This article describes the different types of skin lesions that can appear in people living with HIV and how to manage these symptoms.
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HIV-Related Herpes
These symptoms usually resolve within a few weeks but may recur repeatedly. Herpes infections can be more serious in people with HIV and recur more often.Other differences for people with both herpes and HIV include:
Herpes Diagnosis
Herpes is often diagnosed based on the appearance of sores. However, there are also two types of diagnostic tests available for herpes. Tests for the virus in sores include viral culture and molecular testing for HSV viral DNA. These tests have a risk of false negatives if the sore is sampled at the wrong time.
Type-specific blood tests look for the existence of antibodies to HSV in the blood. With this test, there may be a risk of false positives for people with asymptomatic infection.
How Herpes Is Diagnosed
Managing Herpes
Antiviral treatments for herpes infections are available. Acyclovir and valacyclovir are both widely used in individuals who have HSV and HIV coinfection. However, there is a risk of the herpes virus developing resistance to acyclovir treatment in immunocompromised individuals on long-term therapy.
Treatments That Heal Herpes Sores Faster
Herpes Complications
There is limited evidence that being infected with HSV-2 may speed up the progression of HIV disease.Individuals with both HIV and HSV may also have prolonged outbreaks and outbreaks in unusual locations.
Herpes and HIV Transmission
Herpes infections can also increase the risk of HIV transmission through sex.Studies estimate that people with genital herpes have five to seven times the risk of becoming infected with HIV.Individuals with active genital herpes infections have a higher HIVviral load.
The sores and immune cell changes in the skin may also provide an easier route for new HIV infection.Because immune changes in the skin may happen even when sores are not present, the risk of HIV acquisition is not only higher when someone has active herpes lesions, but it may also be higher when someone with herpes has no symptoms.
The Link Between Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and HIV
Shingles
Shingles can be more serious in people who are immunocompromised. Shingles is also much more common in individuals with HIV than in the general population.Vaccination against shingles is available for adults over 50, including individuals living with HIV.
Cancer
Kaposi’s sarcoma is the second most common tumor in individuals with aCD4 countof less than 200.It is anAIDS-defining illness. In other words, if HIV-positive people develop Kaposi’s sarcoma, they will also be diagnosed with AIDS.
Diagnosing and Managing Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Another form of treatment for Kaposi’s sarcoma includes the removal of lesions. Chemotherapy is also used for treatment, particularly when lesions are spread throughout the body. Drugs used for chemotherapy may include:
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
Oral hairy leukoplakia causeswhite, hairy lesions on the tongueand in the mouth. This condition is benign and does not require treatment. However, it can be a sign that HIV is progressing, as oral hairy leukoplakia is more common in individuals who are more immunocompromised.
When required or desired, treatment for oral hairy leukoplakia is with acyclovir or similar antiviral medications. Unfortunately, therapy is generally only effective short term, and lesions are likely to recur. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV reduces but does not eliminate the risk of oral hairy leukoplakia.
How HIV Can Affect the Tongue
Molluscum Contagiosum
Molluscum contagiosumis a highly infectious skin condition that is most common in children and adults who are immunocompromised. Although not generally thought of as a sexually transmitted disease, it can be transmitted during sex.
Molluscum contagiosum appears as raised, fluid-filled bumps on the skin. These bumps can range in size, and individuals with HIV may experience more and/or larger bumps.
The bumps associated with molluscum are generally painless, although they can become itchy or irritated. If scratched or broken open, the sores can spread or become infected.
In rare cases, molluscum contagiosum can become disseminated through the body rather than remaining in one area of the skin.
Managing Molluscum Contagiosum
Although several treatments are available for molluscum contagiosum, Ycanth (cantharidin) is the only FDA-approved treatment for molluscum contagiosum.
Treating HIV to improve the health of the immune system may be the best option for dealing with atypical molluscum infections.
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitiscausesred patches on the skinthat are covered in moist scales. These scales are generally yellowish in color. Although seborrheic dermatitis occurs in many people without HIV, people with HIV may have larger patches or dermatitis and more swelling.
Managing Seborrheic Dermatitis
For people with HIV, managing seborrheic dermatitis may involve extended use of oral and topical antifungal medications and corticosteroids.Antibiotics may also be needed for any patches of dermatitis that become infected with other bacteria.Recommended treatment of mild dermatitis is with topical ketoconazole alone.
