Quinonez RL, Saric S, Sivamani RK.Hormonal therapies for hidradenitis suppurativa: review.Dermatol Online J.2017;23(10). doi:10.5070/D32310036990Saunte DML, Jemec GBE.Hidradenitis suppurativa: advances in diagnosis and treatment.JAMA.2017;318(20):2019-32. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.16691
Clark AK, Quinonez RL, Saric S, Sivamani RK.Hormonal therapies for hidradenitis suppurativa: review.Dermatol Online J.2017;23(10). doi:10.5070/D32310036990
Saunte DML, Jemec GBE.Hidradenitis suppurativa: advances in diagnosis and treatment.JAMA.2017;318(20):2019-32. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.16691
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