Psoriasis
Psoriasisis the most common skin disease in HIV-infected individuals.Although it also occurs in people without HIV, people with HIV may experience more severe psoriasis. Individuals with HIV may also be more likely to experiencepsoriatic arthritis.
The most common type of psoriasis is plaque psoriasis, which causes silvery scales on the skin. Other forms of psoriasis can cause different types of bumps or lesions. Psoriatic arthritis causes joint pain and swelling. Diagnosis is through examination of lesions or the use of a biopsy.
Managing Psoriasis
The most commonly used psoriasis treatments in HIV-negative individuals can suppress the immune system, which is potentially problematic for individuals with HIV.
Some research suggests that acitretin or apremilast may be good options for treating psoriasis in individuals with HIV. For people with an undetectable viral load, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agonists may also be a treatment option.
If psoriasis symptoms are severe in HIV-positive individuals, immunosuppressive drugs may sometimes be needed.Antiretroviral treatment for HIV may also reduce the symptoms of psoriasis as the immune system becomes stronger.
Scabies
People with HIV may develop more severe manifestations of scabies, sometimes called crusted scabies or Norwegian scabies.These types of scabies may be more difficult to treat. They appear as crusted, grey, raised plaques on the skin. These sores may cause skin breakdown and become infected with bacteria.
Managing Scabies
Both oral and topical treatments are available for scabies. Topical treatment is with permethrin, and oral treatment is with ivermectin.Ivermectin appears to be somewhat preferable in HIV-positive individuals, although the World Health Organization recommends permethrin first for mild cases.Additional antibiotics may be needed if a secondary skin infection develops.
Thrush
Thrush can also occur in other areas of the body such as in the vagina and the rectum. Symptoms in these locations may include changes in discharge.
Severe thrush, and thrush outside the mouth, are more common in individuals with HIV. In addition, because thrush that occurs outside the mouth is more common in individuals with a CD4 count under 200, it is an AIDS-defining condition.
Managing Thrush
Treatment for thrush uses oral or topical antifungal medications. Relapses are common, and treatment may need to be prolonged.Unfortunately, thrush may develop resistance to common forms of treatment in individuals who are immunocompromised and on long-term therapy, such as individuals with HIV.
In both adults and children, oral fluconazole is the preferred treatment for oral thrush. Topical treatment with nystatin or clotrimazole is also an option.
Summary
Sores, rashes, and other skin conditions are relatively common in individuals who are immunocompromised from HIV infection. Conditions that produce lesions include herpes, Kaposi’s sarcoma, oral hairy leukoplakia, molluscum contagiosum, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, scabies, and thrush.
A Word From Verywell
Many HIV-related skin lesions are treatable. The degree to which these skin conditions are serious often reflects the severity of the underlying HIV infection rather than the skin disease causing the lesion. Where treated, the prognosis of these infections is generally good.
Most people with HIV will experience skin lesions at some point in their infection.The best way to prevent these conditions is through prompt and appropriateHIV treatment. Daily use of antiretroviral therapy can reduce the risk of severe HIV-related skin lesions.
32 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.World Health Organization.Herpes simplex virus.Mihimit A, Adawaye C, Péré H, Costiniuk C, et. al.HSV-2 infection as a potential cofactor for HIV disease progression and selection of drug resistance mutations in adults under WHO-recommended first-line antiretroviral therapy: A multicentric, cross-sectional study in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, and Gabon.Trop Med Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 24;5(3):136. doi:10.3390/tropicalmed5030136Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska B, Majewska A, Malejczyk M, Mlynarczyk G, Majewski S.Antiviral medication in sexually transmitted diseases. Part I: HSV, HPV.Mini Rev Med Chem. 2013;13(13):1837-1845. doi:10.2174/13895575113136660088Barnabas RV, Celum C.Infectious co-factors in HIV-1 transmission herpes simplex virus type-2 and HIV-1: new insights and interventions.Curr HIV Res. 2012;10(3):228-237. doi:10.2174/157016212800618156Johnston C, Corey L.Current concepts for genital herpes simplex virus infection: Diagnostics and pathogenesis of genital tract shedding.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(1):149-161. doi:10.1128/CMR.00043-15Tan DH, Murphy K, Shah P, Walmsley SL.Herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV disease progression: a systematic review of observational studies.BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:502. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-502Thurman AR, Doncel GF.Herpes simplex virus and HIV: genital infection synergy and novel approaches to dual prevention.Int J STD AIDS. 2012;23(9):613-619. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2012.011356Ku HC, Tsai YT, Konara-Mudiyanselage SP, Wu YL, Yu T, Ko NY.Incidence of herpes zoster in HIV-infected patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Clin Med. 2021;10(11):2300. doi:10.3390/jcm10112300Gaglia MM.Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus at 27.Tumour Virus Res. 2021;12:200223. doi:10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200223Tounouga DN, Kouotou EA, Nansseu JR, Zoung-Kanyi Bissek AC.Epidemiological and clinical patterns of Kaposi sarcoma: A 16-year retrospective cross-sectional study from Yaoundé, Cameroon.Dermatology. 2018;234(5-6):198-204. doi:10.1159/000492175Guidelines on the Treatment of Skin and Oral HIV-Associated Conditions in Children and Adults. Geneva: World Health Organization.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Oral hairy cell leukoplakia.Kikuchi K, Inoue H, Miyazaki Y, Ide F, Kojima M, Kusama K.Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated epithelial and non-epithelial lesions of the oral cavity.Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 2017;53(3):95-109. doi:10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.01.002Greenspan JS, Greenspan D, Webster-Cyriaque J.Hairy leukoplakia; lessons learned: 30-plus years.Oral Dis. 2016;22 Suppl 1:120-127. doi:10.1111/odi.12393Azevedo T, Catarino A, Ferreira L, Borges F, Mansinho K.Disseminated molluscum contagiosum lesions in an HIV patient.Cleve Clin J Med. 2017;84(3):186-187. doi:10.3949/ccjm.84a.16070Food and Drug Administration.Ycanth label.Food and Drug Administration.Zelsuvmi label.Mahlangeni GM, Tod BM, Jordaan HF, Schneider JW.Clinicopathological features of seborrheic-like dermatitis in HIV-infected adults: A single institutional descriptive cross-sectional study.Am J Dermatopathol. 2021 Jan 1;43(1):27-34. doi:10.1097/DAD.0000000000001670Wikramanayake TC, Borda LJ, Miteva M, Paus R.Seborrheic dermatitis—Looking beyond Malassezia.Exp Dermatol. 2019;28(9):991-1001. doi:10.1111/exd.14006Mameri ACA, Carneiro S, Mameri LMA, Telles da Cunha JM, Ramos-E-Silva M.History of seborrheic dermatitis: Conceptual and clinico-pathologic evolution.Skinmed. 2017;15(3):187-194.Forrestel AK, Kovarik CL, Mosam A, Gupta D, Maurer TA, Micheletti RG.Diffuse HIV-associated seborrheic dermatitis - a case series.Int J STD AIDS. 2016;27(14):1342-1345. doi:10.1177/0956462416641816Busca Arenzana C, Quintana Castanedo L, Chiloeches Fernández C, et al.Psoriasis and liver damage in HIV-infected patients.Cells. 2021;10(5):1099. doi:10.3390/cells10051099Adizie T, Moots RJ, Hodkinson B, French N, Adebajo AO.Inflammatory arthritis in HIV positive patients: A practical guide.BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:100. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1389-2Lambert JLW, Segaert S, Ghislain PD, et al.Practical recommendations for systemic treatment in psoriasis in case of coexisting inflammatory, neurologic, infectious or malignant disorders (BETA-PSO: Belgian Evidence-based Treatment Advice in Psoriasis; part 2).J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(9):1914-1923. doi:10.1111/jdv.16683Ceccarelli M, Venanzi Rullo E, Vaccaro M, et al.HIV-associated psoriasis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management.Dermatol Ther. 2019;32(2):e12806. doi:10.1111/dth.12806Agyei M, Ofori A, Tannor EK, Annan JJ, Norman BR.A forgotten parasitic infestation in an immunocompromised patient-a case report of crusted scabies.Pan Afr Med J. 2020 Aug 4;36:238. doi:10.11604/pamj.2020.36.238.24288Romani L, Steer AC, Whitfeld MJ, Kaldor JM.Prevalence of scabies and impetigo worldwide: a systematic review.The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2015;15(8):960-967. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00132-2Shimose L, Munoz-Price LS.Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of scabies.Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2013;15(5):426-431. doi:10.1007/s11908-013-0354-0Warrier SA, Sathasivasubramanian S.Human immunodeficiency virus induced oral candidiasis.J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2015;7(Suppl 2):S812-S814. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.163577Nittayananta W.Oral fungi in HIV: challenges in antifungal therapies.Oral Dis. 2016;22 Suppl 1:107-113. doi:10.1111/odi.12394Prasad R, Nair R, Banerjee A.Multidrug transporters of Candida species in clinical azole resistance.Fungal Genet Biol. 2019;132:103252. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103252Karadag AS, Elmas ÖF, Altunay İK.Cutaneous manifestations associated with HIV infections: A great imitator.Clin Dermatol. 2020;38(2):160-175. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.10.001
32 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.World Health Organization.Herpes simplex virus.Mihimit A, Adawaye C, Péré H, Costiniuk C, et. al.HSV-2 infection as a potential cofactor for HIV disease progression and selection of drug resistance mutations in adults under WHO-recommended first-line antiretroviral therapy: A multicentric, cross-sectional study in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, and Gabon.Trop Med Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 24;5(3):136. doi:10.3390/tropicalmed5030136Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska B, Majewska A, Malejczyk M, Mlynarczyk G, Majewski S.Antiviral medication in sexually transmitted diseases. Part I: HSV, HPV.Mini Rev Med Chem. 2013;13(13):1837-1845. doi:10.2174/13895575113136660088Barnabas RV, Celum C.Infectious co-factors in HIV-1 transmission herpes simplex virus type-2 and HIV-1: new insights and interventions.Curr HIV Res. 2012;10(3):228-237. doi:10.2174/157016212800618156Johnston C, Corey L.Current concepts for genital herpes simplex virus infection: Diagnostics and pathogenesis of genital tract shedding.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(1):149-161. doi:10.1128/CMR.00043-15Tan DH, Murphy K, Shah P, Walmsley SL.Herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV disease progression: a systematic review of observational studies.BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:502. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-502Thurman AR, Doncel GF.Herpes simplex virus and HIV: genital infection synergy and novel approaches to dual prevention.Int J STD AIDS. 2012;23(9):613-619. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2012.011356Ku HC, Tsai YT, Konara-Mudiyanselage SP, Wu YL, Yu T, Ko NY.Incidence of herpes zoster in HIV-infected patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Clin Med. 2021;10(11):2300. doi:10.3390/jcm10112300Gaglia MM.Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus at 27.Tumour Virus Res. 2021;12:200223. doi:10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200223Tounouga DN, Kouotou EA, Nansseu JR, Zoung-Kanyi Bissek AC.Epidemiological and clinical patterns of Kaposi sarcoma: A 16-year retrospective cross-sectional study from Yaoundé, Cameroon.Dermatology. 2018;234(5-6):198-204. doi:10.1159/000492175Guidelines on the Treatment of Skin and Oral HIV-Associated Conditions in Children and Adults. Geneva: World Health Organization.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Oral hairy cell leukoplakia.Kikuchi K, Inoue H, Miyazaki Y, Ide F, Kojima M, Kusama K.Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated epithelial and non-epithelial lesions of the oral cavity.Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 2017;53(3):95-109. doi:10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.01.002Greenspan JS, Greenspan D, Webster-Cyriaque J.Hairy leukoplakia; lessons learned: 30-plus years.Oral Dis. 2016;22 Suppl 1:120-127. doi:10.1111/odi.12393Azevedo T, Catarino A, Ferreira L, Borges F, Mansinho K.Disseminated molluscum contagiosum lesions in an HIV patient.Cleve Clin J Med. 2017;84(3):186-187. doi:10.3949/ccjm.84a.16070Food and Drug Administration.Ycanth label.Food and Drug Administration.Zelsuvmi label.Mahlangeni GM, Tod BM, Jordaan HF, Schneider JW.Clinicopathological features of seborrheic-like dermatitis in HIV-infected adults: A single institutional descriptive cross-sectional study.Am J Dermatopathol. 2021 Jan 1;43(1):27-34. doi:10.1097/DAD.0000000000001670Wikramanayake TC, Borda LJ, Miteva M, Paus R.Seborrheic dermatitis—Looking beyond Malassezia.Exp Dermatol. 2019;28(9):991-1001. doi:10.1111/exd.14006Mameri ACA, Carneiro S, Mameri LMA, Telles da Cunha JM, Ramos-E-Silva M.History of seborrheic dermatitis: Conceptual and clinico-pathologic evolution.Skinmed. 2017;15(3):187-194.Forrestel AK, Kovarik CL, Mosam A, Gupta D, Maurer TA, Micheletti RG.Diffuse HIV-associated seborrheic dermatitis - a case series.Int J STD AIDS. 2016;27(14):1342-1345. doi:10.1177/0956462416641816Busca Arenzana C, Quintana Castanedo L, Chiloeches Fernández C, et al.Psoriasis and liver damage in HIV-infected patients.Cells. 2021;10(5):1099. doi:10.3390/cells10051099Adizie T, Moots RJ, Hodkinson B, French N, Adebajo AO.Inflammatory arthritis in HIV positive patients: A practical guide.BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:100. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1389-2Lambert JLW, Segaert S, Ghislain PD, et al.Practical recommendations for systemic treatment in psoriasis in case of coexisting inflammatory, neurologic, infectious or malignant disorders (BETA-PSO: Belgian Evidence-based Treatment Advice in Psoriasis; part 2).J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(9):1914-1923. doi:10.1111/jdv.16683Ceccarelli M, Venanzi Rullo E, Vaccaro M, et al.HIV-associated psoriasis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management.Dermatol Ther. 2019;32(2):e12806. doi:10.1111/dth.12806Agyei M, Ofori A, Tannor EK, Annan JJ, Norman BR.A forgotten parasitic infestation in an immunocompromised patient-a case report of crusted scabies.Pan Afr Med J. 2020 Aug 4;36:238. doi:10.11604/pamj.2020.36.238.24288Romani L, Steer AC, Whitfeld MJ, Kaldor JM.Prevalence of scabies and impetigo worldwide: a systematic review.The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2015;15(8):960-967. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00132-2Shimose L, Munoz-Price LS.Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of scabies.Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2013;15(5):426-431. doi:10.1007/s11908-013-0354-0Warrier SA, Sathasivasubramanian S.Human immunodeficiency virus induced oral candidiasis.J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2015;7(Suppl 2):S812-S814. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.163577Nittayananta W.Oral fungi in HIV: challenges in antifungal therapies.Oral Dis. 2016;22 Suppl 1:107-113. doi:10.1111/odi.12394Prasad R, Nair R, Banerjee A.Multidrug transporters of Candida species in clinical azole resistance.Fungal Genet Biol. 2019;132:103252. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103252Karadag AS, Elmas ÖF, Altunay İK.Cutaneous manifestations associated with HIV infections: A great imitator.Clin Dermatol. 2020;38(2):160-175. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.10.001
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
World Health Organization.Herpes simplex virus.Mihimit A, Adawaye C, Péré H, Costiniuk C, et. al.HSV-2 infection as a potential cofactor for HIV disease progression and selection of drug resistance mutations in adults under WHO-recommended first-line antiretroviral therapy: A multicentric, cross-sectional study in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, and Gabon.Trop Med Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 24;5(3):136. doi:10.3390/tropicalmed5030136Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska B, Majewska A, Malejczyk M, Mlynarczyk G, Majewski S.Antiviral medication in sexually transmitted diseases. Part I: HSV, HPV.Mini Rev Med Chem. 2013;13(13):1837-1845. doi:10.2174/13895575113136660088Barnabas RV, Celum C.Infectious co-factors in HIV-1 transmission herpes simplex virus type-2 and HIV-1: new insights and interventions.Curr HIV Res. 2012;10(3):228-237. doi:10.2174/157016212800618156Johnston C, Corey L.Current concepts for genital herpes simplex virus infection: Diagnostics and pathogenesis of genital tract shedding.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(1):149-161. doi:10.1128/CMR.00043-15Tan DH, Murphy K, Shah P, Walmsley SL.Herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV disease progression: a systematic review of observational studies.BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:502. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-502Thurman AR, Doncel GF.Herpes simplex virus and HIV: genital infection synergy and novel approaches to dual prevention.Int J STD AIDS. 2012;23(9):613-619. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2012.011356Ku HC, Tsai YT, Konara-Mudiyanselage SP, Wu YL, Yu T, Ko NY.Incidence of herpes zoster in HIV-infected patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Clin Med. 2021;10(11):2300. doi:10.3390/jcm10112300Gaglia MM.Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus at 27.Tumour Virus Res. 2021;12:200223. doi:10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200223Tounouga DN, Kouotou EA, Nansseu JR, Zoung-Kanyi Bissek AC.Epidemiological and clinical patterns of Kaposi sarcoma: A 16-year retrospective cross-sectional study from Yaoundé, Cameroon.Dermatology. 2018;234(5-6):198-204. doi:10.1159/000492175Guidelines on the Treatment of Skin and Oral HIV-Associated Conditions in Children and Adults. Geneva: World Health Organization.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Oral hairy cell leukoplakia.Kikuchi K, Inoue H, Miyazaki Y, Ide F, Kojima M, Kusama K.Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated epithelial and non-epithelial lesions of the oral cavity.Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 2017;53(3):95-109. doi:10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.01.002Greenspan JS, Greenspan D, Webster-Cyriaque J.Hairy leukoplakia; lessons learned: 30-plus years.Oral Dis. 2016;22 Suppl 1:120-127. doi:10.1111/odi.12393Azevedo T, Catarino A, Ferreira L, Borges F, Mansinho K.Disseminated molluscum contagiosum lesions in an HIV patient.Cleve Clin J Med. 2017;84(3):186-187. doi:10.3949/ccjm.84a.16070Food and Drug Administration.Ycanth label.Food and Drug Administration.Zelsuvmi label.Mahlangeni GM, Tod BM, Jordaan HF, Schneider JW.Clinicopathological features of seborrheic-like dermatitis in HIV-infected adults: A single institutional descriptive cross-sectional study.Am J Dermatopathol. 2021 Jan 1;43(1):27-34. doi:10.1097/DAD.0000000000001670Wikramanayake TC, Borda LJ, Miteva M, Paus R.Seborrheic dermatitis—Looking beyond Malassezia.Exp Dermatol. 2019;28(9):991-1001. doi:10.1111/exd.14006Mameri ACA, Carneiro S, Mameri LMA, Telles da Cunha JM, Ramos-E-Silva M.History of seborrheic dermatitis: Conceptual and clinico-pathologic evolution.Skinmed. 2017;15(3):187-194.Forrestel AK, Kovarik CL, Mosam A, Gupta D, Maurer TA, Micheletti RG.Diffuse HIV-associated seborrheic dermatitis - a case series.Int J STD AIDS. 2016;27(14):1342-1345. doi:10.1177/0956462416641816Busca Arenzana C, Quintana Castanedo L, Chiloeches Fernández C, et al.Psoriasis and liver damage in HIV-infected patients.Cells. 2021;10(5):1099. doi:10.3390/cells10051099Adizie T, Moots RJ, Hodkinson B, French N, Adebajo AO.Inflammatory arthritis in HIV positive patients: A practical guide.BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:100. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1389-2Lambert JLW, Segaert S, Ghislain PD, et al.Practical recommendations for systemic treatment in psoriasis in case of coexisting inflammatory, neurologic, infectious or malignant disorders (BETA-PSO: Belgian Evidence-based Treatment Advice in Psoriasis; part 2).J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(9):1914-1923. doi:10.1111/jdv.16683Ceccarelli M, Venanzi Rullo E, Vaccaro M, et al.HIV-associated psoriasis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management.Dermatol Ther. 2019;32(2):e12806. doi:10.1111/dth.12806Agyei M, Ofori A, Tannor EK, Annan JJ, Norman BR.A forgotten parasitic infestation in an immunocompromised patient-a case report of crusted scabies.Pan Afr Med J. 2020 Aug 4;36:238. doi:10.11604/pamj.2020.36.238.24288Romani L, Steer AC, Whitfeld MJ, Kaldor JM.Prevalence of scabies and impetigo worldwide: a systematic review.The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2015;15(8):960-967. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00132-2Shimose L, Munoz-Price LS.Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of scabies.Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2013;15(5):426-431. doi:10.1007/s11908-013-0354-0Warrier SA, Sathasivasubramanian S.Human immunodeficiency virus induced oral candidiasis.J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2015;7(Suppl 2):S812-S814. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.163577Nittayananta W.Oral fungi in HIV: challenges in antifungal therapies.Oral Dis. 2016;22 Suppl 1:107-113. doi:10.1111/odi.12394Prasad R, Nair R, Banerjee A.Multidrug transporters of Candida species in clinical azole resistance.Fungal Genet Biol. 2019;132:103252. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103252Karadag AS, Elmas ÖF, Altunay İK.Cutaneous manifestations associated with HIV infections: A great imitator.Clin Dermatol. 2020;38(2):160-175. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.10.001
World Health Organization.Herpes simplex virus.
Mihimit A, Adawaye C, Péré H, Costiniuk C, et. al.HSV-2 infection as a potential cofactor for HIV disease progression and selection of drug resistance mutations in adults under WHO-recommended first-line antiretroviral therapy: A multicentric, cross-sectional study in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, and Gabon.Trop Med Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 24;5(3):136. doi:10.3390/tropicalmed5030136
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